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Bejarano DH, Martínez RA, Rocha JF. Genome-wide association study for growth traits in Blanco Orejinegro and Romosinuano cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:358. [PMID: 37848724 PMCID: PMC10581918 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Growth traits are economically important characteristics for the genetic improvement of local cattle breeds. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide valuable information to enhance the understanding on the genetics of complex traits. The aim of this study was to perform a GWAS to identify genomic regions and genes associated to birth weight, weaning weight adjusted for 240 days, 16 months, and 24 months weight in Romosinuano (ROMO) and Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle. A single-step genomic-BLUP was implemented using 596 BON and 569 ROMO individuals that were genotyped with an Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. There were 25 regions of interest identified on different chromosomes, with few of them simultaneously associated with two or more growth traits and some were common to both breeds. The gene mapping allowed to find 173 annotations on these regions, from which 49 represent potential candidate genes with known growth-related functions in cattle and other species. Among the regions that were associated with several growth traits, that at 24 - 27 MB of BTA14, has important candidate genes such as LYPLA1, XKR4, TMEM68 and PLAG1. Another region of interest at 0.40-0.77 Mb of BTA23 was identified in both breeds, containing KHDRBS2 as a potential candidate gene influencing body weight. Future studies targeting these regions could provide more knowledge to uncover the genetic architecture underlying growth traits in BON and ROMO cattle. The genomic regions and genes identified in this study could be used to improve the prediction of genetic merit for growth traits in these creole cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego H Bejarano
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria -AGROSAVIA. Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Km. 14, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo A Martínez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria -AGROSAVIA. Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Km. 14, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Juan F Rocha
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria -AGROSAVIA. Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Km. 14, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
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2
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Using AI-Based Evolutionary Algorithms to Elucidate Adult Brain Tumor (Glioma) Etiology Associated with IDH1 for Therapeutic Target Identification. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2982-3000. [PMID: 35877430 PMCID: PMC9323620 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult brain tumors (glioma) represent a cancer of unmet need where standard-of-care is non-curative; thus, new therapies are urgently needed. It is unclear whether isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1/2) when not mutated have any role in gliomagenesis or tumor growth. Nevertheless, IDH1 is overexpressed in glioblastoma (GBM), which could impact upon cellular metabolism and epigenetic reprogramming. This study characterizes IDH1 expression and associated genes and pathways. A novel biomarker discovery pipeline using artificial intelligence (evolutionary algorithms) was employed to analyze IDH-wildtype adult gliomas from the TCGA LGG-GBM cohort. Ninety genes whose expression correlated with IDH1 expression were identified from: (1) All gliomas, (2) primary GBM, and (3) recurrent GBM tumors. Genes were overrepresented in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, focal adhesion, mTOR signaling, and pyruvate metabolism pathways. Other non-enriched pathways included O-glycan biosynthesis, notch signaling, and signaling regulating stem cell pluripotency (PCGF3). Potential prognostic (TSPYL2, JAKMIP1, CIT, TMTC1) and two diagnostic (MINK1, PLEKHM3) biomarkers were downregulated in GBM. Their gene expression and methylation were negatively and positively correlated with IDH1 expression, respectively. Two diagnostic biomarkers (BZW1, RCF2) showed the opposite trend. Prognostic genes were not impacted by high frequencies of molecular alterations and only one (TMTC1) could be validated in another cohort. Genes with mechanistic links to IDH1 were involved in brain neuronal development, cell proliferation, cytokinesis, and O-mannosylation as well as tumor suppression and anaplerosis. Results highlight metabolic vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets for use in future clinical trials.
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Chen S, Ju G, Gu J, Shi M, Wang Y, Wu X, Wang Q, Zheng L, Xiao T, Fan Y. Competing endogenous RNA network for esophageal cancer progression. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1473. [PMID: 34734025 PMCID: PMC8506737 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Esophageal cancer (ESCA) constitutes one of the most common cancers worldwide. The identification of potential biomarkers is important to improving the diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency for patients with ESCA. In this study, we aimed to identify biomarkers related to ESCA progression through a comprehensive analysis of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNA (miRNAs), and mRNA expression profiles in ESCA. Methods Differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs (DElncRNAs, DEmiRNAs, and DEmRNAs, respectively) in ESCA samples compared with normal controls were obtained. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network consisting of interacting DElncRNAs, DEmiRNAs, and DEmRNAs was constructed using a combination of the miRCode and TargetScan databases. Relationships between RNAs in the ceRNA network and overall survival in patients with EC were explored through another independent ESCA dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results A total of 1,014 DElncRNAs, 3,677 DEmRNAs, and 35 DEmiRNAs were identified in ESCA samples compared with normal samples. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the DEmRNAs were involved in cell activity, inflammatory response, and oxygen metabolism-related biological processes. A ceRNA network containing 5 DEmiRNAs, 582 DEmRNAs and 764 DElncRNAs was obtained. In the survival analysis, 39 genes were found to be significantly associated with overall survival in patients with EC, including GOLGA7, NFYB, TOP1, and TMTC3. Conclusions Our study constructed a ceRNA network for ESCA for the first time, which will be helpful for the disease’s diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saihua Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Guanjun Ju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Jianmei Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Minxin Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yilang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Liyun Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University & Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
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Mealer RG, Williams SE, Daly MJ, Scolnick EM, Cummings RD, Smoller JW. Glycobiology and schizophrenia: a biological hypothesis emerging from genomic research. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3129-3139. [PMID: 32377000 PMCID: PMC8081046 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomics are opening new windows into the biology of schizophrenia. Though common variants individually have small effects on disease risk, GWAS provide a powerful opportunity to explore pathways and mechanisms contributing to pathophysiology. Here, we highlight an underappreciated biological theme emerging from GWAS: the role of glycosylation in schizophrenia. The strongest coding variant in schizophrenia GWAS is a missense mutation in the manganese transporter SLC39A8, which is associated with altered glycosylation patterns in humans. Furthermore, variants near several genes encoding glycosylation enzymes are unambiguously associated with schizophrenia: FUT9, MAN2A1, TMTC1, GALNT10, and B3GAT1. Here, we summarize the known biological functions, target substrates, and expression patterns of these enzymes as a primer for future studies. We also highlight a subset of schizophrenia-associated proteins critically modified by glycosylation including glutamate receptors, voltage-gated calcium channels, the dopamine D2 receptor, and complement glycoproteins. We hypothesize that common genetic variants alter brain glycosylation and play a fundamental role in the development of schizophrenia. Leveraging these findings will advance our mechanistic understanding of disease and may provide novel avenues for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Mealer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Harvard Medical School, Boston MA.,Corresponding Author: Robert Gene Mealer, M.D., Ph.D., Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge St, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, Tel: +1 (617) 724-9076,
| | - Sarah E. Williams
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute
| | - Edward M. Scolnick
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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6
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Liu G, Zhou Q, Lin H, Li N, Ye H, Wang J. Novel compound variants of the TMTC3 gene cause cobblestone lissencephaly-like syndrome: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:97. [PMID: 32973946 PMCID: PMC7507045 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic variants in the transmembrane O-mannosyltransferase targeting cadherins 3 (TMTC3) gene have been reported to cause two distinct types of neuron migration defect diseases, known as cobblestone lissencephaly (COB) and periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH), combined with intellectual disability and nocturnal seizures. The aim of the current study was to identify the genetic cause of a 22-month-old Chinese boy who presented with white matter plaques, a small frontal lobe, myelin dysplasia, microcephaly, psychomotor delay, language development delay, truncal hypotonia, intractable epilepsy, infantile spasm and bilateral single transverse palmar creases. Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel heterozygous variant compounds in the TMTC3 gene (c.1123G>A, p.Glu375Lys and c.1126_1129del, p.Arg376Tyrfs*13). Most of the clinical features of the patient are consistent with COB. However, the deformities in the brain (white matter plaques, small frontal lobe and myelin dysplasia) in the patient were more severe compared with those generally exhibited by PVNH, but less severe compared with those presented by COB. Moreover, the patient exhibited bilateral single transverse palmar creases, which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described previously in patients with a TMTC3 variation. In summary, the current study reported a pediatric Chinese patient with COB-like syndrome caused by TMTC3 gene variations. The present results indicated that variation in the TMTC3 gene can lead to highly variable clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Liu
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Bartman CM, Matveyenko A, Prakash YS. It's about time: clocks in the developing lung. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:39-50. [PMID: 31895049 DOI: 10.1172/jci130143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of peripheral intracellular clocks revealed circadian oscillations of clock genes and their targets in all cell types, including those in the lung, sparking exploration of clocks in lung disease pathophysiology. While the focus has been on the role of these clocks in adult airway diseases, clock biology is also likely to be important in perinatal lung development, where it has received far less attention. Historically, fetal circadian rhythms have been considered irrelevant owing to lack of external light exposure, but more recent insights into peripheral clock biology raise questions of clock emergence, its concordance with tissue-specific structure/function, the interdependence of clock synchrony and functionality in perinatal lung development, and the possibility of lung clocks in priming the fetus for postnatal life. Understanding the perinatal molecular clock may unravel mechanistic targets for chronic airway disease across the lifespan. With current research providing more questions than answers, it is about time to investigate clocks in the developing lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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8
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Genetics and mechanisms leading to human cortical malformations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:33-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Discovery of an O-mannosylation pathway selectively serving cadherins and protocadherins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11163-11168. [PMID: 28973932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708319114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin (cdh) superfamily of adhesion molecules carry O-linked mannose (O-Man) glycans at highly conserved sites localized to specific β-strands of their extracellular cdh (EC) domains. These O-Man glycans do not appear to be elongated like O-Man glycans found on α-dystroglycan (α-DG), and we recently demonstrated that initiation of cdh/protocadherin (pcdh) O-Man glycosylation is not dependent on the evolutionary conserved POMT1/POMT2 enzymes that initiate O-Man glycosylation on α-DG. Here, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 genetic dissection strategy combined with sensitive and quantitative O-Man glycoproteomics to identify a homologous family of four putative protein O-mannosyltransferases encoded by the TMTC1-4 genes, which were found to be imperative for cdh and pcdh O-Man glycosylation. KO of all four TMTC genes in HEK293 cells resulted in specific loss of cdh and pcdh O-Man glycosylation, whereas combined KO of TMTC1 and TMTC3 resulted in selective loss of O-Man glycans on specific β-strands of EC domains, suggesting that each isoenzyme serves a different function. In addition, O-Man glycosylation of IPT/TIG domains of plexins and hepatocyte growth factor receptor was not affected in TMTC KO cells, suggesting the existence of yet another O-Man glycosylation machinery. Our study demonstrates that regulation of O-mannosylation in higher eukaryotes is more complex than envisioned, and the discovery of the functions of TMTCs provide insight into cobblestone lissencephaly caused by deficiency in TMTC3.
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10
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Jerber J, Zaki MS, Al-Aama JY, Rosti RO, Ben-Omran T, Dikoglu E, Silhavy JL, Caglar C, Musaev D, Albrecht B, Campbell KP, Willer T, Almuriekhi M, Çağlayan AO, Vajsar J, Bilgüvar K, Ogur G, Abou Jamra R, Günel M, Gleeson JG. Biallelic Mutations in TMTC3, Encoding a Transmembrane and TPR-Containing Protein, Lead to Cobblestone Lissencephaly. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1181-1189. [PMID: 27773428 PMCID: PMC5097947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobblestone lissencephaly (COB) is a severe brain malformation in which overmigration of neurons and glial cells into the arachnoid space results in the formation of cortical dysplasia. COB occurs in a wide range of genetic disorders known as dystroglycanopathies, which are congenital muscular dystrophies associated with brain and eye anomalies and range from Walker-Warburg syndrome to Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. Each of these conditions has been associated with alpha-dystroglycan defects or with mutations in genes encoding basement membrane components, which are known to interact with alpha-dystroglycan. Our screening of a cohort of 25 families with recessive forms of COB identified six families affected by biallelic mutations in TMTC3 (encoding transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 3), a gene without obvious functional connections to alpha-dystroglycan. Most affected individuals showed brainstem and cerebellum hypoplasia, as well as ventriculomegaly. However, the minority of the affected individuals had eye defects or elevated muscle creatine phosphokinase, separating the TMTC3 COB phenotype from typical congenital muscular dystrophies. Our data suggest that loss of TMTC3 causes COB with minimal eye or muscle involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jerber
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Jumana Y Al-Aama
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21453, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21453, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasim Ozgur Rosti
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar, Education City, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Esra Dikoglu
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer L Silhavy
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caner Caglar
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Damir Musaev
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beate Albrecht
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Neurology, Internal Medicine, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
| | - Tobias Willer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Neurology, Internal Medicine, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
| | - Mariam Almuriekhi
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar, Education City, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmet Okay Çağlayan
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34394, Turkey
| | - Jiri Vajsar
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Kaya Bilgüvar
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gonul Ogur
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55000 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Murat Günel
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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