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Wang S, Shibata Y, Fu L, Tanizaki Y, Luu N, Bao L, Peng Z, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone receptor knockout prevents the loss of Xenopus tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 36823612 PMCID: PMC9948486 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body to full function. Studies in mammals have revealed that many organs lose regenerative ability soon after birth when thyroid hormone (T3) level is high. This suggests that T3 play an important role in organ regeneration. Intriguingly, plasma T3 level peaks during amphibian metamorphosis, which is very similar to postembryonic development in humans. In addition, many organs, such as heart and tail, also lose their regenerative ability during metamorphosis. These make frogs as a good model to address how the organs gradually lose their regenerative ability during development and what roles T3 may play in this. Early tail regeneration studies have been done mainly in the tetraploid Xenopus laevis (X. laevis), which is difficult for gene knockout studies. Here we use the highly related but diploid anuran X. tropicalis to investigate the role of T3 signaling in tail regeneration with gene knockout approaches. RESULTS We discovered that X. tropicalis tadpoles could regenerate their tail from premetamorphic stages up to the climax stage 59 then lose regenerative capacity as tail resorption begins, just like what observed for X. laevis. To test the hypothesis that T3-induced metamorphic program inhibits tail regeneration, we used TR double knockout (TRDKO) tadpoles lacking both TRα and TRβ, the only two receptor genes in vertebrates, for tail regeneration studies. Our results showed that TRs were not necessary for tail regeneration at all stages. However, unlike wild type tadpoles, TRDKO tadpoles retained regenerative capacity at the climax stages 60/61, likely in part by increasing apoptosis at the early regenerative period and enhancing subsequent cell proliferation. In addition, TRDKO animals had higher levels of amputation-induced expression of many genes implicated to be important for tail regeneration, compared to the non-regenerative wild type tadpoles at stage 61. Finally, the high level of apoptosis in the remaining uncut portion of the tail as wild type tadpoles undergo tail resorption after stage 61 appeared to also contribute to the loss of regenerative ability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings for the first time revealed an evolutionary conservation in the loss of tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax between X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Our studies with molecular and genetic approaches demonstrated that TR-mediated, T3-induced gene regulation program is responsible not only for tail resorption but also for the loss of tail regeneration capacity. Further studies by using the model should uncover how T3 modulates the regenerative outcome and offer potential new avenues for regenerative medicines toward human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Wang
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoyi Peng
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Alper SR, Dorsky RI. Unique advantages of zebrafish larvae as a model for spinal cord regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:983336. [PMID: 36157068 PMCID: PMC9489991 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.983336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the spinal cord in mammals ends at birth. In contrast, teleost fish and amphibians retain this capacity throughout life, leading to the use of the powerful zebrafish model system to identify novel mechanisms that promote spinal cord regeneration. While adult zebrafish offer an effective comparison with non-regenerating mammals, they lack the complete array of experimental approaches that have made this animal model so successful. In contrast, the optical transparency, simple anatomy and complex behavior of zebrafish larvae, combined with the known conservation of pro-regenerative signals and cell types between larval and adult stages, suggest that they may hold even more promise as a system for investigating spinal cord regeneration. In this review, we highlight characteristics and advantages of the larval model that underlie its potential to provide future therapeutic approaches for treating human spinal cord injury.
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3
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Injury-induced Erk1/2 signaling tissue-specifically interacts with Ca2+ activity and is necessary for regeneration of spinal cord and skeletal muscle. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102540. [PMID: 35074688 PMCID: PMC9542431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transition of stem cells from quiescence to proliferation enables tissues to self-repair. The signaling mechanisms driving these stem-cell-status decisions are still unclear. Ca2+ and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) are two signaling pathways that have the potential to coordinate multiple signals to promote a specific cellular response. They both play important roles during nervous system development but their roles during spinal cord and muscle regeneration are not fully deciphered. Here we show in Xenopus laevis larvae that both Ca2+ and Erk1/2 signaling pathways are activated after tail amputation. In response to injury, we find that Erk1/2 signaling is activated in neural and muscle stem cells and is necessary for spinal cord and skeletal muscle regeneration. Finally, we show in vivo that Erk1/2 activity is necessary for an injury-induced increase in intracellular store-dependent Ca2+ dynamics in skeletal muscle-associated tissues but that in spinal cord, injury increases Ca2+ influx-dependent Ca2+ activity independent of Erk1/2 signaling. This study suggests that precise temporal and tissue-specific activation of Ca2+ and Erk1/2 pathways is essential for regulating spinal cord and muscle regeneration.
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4
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Bishop TF, Beck CW. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides can initiate regeneration of the Xenopus tadpole tail. iScience 2021; 24:103281. [PMID: 34765912 PMCID: PMC8571501 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tadpoles of the frog Xenopus laevis can regenerate tails except for a short "refractory" period in which they heal rather than regenerate. Rapid and sustained production of ROS by NADPH oxidase (Nox) is critical for regeneration. Here, we show that tail amputation results in rapid, transient activation of the ROS-activated transcription factor NF-κB and expression of its direct target cox2 in the wound epithelium. Activation of NF-κB is also sufficient to rescue refractory tail regeneration. We propose that bacteria on the tadpole's skin could influence tail regenerative outcomes, possibly via LPS-TLR4-NF-κB signaling. When raised in antibiotics, fewer tadpoles in the refractory stage attempted regeneration, whereas addition of LPS rescued regeneration. Short-term activation of NF-κB using small molecules enhanced regeneration of tadpole hindlimbs, but not froglet forelimbs. We propose a model in which host microbiome contributes to creating optimal conditions for regeneration, via regulation of NF-κB by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Bishop
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Caroline W. Beck
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
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5
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Assunção Silva RC, Pinto L, Salgado AJ. Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:850-896. [PMID: 34783046 DOI: 10.1002/med.21865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The axonal growth-restrictive character of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) makes finding a therapeutic strategy a very demanding task, due to the postinjury events impeditive to spontaneous axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Considering SCI pathophysiology complexity, it has been suggested that an effective therapy should tackle all the SCI-related aspects and provide sensory and motor improvement to SCI patients. Thus, the current aim of any therapeutic approach for SCI relies in providing neuroprotection and support neuroregeneration. Acknowledging the current SCI treatment paradigm, cell transplantation is one of the most explored approaches for SCI with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) being in the forefront of many of these. Studies showing the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation after SCI have been proposing a paracrine action of these cells on the injured tissues, through the secretion of protective and trophic factors, rather than attributing it to the action of cells itself. This manuscript provides detailed information on the most recent data regarding the neuroregenerative effect of the secretome of MSCs as a cell-free based therapy for SCI. The main challenge of any strategy proposed for SCI treatment relies in obtaining robust preclinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo models, before moving to the clinics, so we have specifically focused on the available vertebrate and mammal models of SCI currently used in research and how can SCI field benefit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Assunção Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's e PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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6
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Abstract
Understanding how to promote organ and appendage regeneration is a key goal of regenerative medicine. The frog, Xenopus, can achieve both scar-free healing and tissue regeneration during its larval stages, although it predominantly loses these abilities during metamorphosis and adulthood. This transient regenerative capacity, alongside their close evolutionary relationship with humans, makes Xenopus an attractive model to uncover the mechanisms underlying functional regeneration. Here, we present an overview of Xenopus as a key model organism for regeneration research and highlight how studies of Xenopus have led to new insights into the mechanisms governing regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Phipps
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lindsey Marshall
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karel Dorey
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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7
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Sabin KZ, Jiang P, Gearhart MD, Stewart R, Echeverri K. AP-1 cFos/JunB/miR-200a regulate the pro-regenerative glial cell response during axolotl spinal cord regeneration. Commun Biol 2019; 2:91. [PMID: 30854483 PMCID: PMC6403268 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salamanders have the remarkable ability to functionally regenerate after spinal cord transection. In response to injury, GFAP+ glial cells in the axolotl spinal cord proliferate and migrate to replace the missing neural tube and create a permissive environment for axon regeneration. Molecular pathways that regulate the pro-regenerative axolotl glial cell response are poorly understood. Here we show axolotl glial cells up-regulate AP-1cFos/JunB after injury, which promotes a pro-regenerative glial cell response. Injury induced upregulation of miR-200a in glial cells supresses c-Jun expression in these cells. Inhibition of miR-200a during regeneration causes defects in axonal regrowth and transcriptomic analysis revealed that miR-200a inhibition leads to differential regulation of genes involved with reactive gliosis, the glial scar, extracellular matrix remodeling and axon guidance. This work identifies a unique role for miR-200a in inhibiting reactive gliosis in axolotl glial cells during spinal cord regeneration. Keith Sabin et al. showed that upregulation of the AP-1 complex, composed of c-Fos and JunB, in the axolotl spinal cord promotes a pro-regenerative glial cell response. This response is impaired by inhibition of miR-200a; suggesting an important role for this microRNA in axolotl spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Z Sabin
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, 02543, MA, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, 53715, WI, USA
| | - Micah D Gearhart
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, 53715, WI, USA
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Marine Biological Laboratory, Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, 02543, MA, USA.
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8
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Cardozo MJ, Mysiak KS, Becker T, Becker CG. Reduce, reuse, recycle – Developmental signals in spinal cord regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 432:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Hota J, Pati SS, Mahapatra PK. Spinal cord self-repair during tail regeneration in Polypedates maculatus and putative role of FGF1 as a neurotrophic factor. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 88:70-75. [PMID: 29133075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury could be fatal in man and often results in irreversible medical conditions affecting mobility. However, anuran amphibians win over such pathological condition by the virtue of regeneration abilities. The tail of anuran tadpoles therefore allures researchers to study spinal cord injury and self- repair process. In the present study, we inflicted injury to the spinal cord by means of surgical transection of the tail and investigated the self-repair activity in the tadpoles of the Indian tree frog Polypedates maculatus. We also demonstrate for the first time by immunofluorescence localization the expression pattern of Fibroblast Growth Factor1 (FGF1) during spinal cord regeneration which has not been documented earlier in anurans. FGF1, bearer of the mitogenic and neurotrophic properties seems to be expressed by progenitor cells that facilitate regeneration. Spinal cord during tail regeneration in P. maculatus attains functional recovery within a span of 2 weeks thus enabling the organism to survive in an aquatic medium till metamorphosis. Moreover, during the course of spinal cord regeneration in the regenerating tail, melanocytes showed an interesting behaviour as these neural crest derivatives were missing near the early regenerates until their reappearance where they were positioned in close proximity with the regenerated spinal cord as in the normal tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutshina Hota
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India.
| | - Sushri Sangita Pati
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India.
| | - Pravati Kumari Mahapatra
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India.
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10
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Tapia VS, Herrera‐Rojas M, Larrain J. JAK-STAT pathway activation in response to spinal cord injury in regenerative and non-regenerative stages of Xenopus laevis. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2017; 4:21-35. [PMID: 28316792 PMCID: PMC5350081 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis tadpoles can regenerate the spinal cord after injury but this capability is lost during metamorphosis. Comparative studies between pre-metamorphic and metamorphic Xenopus stages can aid towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration. Analysis of a previous transcriptome-wide study suggests that, in response to injury, the JAK-STAT pathway is differentially activated in regenerative and non-regenerative stages. We characterized the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and found that regenerative tadpoles have an early and transient activation. In contrast, the non-regenerative stages have a delayed and sustained activation of the pathway. We found that STAT3 is activated in response to injury mainly in Sox2/3+ ependymal cells, motoneurons and sensory neurons. Finally, to study the role of temporal activation we generated a transgenic line to express a constitutively active version of STAT3. The sustained activation of the JAK-STAT pathway in regenerative tadpoles reduced the expression of pro-neurogenic genes normally upregulated in response to spinal cord injury, suggesting that activation of the JAK-STAT pathway modulates the fate of neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S. Tapia
- Center for Aging and RegenerationMillennium Nucleus in Regenerative BiologyFacultad de Ciencias BiologicasPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Mauricio Herrera‐Rojas
- Center for Aging and RegenerationMillennium Nucleus in Regenerative BiologyFacultad de Ciencias BiologicasPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Juan Larrain
- Center for Aging and RegenerationMillennium Nucleus in Regenerative BiologyFacultad de Ciencias BiologicasPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiagoChile
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11
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Suzuki M, Takagi C, Miura S, Sakane Y, Suzuki M, Sakuma T, Sakamoto N, Endo T, Kamei Y, Sato Y, Kimura H, Yamamoto T, Ueno N, Suzuki KIT. In vivo tracking of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation in Xenopus laevis during tail regeneration. Genes Cells 2016; 21:358-69. [PMID: 26914410 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis tadpoles can completely regenerate their appendages, such as tail and limbs, and therefore provide a unique model to decipher the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration in vertebrates. Epigenetic modifications are likely to be involved in this remarkable regeneration capacity, but they remain largely unknown. To examine the involvement of histone modification during organ regeneration, we generated transgenic X. laevis ubiquitously expressing a fluorescent modification-specific intracellular antibody (Mintbody) that is able to track histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in vivo through nuclear enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence. In embryos ubiquitously expressing H3K9ac-Mintbody, robust fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of somites. Interestingly, H3K9ac-Mintbody signals predominantly accumulated in nuclei of regenerating notochord at 24 h postamputation following activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, apocynin (APO), an inhibitor of ROS production, attenuated H3K9ac-Mintbody signals in regenerating notochord. Our results suggest that ROS production is involved in acetylation of H3K9 in regenerating notochord at the onset of tail regeneration. We also show this transgenic Xenopus to be a useful tool to investigate epigenetic modification, not only in organogenesis but also in organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichirou Miura
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki, Nissin, 470-0195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuto Sakane
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki, Nissin, 470-0195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The nature of cells in early embryos may be respecified simply by exposure to inducing factors. In later stage embryos, determined cell populations do not respond to inducing factors but may be respecified by other stimuli, especially the introduction of specific transcription factors. Fully differentiated cell types are hard to respecify by any method, but some degree of success can be achieved using selected combinations of transcription factors, and this may have clinical significance in the future.
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13
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Pai VP, Lemire JM, Paré JF, Lin G, Chen Y, Levin M. Endogenous gradients of resting potential instructively pattern embryonic neural tissue via Notch signaling and regulation of proliferation. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4366-85. [PMID: 25762681 PMCID: PMC4355204 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1877-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical forces play important roles throughout embryogenesis, but the roles of spatial differences in cellular resting potentials during large-scale brain morphogenesis remain unknown. Here, we implicate endogenous bioelectricity as an instructive factor during brain patterning in Xenopus laevis. Early frog embryos exhibit a characteristic hyperpolarization of cells lining the neural tube; disruption of this spatial gradient of the transmembrane potential (Vmem) diminishes or eliminates the expression of early brain markers, and causes anatomical mispatterning of the brain, including absent or malformed regions. This effect is mediated by voltage-gated calcium signaling and gap-junctional communication. In addition to cell-autonomous effects, we show that hyperpolarization of transmembrane potential (Vmem) in ventral cells outside the brain induces upregulation of neural cell proliferation at long range. Misexpression of the constitutively active form of Notch, a suppressor of neural induction, impairs the normal hyperpolarization pattern and neural patterning; forced hyperpolarization by misexpression of specific ion channels rescues brain defects induced by activated Notch signaling. Strikingly, hyperpolarizing posterior or ventral cells induces the production of ectopic neural tissue considerably outside the neural field. The hyperpolarization signal also synergizes with canonical reprogramming factors (POU and HB4), directing undifferentiated cells toward neural fate in vivo. These data identify a new functional role for bioelectric signaling in brain patterning, reveal interactions between Vmem and key biochemical pathways (Notch and Ca(2+) signaling) as the molecular mechanism by which spatial differences of Vmem regulate organogenesis of the vertebrate brain, and suggest voltage modulation as a tractable strategy for intervention in certain classes of birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
| | - Jean-François Paré
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
| | - Gufa Lin
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ying Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-4243 and
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14
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Bhattacharya N, Stubblefield PG. Understanding the Science Behind Regeneration for Its Implications in the Medicine of the Future. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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LOBIKIN MARIA, PARÉ JEANFRAN, KAPLAN DAVIDL, LEVIN MICHAEL. Selective depolarization of transmembrane potential alters muscle patterning and muscle cell localization in Xenopus laevis embryos. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 59:303-11. [PMID: 26198143 PMCID: PMC10461602 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.150198ml] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The correct anatomical placement and precise determination of specific cell types is required for the establishment of normal embryonic patterning. Understanding these processes is also important for progress in regenerative medicine and cancer biology. Transmembrane voltage gradients across embryonic tissues can mediate cellular communication to regulate the processes of proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Our past work showed that selective depolarization of an endogenous instructor cell population in Xenopus laevis in vivo induced a melanoma-like phenotype in the absence of genetic damage. Here, we use a hypersensitive glycine-gated chloride channel (GlyR) under control of tissue-specific promoters to show that instructor cells resident within muscle are more effective at triggering the metastatic conversion of ectodermal melanocytes than those similar cells within the nervous system. Moreover, depolarization of muscle cells results in aberrant muscle patterning and the appearance of cells expressing muscle markers within the neural tube, which impacts but does not abolish the animals' ability to learn in an associative conditioning assay. Taken together, our data reveal new details of long-range (non-cell-autonomous) reprogramming of cell behavior via alteration of the resting potential of specific embryonic subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARIA LOBIKIN
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - JEAN-FRANçOIS PARÉ
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - DAVID L. KAPLAN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - MICHAEL LEVIN
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Bloom O. Non-mammalian model systems for studying neuro-immune interactions after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:130-40. [PMID: 25017894 PMCID: PMC4099969 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammals exhibit poor recovery after injury to the spinal cord, where the loss of neurons and neuronal connections can be functionally devastating. In contrast, it has long been appreciated that many non-mammalian vertebrate species exhibit significant spontaneous functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Identifying the biological responses that support an organism's inability or ability to recover function after SCI is an important scientific and medical question. While recent advances have been made in understanding the responses to SCI in mammals, we remain without an effective clinical therapy for SCI. A comparative biological approach to understanding responses to SCI in non-mammalian vertebrates will yield important insights into mechanisms that promote recovery after SCI. Presently, mechanistic studies aimed at elucidating responses, both intrinsic and extrinsic to neurons, that result in different regenerative capacities after SCI across vertebrates are just in their early stages. There are several inhibitory mechanisms proposed to impede recovery from SCI in mammals, including reactive gliosis and scarring, myelin associated proteins, and a suboptimal immune response. One hypothesis to explain the robust regenerative capacity of several non-mammalian vertebrates is a lack of some or all of these inhibitory signals. This review presents the current knowledge of immune responses to SCI in several non-mammalian species that achieve anatomical and functional recovery after SCI. This subject is of growing interest, as studies increasingly show both beneficial and detrimental roles of the immune response following SCI in mammals. A long-term goal of biomedical research in all experimental models of SCI is to understand how to promote functional recovery after SCI in humans. Therefore, understanding immune responses to SCI in non-mammalian vertebrates that achieve functional recovery spontaneously may identify novel strategies to modulate immune responses in less regenerative species and promote recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ona Bloom
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; The Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead Turnpike, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA.
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Taniguchi Y, Watanabe K, Mochii M. Notochord-derived hedgehog is essential for tail regeneration in Xenopus tadpole. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:27. [PMID: 24941877 PMCID: PMC4074850 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Appendage regeneration in amphibians is regulated by the combinatorial actions of signaling molecules. The requirement of molecules secreted from specific tissues is reflected by the observation that the whole process of regeneration can be inhibited if a certain tissue is removed from the amputated stump. Interestingly, urodeles and anurans show different tissue dependencies during tail regeneration. The spinal cord is essential for tail regeneration in urodele but not in anuran larva, whereas the notochord but not the spinal cord is essential for tail regeneration in anuran tadpoles. Sonic hedgehog is one of the signaling molecules responsible for such phenomenon in axolotl, as hedgehog signaling is essential for overall tail regeneration and sonic hedgehog is exclusively expressed in the spinal cord. In order to know whether hedgehog signaling is involved in the molecular mechanism underlying the inconsistent tissue dependency for tail regeneration between anurans and urodeles, we investigated expression of hedgehog signal-related genes in the regenerating tail of Xenopus tadpole and examined the effect of the hedgehog signal inhibitor, cyclopamine, on the tail regeneration. Results In Xenopus, sonic hedgehog is expressed exclusively in the notochord but not in the spinal cord of the regenerate. Overall regeneration was severely impaired in cyclopamine-treated tadpoles. Notochord maturation in the regenerate, including cell alignment and vacuolation, and myofiber formation were inhibited. Proliferation of spinal cord cells in the neural ampulla and of mesenchymal cells was also impaired. Conclusion As in the axolotl, hedgehog signaling is required for multiple steps in tail regeneration in the Xenopus tadpole, although the location of the Shh source is quite different between the two species. This difference in Shh localization is the likely basis for the differing tissue requirement for tail regeneration between urodeles and anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori Akou, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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Luke GA, Ryan MD. The protein coexpression problem in biotechnology and biomedicine: virus 2A and 2A-like sequences provide a solution. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology enables us to create genes virtually at will. Ensuring that multiple genes are efficiently coexpressed within the same cell in order to assemble multimeric complexes, transfer biochemical pathways and transfer traits is more problematic. Viruses such as picornaviruses accomplish exactly this task: they generate multiple different proteins from a single open reading frame. The study of how foot-and-mouth disease virus controls its protein biogenesis led to the discovery of a short oligopeptide sequence, ‘2A’, that is able to mediate a cotranslational cleavage between proteins. 2A and ‘2A-like’ sequences (from other viruses and cellular sequences) can be used to concatenate multiple gene sequences into a single gene, ensuring their coexpression within the same cell. These sequences are now being used in the treatment of cancer, in the production of pluripotent stem cells, and to create transgenic plants and animals among a host of other biotechnological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry A Luke
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Martin D Ryan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
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Kusumi K, Fisher RE. Studying mechanisms of regeneration in amphibian and reptilian vertebrate models. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1529-31. [PMID: 22933304 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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