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Emerald BS, Al Jailani MA, Ibrahim MF, Kumar CA, Allouh MZ. Cellular and Molecular Variations in Male and Female Murine Skeletal Muscle after Long-Term Feeding with a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179547. [PMID: 36076943 PMCID: PMC9455932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current information regarding the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on skeletal muscle is contradictory. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a long-term HFD on skeletal muscle in male and female mice at the morphological, cellular, and molecular levels. Adult mice of the C57BL/6 strain were fed standard chow or an HFD for 20 weeks. The tibialis anterior muscles were dissected, weighed, and processed for cellular and molecular analyses. Immunocytochemical and morphometric techniques were applied to quantify fiber size, satellite cells (SCs), and myonuclei. Additionally, PCR array and RT-qPCR tests were performed to determine the expression levels of key muscle genes. Muscles from HFD mice showed decreases in weight, SCs, and myonuclei, consistent with the atrophic phenotype. This atrophy was associated with a decrease in the percentage of oxidative fibers within the muscle. These findings were further confirmed by molecular analyses that showed significant reductions in the expression of Pax7, Myh1, and Myh2 genes and increased Mstn gene expression. Male and female mice showed similar trends in response to HFD-induced obesity. These findings indicate that the long-term effects of obesity on skeletal muscle resemble those of age-related sarcopenia.
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Asfour HA, Shaqoura EI, Said RS, Mustafa AG, Emerald BS, Allouh MZ. Differential response of oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers to mesterolone. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12301. [PMID: 34112889 PMCID: PMC8192902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers differ in their ultrastructure, metabolism, and responses to physiological stimuli and pathological insults. We examined whether these fibers respond differentially to exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) by comparing morphological and histological changes between the oxidative anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and glycolytic pectoralis major (PM) fibers in adult avian muscles. Adult female White Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus) were randomly divided into five groups: a vehicle control and four mesterolone treatment groups (4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg). Mesterolone was administered orally every three days for four weeks. Immunocytochemical techniques and morphometric analyses were employed to measure the changes in muscle weight, fiber size, satellite cell (SC) composition, and number of myonuclei. Mesterolone increased both body and muscle weights and induced hypertrophy in glycolytic PM fibers but not in oxidative ALD fibers. Mesterolone induced SC proliferation in both muscles; however, the myonuclear accretion was noticeable only in the PM muscle. In both muscles, the collective changes maintained a constant myonuclear domain size and the changes were dose independent. In conclusion, mesterolone induced distinct dose-independent effects in avian oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers; these findings might be clinically valuable in the treatment of age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan A Asfour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Emad I Shaqoura
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Raed S Said
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ayman G Mustafa
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Mohammed Z Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. .,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
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Asfour HA, Allouh MZ, Said RS. Myogenic regulatory factors: The orchestrators of myogenesis after 30 years of discovery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:118-128. [PMID: 29307280 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217749494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal myogenesis share many cellular and molecular aspects. Myogenic regulatory factors are basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factors that indispensably regulate both processes. These factors (Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin, and MRF4) function as an orchestrating cascade, with some overlapped actions. Prenatally, myogenic regulatory factors are restrictedly expressed in somite-derived myogenic progenitor cells and their derived myoblasts. Postnatally, myogenic regulatory factors are important in regulating the myogenesis process via satellite cells. Many positive and negative regulatory mechanisms exist either between myogenic regulatory factors themselves or between myogenic regulatory factors and other proteins. Upstream factors and signals are also involved in the control of myogenic regulatory factors expression within different prenatal and postnatal myogenic cells. Here, the authors have conducted a thorough and an up-to-date review of the myogenic regulatory factors since their discovery 30 years ago. This review discusses the myogenic regulatory factors structure, mechanism of action, and roles and regulations during prenatal and postnatal myogenesis. Impact statement Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are key players in the process of myogenesis. Despite a considerable amount of literature regarding these factors, their exact mechanisms of actions are still incompletely understood with several overlapped functions. Herein, we revised what has hitherto been reported in the literature regarding MRF structures, molecular pathways that regulate their activities, and their roles during pre- and post-natal myogenesis. The work submitted in this review article is considered of great importance for researchers in the field of skeletal muscle formation and regeneration, as it provides a comprehensive summary of all the biological aspects of MRFs and advances a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myogenesis. Indeed, attaining a better understanding of MRFs could be utilized in developing novel therapeutic protocols for multiple myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan A Asfour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 37251 Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Z Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 37251 Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Raed S Said
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 37251 Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid 22110, Jordan
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S Said R, G Mustafa A, A Asfour H, I Shaqoura E. Myogenic Satellite Cells: Biological Milieu and Possible Clinical Applications. Pak J Biol Sci 2017; 20:1-11. [PMID: 29023009 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2017.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle is a post-mitotic terminally differentiated tissue that possesses an immense potential for regeneration after injury. This regeneration can be achieved by adult stem cells named satellite cells that inhabit the muscular tissue. These cells were first identified in 1961 and were described as being wedged between the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber and the surrounding basement membrane. Since their discovery, many researchers investigated their embryological origin and the exact role they play in muscle regeneration and repair. Under normal conditions, satellite cells are retained in a quiescent state and when required, these cells are activated to proliferate and differentiate to repair pre-existing muscle fibers or to a lesser extent fuse with each other to form new myofibers. During skeletal muscle regeneration, satellite cell actions are regulated through a cascade of complex signaling pathways that are influenced by multiple extrinsic factors within the satellite cell micro-environment. Here, the basic concepts were studied about satellite cells, their development, function, distribution and the different cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate these cells. The recent findings about some of their clinical applications and potential therapeutic use were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed S Said
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 22110 Irbid, Jorda
| | - Ayman G Mustafa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 22110 Irbid, Jorda
| | - Hasan A Asfour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan Un iversity of Science and Technology, 22110 Irbid, Jorda
| | - Emad I Shaqoura
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan Un iversity of Science and Technology, 22110 Irbid, Jorda
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Three new analogues of androgenic drug mesterolone through biotransformation with Cunninghamella blakseleeana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ahmad MS, Zafar S, Bibi M, Bano S, Iqbal Choudhary M. Biotransformation of androgenic steroid mesterolone with Cunninghamella blakesleeana and Macrophomina phaseolina. Steroids 2014; 82:53-9. [PMID: 24462640 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation of mesterolone (1) with Cunninghamella blakesleeana yielded four new metabolites, 1α-methyl-1β,11β,17β-trihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (2), 1α-methyl-7α,11β,17β-trihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (3), 1α-methyl-1β,6α,17β-trihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (4) and 1α-methyl-1β,11α,17β-trihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (5), along with three known metabolites, 1α-methyl-11α,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (6), 1α-methyl-6α,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (7) and 1α-methyl-7α,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (8). Biotransformation of 1 with Macrophomina phaseolina also yielded a new metabolite, 1α-methyl, 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3,6-dione (9). The isolated metabolites were subjected to various in vitro biological assays, such as anti-cancer, inhibition of α-glucosidase, and phosphodiesterase-5 enzymes and oxidative brust. However, no significant results were observed. This is the first report of biotransformation of 1 with C. blakesleeana and M. phaseolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Shoaib Ahmad
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Salman Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Ring Road Campus, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Marium Bibi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saira Bano
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia.
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Allouh MZ, Aldirawi MH. Effects of sustanon on the distribution of satellite cells and the morphology of skeletal muscle fibers during maturation. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 15:215-23. [PMID: 24199455 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2012.215.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustanon is one of the most commonly used anabolic androgenic drugs to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength. This drug is a blend of four esterized testosterone derivatives: Testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone isocaproate and testosterone decanoate. Little is known about the effects of this drug on skeletal muscle at the cellular level. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Sustanon on the morphology of skeletal muscle fibers and the distribution of myogenic stem cells known as Satellite Cells (SCs) during postnatal growth. We hypothesized that Sustanon-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in the number of SCs. Robust immunocytochemical techniques and morphometric analyses were used to calculate the numbers of SCs and myonuclei within the pectoralis muscle of chickens. Also, DNA concentration and Pax7 protein levels were measured to confirm immunocytochemical findings. Sustanon significantly increased pectoralis mass and fiber size. All SC indices and the number of myonuclei increased significantly by Sustanon administration. In addition, greater DNA concentration and Pax7 protein expression were found in Sustanon-treated birds. This study indicates that Sustanon can induce avian skeletal muscle hypertrophy and that this is correlated with increased numbers of SCs and myonuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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