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Tantisatirapong S, Khunakornpattanakarn S, Suesatsakul T, Boonpratatong A, Benjamin I, Tongmeesee S, Kangkorn T, Chanwimalueang T. The simplified tailor-made workflows for a 3D slicer-based craniofacial implant design. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2850. [PMID: 36801943 PMCID: PMC9938178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A specific design of craniofacial implant model is vital and urgent for patients with traumatic head injury. The mirror technique is commonly used for modeling these implants, but it requires the presence of a healthy skull region opposite to the defect. To address this limitation, we propose three processing workflows for modeling craniofacial implants: the mirror method, the baffle planner, and the baffle-based mirror guideline. These workflows are based on extension modules on the 3D Slicer platform and were developed to simplify the modeling process for a variety of craniofacial scenarios. To evaluate the effectiveness of these proposed workflows, we investigated craniofacial CT datasets collected from four accidental cases. The designed implant models were created using the three proposed workflows and compared to reference models created by an experienced neurosurgeon. The spatial properties of the models were evaluated using performance metrics. Our results show that the mirror method is suitable for cases where a healthy skull region can be completely reflected to the defect region. The baffle planner module offers a flexible prototype model that can be fit independently to any defect location, but it requires customized refinement of contour and thickness to fill the missing region seamlessly and relies on the user's experience and expertise. The proposed baffle-based mirror guideline method strengthens the baffle planner method by tracing the mirrored surface. Overall, our study suggests that the three proposed workflows for craniofacial implant modeling simplify the process and can be practically applied to a variety of craniofacial scenarios. These findings have the potential to improve the care of patients with traumatic head injuries and could be used by neurosurgeons and other medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchada Tantisatirapong
- grid.412739.a0000 0000 9006 7188Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, 26120 Thailand
| | - Sarunyapong Khunakornpattanakarn
- grid.412739.a0000 0000 9006 7188Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, 26120 Thailand
| | - Thanyakarn Suesatsakul
- grid.412739.a0000 0000 9006 7188Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, 26120 Thailand
| | - Amaraporn Boonpratatong
- grid.412739.a0000 0000 9006 7188Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, 26120 Thailand
| | - Itsara Benjamin
- grid.414283.80000 0001 0580 0910Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chonburi Hospital, Chonburi, 20000 Thailand
| | - Somprasong Tongmeesee
- grid.414283.80000 0001 0580 0910Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chonburi Hospital, Chonburi, 20000 Thailand
| | - Tanasit Kangkorn
- grid.414283.80000 0001 0580 0910Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chonburi Hospital, Chonburi, 20000 Thailand
| | - Theerasak Chanwimalueang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, 26120, Thailand.
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Ajanović Z, Ajanović U, Dervišević L, Hot H, Voljevica A, Talović E, Dervišević E, Hašimbegović S, Sarač-Hadžihalilović A. A Geometric Morphometrics Approach for Sex Estimation Based on the Orbital Region of Human Skulls from Bosnian Population. SCANNING 2023; 2023:2223138. [PMID: 37089258 PMCID: PMC10121348 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2223138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the anatomy and morphological variability of the orbital region is of great importance in clinical practice, forensic medicine, and biological anthropology. Several methods are used to estimate sex based on the skeleton or parts of the skeleton: classic methods and the geometric morphometric method. The objective of this research was to analyse sex estimation of the orbital region on a sample of skulls from a Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. Materials and Methods The research was conducted on three-dimensional models of 211 human adult skulls (139 males and 72 females) from the Osteological Collection at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The skulls were recorded using a laser scanner to obtain skull 3D models. We marked 12 landmarks on each model to analyse sexual dimorphism. Landmarks were marked using the program Landmark Editor. After marking the landmarks, we used the MorphoJ program to analyse the morphological variability between male and female orbital regions. Results After Procrustes superimposition, generating a covariant matrix, and introducing sex as a variable for classification, a discriminant functional analysis (DFA) was applied which determined the estimation for males with 86.33% accuracy and for females with 88.89% based on the form of the orbital region. The results of regression analysis showed that the size of the orbital region has a statistically significant effect on its shape's sexual dimorphism. After excluding the influence of size and providing DFA, we concluded that sex estimation was possible with 82.01% accuracy for males and 80.55% accuracy for females based on the shape of the orbital region in the examined sample. Conclusion Sex estimation based on the orbital region was possible with more than 80% accuracy for both sexes, which is a high percentage of correct estimation. Therefore, we recommend using the orbital region of the skull for sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurifa Ajanović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Uzeir Ajanović
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Dervišević
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Haris Hot
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Voljevica
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elvira Talović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Dervišević
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Selma Hašimbegović
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Serbia, 71 123 East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Sarač-Hadžihalilović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Wittner C, Borowski M, Pirl L, Kastner J, Schrempf A, Schäfer U, Trieb K, Senck S. Thickness accuracy of virtually designed patient-specific implants for large neurocranial defects. J Anat 2021; 239:755-770. [PMID: 34086982 PMCID: PMC8450480 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of computer‐aided design (CAD) techniques based on computed tomography (CT) data to generate patient‐specific implants is in use for decades. However, persisting disadvantages are complicated design procedures and rigid reconstruction protocols, for example, for tailored implants mimicking the patient‐specific thickness distribution of missing cranial bone. In this study we used two different approaches, CAD‐ versus thin‐plate spline (TPS)‐based implants, to reconstruct extensive unilateral and bilateral cranial defects in three clinical cases. We used CT data of three complete human crania that were virtually damaged according to the missing regions in the clinical cases. In total, we carried out 132 virtual reconstructions and quantified accuracy from the original to the generated implant and deviations in the resulting implant thickness as root‐mean‐square error (RMSE). Reconstructions using TPS showed an RMSE of 0.08–0.18 mm in relation to geometric accuracy. CAD‐based implants showed an RMSE of 0.50–1.25 mm. RMSE in relation to implant thickness was between 0.63 and 0.70 mm (TPS) while values for CAD‐based implants were significantly higher (0.63–1.67 mm). While both approaches provide implants showing a high accuracy, the TPS‐based approach additionally provides implants that accurately reproduce the patient‐specific thickness distribution of the affected cranial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wittner
- Research Group Computed Tomography, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
| | - Markus Borowski
- Institut für Röntgendiagnostik und Nuklearmedizin, Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Pirl
- Institut für Röntgendiagnostik und Nuklearmedizin, Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johann Kastner
- Research Group Computed Tomography, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
| | - Andreas Schrempf
- Research Group for Surgical Simulators Linz, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Forschungseinheit Experimentelle Neurotraumatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klemens Trieb
- Research Group Computed Tomography, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria.,Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sascha Senck
- Research Group Computed Tomography, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
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Sorrentino R, Belcastro MG, Figus C, Stephens NB, Turley K, Harcourt-Smith W, Ryan TM, Benazzi S. Exploring sexual dimorphism of the modern human talus through geometric morphometric methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229255. [PMID: 32059040 PMCID: PMC7021319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is a pivotal step in forensic and bioarchaeological fields. Generally, scholars focus on metric or qualitative morphological features, but in the last few years several contributions have applied geometric-morphometric (GM) techniques to overcome limitations of traditional approaches. In this study, we explore sexual dimorphism in modern human tali from three early 20th century populations (Sassari and Bologna, Italy; New York, USA) at intra- and interspecific population levels using geometric morphometric (GM) methods. Statistical analyses were performed using shape, form, and size variables. Our results do not show significant differences in shape between males and females, either considering the pooled sample or the individual populations. Differences in talar morphology due to sexual dimorphism are mainly related to allometry, i.e. size-related changes of morphological traits. Discriminant function analysis using form space Principal Components and centroid size correctly classify between 87.7% and 97.2% of the individuals. The result is similar using the pooled sample or the individual population, except for a diminished outcome for the New York group (from 73.9% to 78.2%). Finally, a talus from the Bologna sample (not included in the previous analysis) with known sex was selected to run a virtual resection, followed by two digital reconstructions based on the mean shape of both the pooled sample and the Bologna sample, respectively. The reconstructed talus was correctly classified with a Ppost between 99.9% and 100%, demonstrating that GM is a valuable tool to cope with fragmentary tali, which is a common occurrence in forensic and bioarchaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université/EFS, Aix-Marseille Université, Bd Pierre Dramard, France
| | - Carla Figus
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicholas B. Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - William Harcourt-Smith
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States of America
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Gunz P, Kozakowski S, Neubauer S, Le Cabec A, Kullmer O, Benazzi S, Hublin JJ, Begun DR. Skull reconstruction of the late Miocene ape Rudapithecus hungaricus from Rudabánya, Hungary. J Hum Evol 2020; 138:102687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Wroe S, Parr WCH, Ledogar JA, Bourke J, Evans SP, Fiorenza L, Benazzi S, Hublin JJ, Stringer C, Kullmer O, Curry M, Rae TC, Yokley TR. Computer simulations show that Neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180085. [PMID: 29618551 PMCID: PMC5904316 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three adaptive hypotheses have been forwarded to explain the distinctive Neanderthal face: (i) an improved ability to accommodate high anterior bite forces, (ii) more effective conditioning of cold and/or dry air and, (iii) adaptation to facilitate greater ventilatory demands. We test these hypotheses using three-dimensional models of Neanderthals, modern humans, and a close outgroup (Homo heidelbergensis), applying finite-element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is the most comprehensive application of either approach applied to date and the first to include both. FEA reveals few differences between H. heidelbergensis, modern humans, and Neanderthals in their capacities to sustain high anterior tooth loadings. CFD shows that the nasal cavities of Neanderthals and especially modern humans condition air more efficiently than does that of H. heidelbergensis, suggesting that both evolved to better withstand cold and/or dry climates than less derived Homo We further find that Neanderthals could move considerably more air through the nasal pathway than could H. heidelbergensis or modern humans, consistent with the propositions that, relative to our outgroup Homo, Neanderthal facial morphology evolved to reflect improved capacities to better condition cold, dry air, and, to move greater air volumes in response to higher energetic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wroe
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - William C H Parr
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory (SORL), Level 1, Clinical Sciences Bld, Gate 6, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Avoca St, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Jason Bourke
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Samuel P Evans
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Luca Fiorenza
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, Ravenna 48121, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut Frankfurt am Main, Abteilung Paläoanthropologie und Messelforschung, Sektion Tertiäre Säugetiere, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Curry
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Todd C Rae
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Todd R Yokley
- Metropolitan State University of Denver, PO Box 173362, Campus Box 28, Denver, CO 80217-3362, USA
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Schlager S, Profico A, Di Vincenzo F, Manzi G. Retrodeformation of fossil specimens based on 3D bilateral semi-landmarks: Implementation in the R package "Morpho". PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194073. [PMID: 29554122 PMCID: PMC5858772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fossil specimens exhibit deformations caused by taphonomic processes. Due to these deformations, even important specimens have to be excluded from morphometric analyses, impoverishing an already poor paleontological record. Techniques to retrodeform and virtually restore damaged (i.e. deformed) specimens are available, but these methods genenerally imply the use of a sparse set of bilateral landmarks, ignoring the fact that the distribution and amount of control points directly affects the result of the retrodeformation. We propose a method developed in the R environment and available in the R-package "Morpho" that, in addition to the landmark configurations, also allows using a set of semi-landmarks homogeneously distributed along curves and on surfaces. We evaluated the outcome of the retrodeformation, regarding the number of semi-landmarks used and its robustness against asymmetric noise, based on simulations using a virtually deformed gorilla cranium. Finally, we applied the method to a well-known Neanderthal cranium that exhibits signs of taphonomically induced asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schlager
- Department Biological Anthropology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Vincenzo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Manzi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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8
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Abstract
The dispersal of the genus Homo out of Africa approximately 1.8 million years ago (Ma) has been understood within the context of changes in diet, behavior, and bipedal locomotor efficiency. While various morphological characteristics of the knee and ankle joints are considered part of a suite of traits indicative of, and functionally related to, habitual bipedal walking, the timing and phylogenetic details of these morphological changes remain unclear. To evaluate the timing of knee and ankle joint evolution, we apply geometric morphometric methods to three-dimensional digital models of the proximal and distal tibiae of fossil hominins, Holocene Homo sapiens, and extant great apes. Two sets of landmarks and curve semilandmarks were defined on each specimen. Because some fossils were incomplete, digital reconstructions were carried out independently to estimate missing landmarks and semilandmarks. Group shape variation was evaluated through shape-and form-space principal component analysis and fossil specimens were projected to assess variation in the morphological space computed from the extant comparative sample. We show that a derived proximal tibia (knee) similar to that seen in living H. sapiens evolved with early Homo at ∼2 Ma. In contrast, derived characteristics in the distal tibia appear later, probably with the arrival of Homo erectus. These results suggest a dissociation of the morphologies of the proximal and distal tibia, perhaps indicative of divergent functional demands and, consequently, selective pressures at these joints. It appears that longer distance dispersals that delivered the Dmanisi hominins to Georgia by 1.8 Ma and H. erectus to east-southeast Asia by 1.6 Ma were facilitated by the evolution of a morphologically derived knee complex comparable to that of recent humans and an ankle that was morphologically primitive. This research sets the foundation for additional paleontological, developmental, and functional research to better understand the mechanisms underlying the evolution of bipedalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A Frelat
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy; UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille Université/EFS/CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Colin N Shaw
- PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge BioTomography Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simone Sukhdeo
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Quantitative Imaging, EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Lautenschlager S. Reconstructing the past: methods and techniques for the digital restoration of fossils. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160342. [PMID: 27853548 PMCID: PMC5098973 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During fossilization, the remains of extinct organisms are subjected to taphonomic and diagenetic processes. As a result, fossils show a variety of preservational artefacts, which can range from small breaks and cracks, disarticulation and fragmentation, to the loss and deformation of skeletal structures and other hard parts. Such artefacts can present a considerable problem, as the preserved morphology of fossils often forms the basis for palaeontological research. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies, inferences on appearance, ecology and behaviour and functional analyses of fossil organisms strongly rely on morphological information. As a consequence, the restoration of fossil morphology is often a necessary prerequisite for further analyses. Facilitated by recent computational advances, virtual reconstruction and restoration techniques offer versatile tools to restore the original morphology of fossils. Different methodological steps and approaches, as well as software are outlined and reviewed here, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Although the complexity of the restorative processes can introduce a degree of interpretation, digitally restored fossils can provide useful morphological information and can be used to obtain functional estimates. Additionally, the digital nature of the restored models can open up possibilities for education and outreach and further research.
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Virtual Reconstruction of Modern and Fossil Hominoid Crania: Consequences of Reference Sample Choice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:827-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Weber GW. Virtual Anthropology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156 Suppl 59:22-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; A-1090 Vienna Austria
- Core Facility for Micro-Computed Tomography; University of Vienna; A-1090 Vienna Austria
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Benazzi S, Gruppioni G, Strait DS, Hublin JJ. Technical Note: Virtual reconstruction of KNM-ER 1813Homo habiliscranium. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:154-60. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig Germany
| | - Giorgio Gruppioni
- Department of Cultural Heritage; University of Bologna; Via degli Ariani 1 Ravenna Italy
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig Germany
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