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Bonnet H, Isidro Alonso CA, Gupta IR. Submandibular gland epithelial development and the importance of junctions. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2161255. [PMID: 36576256 PMCID: PMC10606785 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2161255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands consist of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete the fluid, saliva, and/or transport saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva is essential to lubricate the oral cavity for food consumption and to maintain the hygiene of the oral cavity. In this review, we will focus on the formation of the epithelial cell lineage and the cell junctions that are essential for formation of saliva and maintenance of the epithelial barrier between the ducts that transport saliva and the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Agustin Isidro Alonso
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Parasympathetic-macrophages-ductal epithelial cells axis promotes female rat submandibular gland regeneration after excretory duct ligation/deligation. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 145:105586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Criddle DN, Tepikin AV. Polarity of action in salivary gland acinar cells: Local and preferential Ca 2+ signalling. Cell Calcium 2021; 99:102471. [PMID: 34517215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salivary secretion is important for digestion and paramount for oral health. Both exocytotic secretion of proteins (including salivary amylase and mucins) and fluid secretion contribute to the formation of saliva. A recent study by T. Takano and colleagues [1] has revealed interesting patterns of Ca2+ responses with implications for important modifications to the established model of fluid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Criddle
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell Signalling, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexei V Tepikin
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell Signalling, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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4
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Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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Mukaibo T, Gao X, Yang NY, Oei MS, Nakamoto T, Melvin JE. Sexual dimorphisms in the transcriptomes of murine salivary glands. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:947-958. [PMID: 30998297 PMCID: PMC6487692 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling identified 933 sexually dimorphic genes out of the 14 371 protein‐coding genes expressed in the three major murine salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular. Most (89%) sex‐specific genes were enriched in a single gland, while only 0.5% of the sexually dimorphic genes were enriched in all glands. The sublingual gland displayed a strong male sex bias (94% of sex‐enriched genes), while a sex preference was not obvious in the parotid or submandibular glands. A subset of transcription factor genes was correlated with the expression of gland‐specific, sex‐enriched genes. Higher expression of Cftr chloride and Scnn1 sodium channels in the male submandibular correlated with greater NaCl reabsorption. In conclusion, adult salivary glands display sex‐ and gland‐specific differences in gene expression that reflect their unique functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Mukaibo
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xin Gao
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ning-Yan Yang
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Maria S Oei
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tetsuji Nakamoto
- Department of Prosthodontics, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - James E Melvin
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nam K, Maruyama CL, Trump BG, Buchmann L, Hunt JP, Monroe MM, Baker OJ. Post-Irradiated Human Submandibular Glands Display High Collagen Deposition, Disorganized Cell Junctions, and an Increased Number of Adipocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:343-52. [PMID: 27126825 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416646089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands are vital for maintaining oral health. Head and neck radiation therapy is one of the most common causes of salivary gland hypofunction. Little is known about the structural changes that occur in salivary glands after radiation therapy. The aim of this study is to understand the structural changes that occur in post-irradiated human (submandibular gland [SMG]) as compared with untreated ones. We determined changes in epithelial polarity, presence of collagen deposition, and alteration in adipose tissue. We used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human SMG from two female subjects exposed to head and neck irradiation. We utilized hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's Trichrome staining. The immunostained tissue sections were examined using confocal microscopy. The number and size of adipocytes per tissue section were calculated using ImageJ, Prism, and SPSS software. Post-irradiated human SMG displayed high collagen deposition, disorganized cell junctions, and an increased number of adipocytes as compared with non-irradiated controls. These findings are important to improve our understanding of the individual risk and variation in radiation-related salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihoon Nam
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (KN, CLM, BGT, OJB)
| | - Christina L Maruyama
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (KN, CLM, BGT, OJB)
| | - Bryan G Trump
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (KN, CLM, BGT, OJB)
| | - Luke Buchmann
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (LB, JPH, MMM)
| | - Jason P Hunt
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (LB, JPH, MMM)
| | - Marcus M Monroe
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (LB, JPH, MMM)
| | - Olga J Baker
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (KN, CLM, BGT, OJB)
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Huang AY, Chen MH, Wu SY, Lu KS. Tight junctions in Gerbil von Ebner's gland: horseradish peroxidase and freeze-fracture studies. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:213-9. [PMID: 25639455 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The permeability of tight junctions to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the freeze-fracture appearance of junctional structures were investigated in the von Ebner's gland of gerbils. In the tracing study, HRP was either administered topically on the dorsal surface of tongues or injected subepithelially into the connective tissue of vallate papillae for 5-30 min. Lingual tissues containing the von Ebner's gland were sectioned and examined by light and electron microscopy. In von Ebner's glands, the reaction product for HRP was found in the intercellular and interstitial spaces, whereas HRP appeared to penetrate the tight junctions and the reaction product was localized in the lumina of serous acini. In contrast, the staining for HRP that delineated the boundary of epithelial cells was frequently observed in the superficial layers of the lingual epithelium but not the underlying tissues while applying HRP topically. Freeze-fracture replicas of acinar cells revealed that the tight junction had a depth of 0.815 ± 0.023 μm, and 4-6 parallel strands on the protoplasmic fracture face, with a branching network of joining strands with interruptions, interconnections and high linear strand density apically, and corresponding grooves on the extracellular face. Quantitative analyses showed a greater number of strands (7.217 ± 0.326) in gerbils compared to those of acinar cells (3.86 ± 0.22) in mice. These results demonstrate that the tight junctions in the gerbil von Ebner's gland is permeable, and that specific species differences in tight junction structures may be associated with the mechanism for survival in an extremely dry environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Y Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois
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Soscia DA, Sequeira SJ, Schramm RA, Jayarathanam K, Cantara SI, Larsen M, Castracane J. Salivary gland cell differentiation and organization on micropatterned PLGA nanofiber craters. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6773-84. [PMID: 23777914 PMCID: PMC3755621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for an artificial salivary gland as a long-term remedy for patients suffering from salivary hypofunction, a leading cause of chronic xerostomia (dry mouth). Current salivary gland tissue engineering approaches are limited in that they either lack sufficient physical cues and surface area needed to facilitate epithelial cell differentiation, or they fail to provide a mechanism for assembling an interconnected branched network of cells. We have developed highly-ordered arrays of curved hemispherical "craters" in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using wafer-level integrated circuit (IC) fabrication processes, and lined them with electrospun poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanofibers, designed to mimic the three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo architecture of the basement membrane surrounding spherical acini of salivary gland epithelial cells. These micropatterned scaffolds provide a method for engineering increased surface area and were additionally investigated for their ability to promote cell polarization. Two immortalized salivary gland cell lines (SIMS, ductal and Par-C10, acinar) were cultured on fibrous crater arrays of various radii and compared with those grown on flat PLGA nanofiber substrates, and in 3-D Matrigel. It was found that by increasing crater curvature, the average height of the cell monolayer of SIMS cells and to a lesser extent, Par-C10 cells, increased to a maximum similar to that seen in cells grown in 3-D Matrigel. Increasing curvature resulted in higher expression levels of tight junction protein occludin in both cell lines, but did not induce a change in expression of adherens junction protein E-cadherin. Additionally, increasing curvature promoted polarity of both cell lines, as a greater apical localization of occludin was seen in cells on substrates of higher curvature. Lastly, substrate curvature increased expression of the water channel protein aquaporin-5 (Aqp-5) in Par-C10 cells, suggesting that curved nanofiber substrates are more suitable for promoting differentiation of salivary gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Soscia
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Sharon J. Sequeira
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Life Sciences Bldg., Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Robert A. Schramm
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Kavitha Jayarathanam
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Shraddha I. Cantara
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Life Sciences Bldg., Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Life Sciences Bldg., Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - James Castracane
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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Cong X, Zhang Y, Shi L, Yang NY, Ding C, Li J, Ding QW, Su YC, Xiang RL, Wu LL, Yu GY. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 increases expression and permeability of tight junction in normal and hyposecretory submandibular gland. J Transl Med 2012; 92:753-68. [PMID: 22391958 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) is an important structure that regulates material transport through the paracellular pathway across the epithelium, but its significance in salivary physiology and pathogenesis of salivary dysfunctional diseases is not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that a functional transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) expresses in submandibular gland (SMG). However, association of TRPV1-induced saliva secretion with TJ remains unknown. Here we explored the effect of TRPV1 activation on expression and function of TJ of rabbit SMG in vitro and in vivo. RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that capsaicin upregulated expression of zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1), claudin (Cldn)-3, and -11, but not Cldn-1, -2, -4, -5, and -7 in cultured SMG cells. Capsaicin also increased the entering of 4 kDa FITC-dextran into the acinar lumen, induced redistribution of cytoskeleton F-actin under confocal microscope, and these effects were abolished by preincubation of capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, indicating that activation of TRPV1 increases expression and permeability of TJ in SMG. Additionally, in a hyposecretory model induced by rabbit SMG transplantation, the expression of ZO-1, Cldn-3, and -11 was decreased, whereas other TJs remained unaltered. The structure of TJ was impaired and the width of apical TJs was reduced under transmission electron microscope, concomitant with diminished immunofluorescence of F-actin in peri-apicolateral region, indicating impaired TJ expression and decreased paracellular permeability in the transplanted SMG. Moreover, topical capsaicin cream increased secretion, decreased TJ structural injury, reversed TJ expression levels, and protected F-actin morphology from disarrangement in transplanted SMGs. These data provide the first evidence to demonstrate that TJ components, particularly ZO-1, Cldn-3, and -11 have important roles in secretion of SMG under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The injury in TJ integrity was involved in the hypofunctional SMGs, and TRPV1 might be a potential target to improve saliva secretion through modulating expression and function of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University HealthScience Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Beijing, China
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