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Costa da Silva RG, Sun TC, Mishra AP, Boyde A, Doube M, Riggs CM. Intracortical remodelling increases in highly loaded bone after exercise cessation. J Anat 2024; 244:424-437. [PMID: 37953410 PMCID: PMC10862154 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Resorption within cortices of long bones removes excess mass and damaged tissue and increases during periods of reduced mechanical loading. Returning to high-intensity exercise may place bones at risk of failure due to increased porosity caused by bone resorption. We used point-projection X-ray microscopy images of bone slices from highly loaded (metacarpal, tibia) and minimally loaded (rib) bones from 12 racehorses, 6 that died during a period of high-intensity exercise and 6 that had a period of intense exercise followed by at least 35 days of rest prior to death, and measured intracortical canal cross-sectional area (Ca.Ar) and number (N.Ca) to infer remodelling activity across sites and exercise groups. Large canals that are the consequence of bone resorption (Ca.Ar >0.04 mm2 ) were 1.4× to 18.7× greater in number and area in the third metacarpal bone from rested than exercised animals (p = 0.005-0.008), but were similar in number and area in ribs from rested and exercised animals (p = 0.575-0.688). An intermediate relationship was present in the tibia, and when large canals and smaller canals that result from partial bony infilling (Ca.Ar >0.002 mm2 ) were considered together. The mechanostat may override targeted remodelling during periods of high mechanical load by enhancing bone formation, reducing resorption and suppressing turnover. Both systems may work synergistically in rest periods to remove excess and damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsim Christopher Sun
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ambika Prasad Mishra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Alan Boyde
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Michael Doube
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
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Thangadurai S, Brumfeld V, Milgram J, Li L, Shahar R. Osteodentin in the Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus): Dentin or bone? J Morphol 2021; 283:219-235. [PMID: 34910318 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The teeth of actinopterygian fish, like those of mammals, consist of a thin outer hyper-mineralized layer (enamel or enameloid) that surrounds a core of dentin. While all mammalian species have a single type of dentin (called orthodentin), various dentin types have been reported in the teeth of actinopterygian fish. The most common type of actinopterygian fish dentin is orthodentin. However, the second most common type of actinopterygian fish dentin, called osteodentin, found in several teleost species and in many Selachians, is structurally radically different from orthodentin. Osteodentin, comprising denteons and inter-denteonal matrix, is characterized by an appearance that is similar to mammalian osteonal bone, however, it lacks cells and a lacuno-canalicular system. The current consensus is that although osteodentin is morphologically different from orthodentin, it is a true dentinal material, the product of odontoblast cells. We present the results of a study of osteodentin found in the teeth of the Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus. Using a variety of microscopy techniques, high-resolution microCT scans, and micro-indentation we describe the three-dimensional structure of both its components (denteons and inter-denteonal matrix), as well as their mineral density distribution and mechanical properties, at several length-scales. We show that wolffish osteodentin is remarkably similar to the anosteocytic bone of the swords of several swordfish species. We also describe the three-dimensional network of canals found in mature osteodentin. The high density of these canals in a metabolically inactive, acellular tissue casts doubt upon the accepted paradigm, that the canals house a vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Thangadurai
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joshua Milgram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Miszkiewicz JJ. The importance of open access software in the analysis of bone histology in biological anthropology. Evol Anthropol 2020; 29:165-167. [PMID: 32749050 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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The Multiscale Architectures of Fish Bone and Tessellated Cartilage and Their Relation to Function. ARCHITECTURED MATERIALS IN NATURE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Coalignment of osteocyte canaliculi and collagen fibers in human osteonal bone. J Struct Biol 2017; 199:177-186. [PMID: 28778734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During bone formation osteocytes get connected with each other via a dense network of canaliculi within the mineralized bone matrix. Important functions attributed to the osteocyte network include the control of bone remodeling and a contribution to mineral homeostasis. To detect structural clues of the formation and functionality of the network, this study analyzes the structure and orientation of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN), specifically in relation to the concentric bone lamellae within human osteons. The network structure within 49 osteons from four samples of cortical bone from the femoral midshaft of middle-aged healthy women was determined by a combination of rhodamine staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy followed by computational image analysis. A quantitative evaluation showed that 64±1% of the canalicular length has an angle smaller than 30° to the direction towards the osteon center, while the lateral network - defined by an orientation angle larger than 60° - comprises 16±1%. With the same spatial periodicity as the bone lamellae, both radial and lateral network show variations in the network density and order. However, only the preferred orientation of the lateral network twists when crossing a lamella. This twist agrees with the preferred orientation of the fibrous collagen matrix. The chirality of the twist was found to be individual-specific. The coalignment between network and matrix extends to the orientation of the elongated osteocyte lacunae. The intimate link between OLCN and collagen matrix implies an interplay between osteocyte processes and the arrangement of the surrounding collagen fibers during osteoid formation.
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Kumar S, Kamali T, Levitte JM, Katz O, Hermann B, Werkmeister R, Považay B, Drexler W, Unterhuber A, Silberberg Y. Single-pulse CARS based multimodal nonlinear optical microscope for bioimaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:13082-98. [PMID: 26074561 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.013082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive label-free imaging of biological systems raises demand not only for high-speed three-dimensional prescreening of morphology over a wide-field of view but also it seeks to extract the microscopic functional and molecular details within. Capitalizing on the unique advantages brought out by different nonlinear optical effects, a multimodal nonlinear optical microscope can be a powerful tool for bioimaging. Bringing together the intensity-dependent contrast mechanisms via second harmonic generation, third harmonic generation and four-wave mixing for structural-sensitive imaging, and single-beam/single-pulse coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering technique for chemical sensitive imaging in the finger-print region, we have developed a simple and nearly alignment-free multimodal nonlinear optical microscope that is based on a single wide-band Ti:Sapphire femtosecond pulse laser source. Successful imaging tests have been realized on two exemplary biological samples, a canine femur bone and collagen fibrils harvested from a rat tail. Since the ultra-broad band-width femtosecond laser is a suitable source for performing high-resolution optical coherence tomography, a wide-field optical coherence tomography arm can be easily incorporated into the presented multimodal microscope making it a versatile optical imaging tool for noninvasive label-free bioimaging.
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Dong P, Haupert S, Hesse B, Langer M, Gouttenoire PJ, Bousson V, Peyrin F. 3D osteocyte lacunar morphometric properties and distributions in human femoral cortical bone using synchrotron radiation micro-CT images. Bone 2014; 60:172-85. [PMID: 24334189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, the most numerous bone cells, are thought to be actively involved in the bone modeling and remodeling processes. The morphology of osteocyte is hypothesized to adapt according to the physiological mechanical loading. Three-dimensional micro-CT has recently been used to study osteocyte lacunae. In this work, we proposed a computationally efficient and validated automated image analysis method to quantify the 3D shape descriptors of osteocyte lacunae and their distribution in human femurs. Thirteen samples were imaged using Synchrotron Radiation (SR) micro-CT at ID19 of the ESRF with 1.4μm isotropic voxel resolution. With a field of view of about 2.9×2.9×1.4mm(3), the 3D images include several tens of thousands of osteocyte lacunae. We designed an automated quantification method to segment and extract 3D cell descriptors from osteocyte lacunae. An image moment-based approach was used to calculate the volume, length, width, height and anisotropy of each osteocyte lacuna. We employed a fast algorithm to further efficiently calculate the surface area, the Euler number and the structure model index (SMI) of each lacuna. We also introduced the 3D lacunar density map to directly visualize the lacunar density variation over a large field of view. We reported the lacunar morphometric properties and distributions as well as cortical bone histomorphometric indices on the 13 bone samples. The mean volume and surface were found to be 409.5±149.7μm(3) and 336.2±94.5μm(2). The average dimensions were of 18.9±4.9μm in length, 9.2±2.1μm in width and 4.8±1.1μm in depth. We found lacunar number density and six osteocyte lacunar descriptors, three axis lengths, two anisotropy ratios and SMI, that are significantly correlated to bone porosity at a same local region. The proposed method allowed an automatic and efficient direct 3D analysis of a large population of bone cells and is expected to provide reliable biological information for better understanding the bone quality and diseases at cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Dong
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220; Inserm U1044; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, X-Ray Imaging Group, 38043 Grenoble, France.
| | - Sylvain Haupert
- UMPC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7623, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Paramétrique, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220; Inserm U1044; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, X-Ray Imaging Group, 38043 Grenoble, France; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Max Langer
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220; Inserm U1044; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, X-Ray Imaging Group, 38043 Grenoble, France.
| | - Pierre-Jean Gouttenoire
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220; Inserm U1044; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, X-Ray Imaging Group, 38043 Grenoble, France.
| | - Valérie Bousson
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, B2OA, UMR 7052 CNRS, 75010 Paris, France.
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220; Inserm U1044; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, X-Ray Imaging Group, 38043 Grenoble, France.
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Pazzaglia UE, Congiu T, Pienazza A, Zakaria M, Gnecchi M, Dell'orbo C. Morphometric analysis of osteonal architecture in bones from healthy young human male subjects using scanning electron microscopy. J Anat 2013; 223:242-54. [PMID: 23834434 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape and structure of bones is a topic that has been studied for a long time by morphologists and biologists with the goal of explaining the laws governing their development, aging and pathology. The osteonal architecture of tibial and femoral mid-diaphyses was examined morphometrically with scanning electron microscopy in four healthy young male subjects. In transverse sections of the mid-diaphysis, the total area of the anterior, posterior, lateral and medial cortex sectors was measured and analysed for osteonal parameters including osteon number and density, osteon total and bone area and vascular space area. Osteons were grouped into four classes including cutting heads (A), transversely cut osteons (B), longitudinally cut osteons (C) and sealed osteons (D). The morphometric parameters were compared between the inner (endosteal) and outer (periosteal) half of the cortex. Of 5927 examined osteons, 24.4% cutting heads, 71.1% transversely cut osteons, 2.3% longitudinally cut osteons and 2.2% sealed osteons were found. The interosteonic bone (measured as the area in a lamellar system that has lost contact with its own central canal) corresponded to 51.2% of the endosteal and 52.4% of the periosteal half-cortex. The mean number of class A cutting heads and class B osteons was significantly higher in the periosteal than in the endosteal half-cortex (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference in density. The mean osteon total area, osteon bone area and vascular space area of both classes A and B were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for all three parameters) in the endosteal than in the periosteal half-cortex. The significant differences between the two layers of the cortex suggest that the osteoclast activity is distributed throughout the whole cortical thickness, with more numerous excavations in the external layer, but larger resorption lacunae closer to the marrow canal. A randomly selected population of 109 intact class B osteons was examined at higher magnification (350×) to count osteocyte lacuna and to analyse their relationship with osteon size parameters. The distribution frequency of the mean number of osteocyte lacunae increased with the increment in the sub-classes of osteon bone area, whereas the density did not show significant differences. The number of osteocyte lacunae had a direct correlation with the osteon bone area and the mean osteon wall thickness, as well as the mean number of lamellae. The osteocyte lacunae density showed an inverse relationship. These data suggest a biological regulation of osteoblast activity with a limit to the volume of matrix produced by each cell and proportionality with the number of available cells in the space of the cutting cone (total osteon area). The collected data can be useful as a set of control parameters in healthy human bone for studies on bone aging and metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E Pazzaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy.
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