1
|
Stark S. Technical note: Capturing shape-Linear measurements and geometric morphometrics of the immature femora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24949. [PMID: 38770662 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growth and developmental studies have been a prominent theme in bioarchaeology. These works traditionally focus on metric measurements of long bone length and age-at-death or cross-sectional geometric studies with the use of computed tomography scans for questions on growth and mobility. However, teasing apart aspects of size and shape have been difficult due to the cylindrical nature of immature long bones. This research investigates the methodological use of surface geometries from linear measurements and geometric morphometric methods (GMM) to answer questions on mobility and allometry during childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Left femora were selected from 42 individuals ranging from fetal to 12 years of age from medieval St Gregory's Priory, Canterbury, UK. Femora were digitized with structured-light-scanning for auto3dgm analysis and measurements were obtained from physical caliper measurements. Individuals were put into age groups based on biomechanical milestones during this age range. RESULTS Ratio and GMM confirm hypotheses of allometry and biomechanical milestones. Geometric morphometrics, however, detects more subtle differences in mobility at each age group. DISCUSSION The findings of this preliminary study support the potential use of GMM of immature femora, while indicating that the extent in range of mobility that can occur varies at different biological milestones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stark
- Investigative Science, Historic England, Portsmouth, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Terhune CE, Mitchell DR, Cooke SB, Kirchhoff CA, Massey JS. Temporomandibular joint shape in anthropoid primates varies widely and is patterned by size and phylogeny. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:2227-2248. [PMID: 35133075 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint is the direct interface between the mandible and the cranium and is critical for transmitting joint reaction forces and determining mandibular range of motion. As a consequence, understanding variation in the morphology of this joint and how it relates to other aspects of craniofacial form is important for better understanding masticatory function. Here, we present a detailed three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis of the cranial component of this joint, the glenoid fossa, across a sample of 17 anthropoid primates, and we evaluate covariation between the glenoid and the cranium and mandible. We find high levels of intraspecific variation in glenoid shape that is likely linked to sexual dimorphism and joint remodeling, and we identify differences in mean glenoid shape across taxonomic groups and in relation to size. Analyses of covariation reveal strong relationships between glenoid shape and a variety of aspects of cranial and mandibular form. Our findings suggest that intraspecific variation in glenoid shape in primates could further be reflective of high levels of functional flexibility in the masticatory apparatus, as has also been suggested for primate jaw kinematics and muscle activation patterns. Conversely, interspecific differences likely reflect larger scale differences between species in body size and/or masticatory function. Results of the covariation analyses dovetail with those examining covariation in the cranium of canids and may be indicative of larger patterns across mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D Rex Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhán B Cooke
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claire A Kirchhoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason S Massey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fricano EEI, Perry JMG. Maximum Bony Gape in Primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:215-225. [PMID: 30412348 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maximum jaw gape has important functional implications for behavior and feeding habits in primates. It has been suggested that gape is correlated to canine height and ingested food size. Extending these correlations to the fossil record would provide insights about the diets and/or social behavior of extinct primates. However, this can be problematic due to uncertainty about size and location of musculature, and it depends on reliability and repeatability of maximum gape estimation using only skeletal elements. In this study, maximum bony gape (MBG) was estimated using reliable landmarks and repeatable methods. The cranium was fixed in position and then the mandible was rotated and translated to the point immediately prior to loss of condyle-glenoid contact. Then it was photographed in a steady position using an adjustable wooden frame. This protocol allowed for photographs and linear measurements to be obtained for many museum specimens in a short time. The sample included 203 individuals, representing 42 species of primates. When scaled for body size, linear MBG correlates with maximum anesthetized gape (Hylander: Am J Phys Anthropol 150 (2013) 247-259), ingested food size (Perry and Hartstone-Rose: Am J Phys Anthropol 142 (2010) 625-635), and canine length but not condylar height. Anat Rec, 302:215-225, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E I Fricano
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M G Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dobsak T, Heimel P, Tangl S, Schwarze UY, Schett G, Gruber R. Impaired periodontium and temporomandibular joints in tumour necrosis factor-α transgenic mice. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1226-1235. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Dobsak
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research; Karl Donath Laboratory; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
| | - Patrick Heimel
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research; Karl Donath Laboratory; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology; Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Core Facility Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research; Karl Donath Laboratory; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
| | - Uwe Y. Schwarze
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
- Department of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3; Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen- Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration; Vienna Austria
- Department of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Curth S, Fischer MS, Kupczik K. Can skull form predict the shape of the temporomandibular joint? A study using geometric morphometrics on the skulls of wolves and domestic dogs. Ann Anat 2017; 214:53-62. [PMID: 28865771 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) conducts and restrains masticatory movements between the mammalian cranium and the mandible. Through this functional integration, TMJ morphology in wild mammals is strongly correlated with diet, resulting in a wide range of TMJ variations. However, in artificially selected and closely related domestic dogs, dietary specialisations between breeds can be ruled out as a diversifying factor although they display an enormous variation in TMJ morphology. This raises the question of the origin of this variation. Here we hypothesise that, even in the face of reduced functional demands, TMJ shape in dogs can be predicted by skull form; i.e. that the TMJ is still highly integrated in the dog skull. If true, TMJ variation in the dog would be a plain by-product of the enormous cranial variation in dogs and its genetic causes. We addressed this hypothesis using geometric morphometry on a data set of 214 dog and 60 wolf skulls. We digitized 53 three-dimensional landmarks of the skull and the TMJ on CT-based segmentations and compared (1) the variation between domestic dog and wolf TMJs (via principal component analysis) and (2) the pattern of covariation of skull size, flexion and rostrum length with TMJ shape (via regression of centroid size on shape and partial least squares analyses). We show that the TMJ in domestic dogs is significantly more diverse than in wolves: its shape covaries significantly with skull size, flexion and rostrum proportions in patterns which resemble those observed in primates. Similar patterns in canids, which are carnivorous, and primates, which are mostly frugivorous imply the existence of basic TMJ integration patterns which are independent of dietary adaptations. However, only limited amounts of TMJ variation in dogs can be explained by simple covariation with overall skull geometry. This implies that the final TMJ shape is gained partially independently of the rest of the skull.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Curth
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ikeda R, Oberoi S, Wiley DF, Woodhouse C, Tallman M, Tun WW, McNeill C, Miller AJ, Hatcher D. Novel 3-dimensional analysis to evaluate temporomandibular joint space and shape. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 149:416-28. [PMID: 26926030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to present and validate a novel semiautomated method for 3-dimensional evaluation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) space and condylar and articular shapes using cone-beam computed tomographic data. METHODS The protocol for 3-dimensional analysis with the Checkpoint software (Stratovan, Davis, Calif) was established by analyzing cone-beam computed tomographic images of 14 TMJs representing a range of TMJ shape variations. Upon establishment of the novel method, analysis of 5 TMJs was further repeated by several investigators to assess the reliability of the analysis. RESULTS Principal components analysis identified 3 key components that characterized how the condylar head shape varied among the 14 TMJs. Principal component analysis allowed determination of the minimum number of landmarks or patch density to define the shape variability in this sample. Average errors of landmark placement ranged from 1.15% to 3.65%, and none of the 121 landmarks showed significant average errors equal to or greater than 5%. Thus, the mean intraobserver difference was small and within the clinically accepted margin of error. Interobserver error was not significantly greater than intraobserver error, indicating that this is a reliable methodology. CONCLUSIONS This novel semiautomatic method is a reliable tool for the 3-dimensional analysis of the TMJ including both the form and the space between the articular eminence and the condylar head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renie Ikeda
- Assistant clinical professor, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Snehlata Oberoi
- Professor, Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | | | - Melissa Tallman
- Assistant professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich
| | - Wint Wint Tun
- Resident, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Charles McNeill
- Professor emeritus; director, Center for Orofacial Pain, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Arthur J Miller
- Professor, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - David Hatcher
- Professor, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco; private practice, DDI Imaging Center, Sacramento, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramírez-Sánchez MM, De Luna E, Cramer C. Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genusArrenurus(Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M. Ramírez-Sánchez
- Lab. de Acarología “Anita Hoffmann”; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Distrito Federal C.P. 04510 México
| | - Efraín De Luna
- Biodiversidad y Sistemática; Instituto de Ecología AC; Xalapa Veracruz C.P. 91070 México
| | - Cristina Cramer
- Lab. de Acarología “Anita Hoffmann”; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Distrito Federal C.P. 04510 México
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lewton KL. Pelvic Form and Locomotor Adaptation in Strepsirrhine Primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:230-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Lewton
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Almécija S, Orr CM, Tocheri MW, Patel BA, Jungers WL. Exploring Phylogenetic and Functional Signals in Complex Morphologies: The Hamate of Extant Anthropoids as a Test-Case Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:212-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Almécija
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Stony Brook New York
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici Z (ICTA-ICP), campus de la UAB, c/ de les Columnes, s/n., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
- NYCEP Morphometrics Group
| | - Caley M. Orr
- Department of Anatomy; Midwestern University; Downers Grove Illinois
| | - Matthew W. Tocheri
- Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; 10th and Constitution Avenue NW Washington DC
- Department of Anthropology; Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Biren A. Patel
- Cell and Neurobiology; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - William L. Jungers
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Stony Brook New York
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cooke SB, Terhune CE. Form, Function, and Geometric Morphometrics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:5-28. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán B. Cooke
- Department of Anthropology; Northeastern Illinois University; Chicago Illinois
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Morphometrics Group; New York New York
| | - Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
To 3D or not to 3D, that is the question: do 3D surface analyses improve the ecomorphological power of the distal femur in placental mammals? PLoS One 2014; 9:e91719. [PMID: 24633081 PMCID: PMC3954759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in three-dimensional imaging technologies have renewed interest in the study of functional and ecological morphology. Quantitative approaches to shape analysis are used increasingly to study form-function relationships. These methods are computationally intensive, technically demanding, and time-consuming, which may limit sampling potential. There have been few side-by-side comparisons of the effectiveness of such approaches relative to more traditional analyses using linear measurements and ratios. Morphological variation in the distal femur of mammals has been shown to reflect differences in locomotor modes across clades. Thus I tested whether a geometric morphometric analysis of surface shape was superior to a multivariate analysis of ratios for describing ecomorphological patterns in distal femoral variation. A sample of 164 mammalian specimens from 44 genera was assembled. Each genus was assigned to one of six locomotor categories. The same hypotheses were tested using two methods. Six linear measurements of the distal femur were taken with calipers, from which four ratios were calculated. A 3D model was generated with a laser scanner, and analyzed using three dimensional geometric morphometrics. Locomotor category significantly predicted variation in distal femoral morphology in both analyses. Effect size was larger in the geometric morphometric analysis than in the analysis of ratios. Ordination reveals a similar pattern with arboreal and cursorial taxa as extremes on a continuum of morphologies in both analyses. Discriminant functions calculated from the geometric morphometric analysis were more accurate than those calculated from ratios. Both analysis of ratios and geometric morphometric surface analysis reveal similar, biologically meaningful relationships between distal femoral shape and locomotor mode. The functional signal from the morphology is slightly higher in the geometric morphometric analysis. The practical costs of conducting these sorts of analyses should be weighed against potentially slight increases in power when designing protocols for ecomorphological studies.
Collapse
|