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Tiyasatkulkovit W, Aksornthong S, Adulyaritthikul P, Upanan P, Wongdee K, Aeimlapa R, Teerapornpuntakit J, Rojviriya C, Panupinthu N, Charoenphandhu N. Excessive salt consumption causes systemic calcium mishandling and worsens microarchitecture and strength of long bones in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1850. [PMID: 33473159 PMCID: PMC7817681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive salt intake has been associated with the development of non-communicable diseases, including hypertension with several cardiovascular consequences. Although the detrimental effects of high salt on the skeleton have been reported, longitudinal assessment of calcium balance together with changes in bone microarchitecture and strength under salt loading has not been fully demonstrated. To address these unanswered issues, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal salt diet (NSD; 0.8% NaCl) or high salt diet (HSD; 8% NaCl) for 5 months. Elevation of blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and glomerular deterioration were observed in HSD, thus validating the model. The balance studies were performed to monitor calcium input and output upon HSD challenge. The HSD-induced increase in calcium losses in urine and feces together with reduced fractional calcium absorption led to a decrease in calcium retention. With these calcium imbalances, we therefore examined microstructural changes of long bones of the hind limbs. Using the synchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy, we showed that trabecular structure of tibia and femur of HSD displayed a marked increase in porosity. Consistently, the volumetric micro-computed tomography also demonstrated a significant decrease in trabecular bone mineral density with expansion of endosteal perimeter in the tibia. Interestingly, bone histomorphometric analyses indicated that salt loading caused an increase in osteoclast number together with decreases in osteoblast number and osteoid volume. This uncoupling process of bone remodeling in HSD might underlie an accelerated bone loss and bone structural changes. In conclusion, long-term excessive salt consumption leads to impairment of skeletal mass and integrity possibly through negative calcium balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacharaporn Tiyasatkulkovit
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sirion Aksornthong
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Punyanuch Adulyaritthikul
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Pornpailin Upanan
- grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
| | - Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- grid.472685.aSynchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand ,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
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Tiyasatkulkovit W, Promruk W, Rojviriya C, Pakawanit P, Chaimongkolnukul K, Kengkoom K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Panupinthu N, Charoenphandhu N. Impairment of bone microstructure and upregulation of osteoclastogenic markers in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12293. [PMID: 31444374 PMCID: PMC6707260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and osteoporosis are the major non-communicable diseases in the elderly worldwide. Although clinical studies reported that hypertensive patients experienced significant bone loss and likelihood of fracture, the causal relationship between hypertension and osteoporosis has been elusive due to other confounding factors associated with these diseases. In this study, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used to address this relationship and further explored the biophysical properties and the underlying mechanisms. Long bones of the hind limbs from 18-week-old female SHR were subjected to determination of bone mineral density (BMD) and their mechanical properties. Using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), femoral heads of SHR displayed marked increase in porosity within trabecular area together with decrease in cortical thickness. The volumetric micro-computed tomography also demonstrated significant decreases in trabecular BMD, cortical thickness and total cross-sectional area of the long bones. These changes also led to susceptibility of the long bones to fracture indicated by marked decreases in yield load, stiffness and maximum load using three-point bending tests. At the cellular mechanism, an increase in the expression of osteoclastogenic markers with decrease in the expression of alkaline phosphatase was found in primary osteoblast-enriched cultures isolated from long bones of these SHR suggesting an imbalance in bone remodeling. Taken together, defective bone mass and strength in hypertensive rats were likely due to excessive bone resorption. Development of novel therapeutic interventions that concomitantly target hypertension and osteoporosis should be helpful in reduction of unwanted outcomes, such as bone fractures, in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacharaporn Tiyasatkulkovit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Worachet Promruk
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phakkhananan Pakawanit
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | | | - Kanchana Kengkoom
- National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
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Lertsinthai P, Charoenphandhu J, Suntornsaratoon P, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Voluntary wheel running mitigates the stress-induced bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:261-9. [PMID: 25012263 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In estrogen-deficient rodents with osteopenia, repetitive exposure to mild-to-moderate stress, which mimics the chronic aversive stimuli (CAS) of the modern urban lifestyle in postmenopausal women, has been hypothesized to cause the bone microstructure to further deteriorate. Recently, we have provided evidence in rats that voluntary impact exercise, e.g., wheel running, is as effective as pharmacological treatments for stress-induced anxiety and depression. The present study, therefore, aims to investigate whether a 4-week CAS exposure aggravates trabecular bone loss in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats, and whether CAS-induced bone loss can be rescued by voluntary wheel running. CAS was found to elevate the serum levels of corticosterone, a stress hormone from the adrenal gland. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed a decrease in bone mineral content (BMC) in the tibiae of CAS-exposed Ovx rats as compared to the CAS-free Ovx rats (control), while having no detectable effect on bone mineral density (BMD). Bone histomorphometric analysis of the proximal tibial metaphysis showed that CAS decreased trabecular bone volume and increased trabecular separation, which were completely restored to the baseline values of Ovx rats by voluntary wheel running. This CAS-induced trabecular bone loss in Ovx rats was probably due to an enhancement of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, as indicated by increases in osteoclast surface and active erosion surface. Moreover, wheel running as well as non-impact exercise (endurance swimming) effectively increased the tibial BMD and BMC of CAS-exposed Ovx rats. It can be concluded that exercise is an effective intervention in mitigating CAS-induced bone loss in estrogen-deficient rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinya Lertsinthai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Lapmanee S, Charoenphandhu N, Aeimlapa R, Suntornsaratoon P, Wongdee K, Tiyasatkulkovit W, Kengkoom K, Chaimongkolnukul K, Seriwatanachai D, Krishnamra N. High dietary cholesterol masks type 2 diabetes-induced osteopenia and changes in bone microstructure in rats. Lipids 2014; 49:975-86. [PMID: 25200330 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occurs concurrently with high blood cholesterol or dyslipidemia. Although T2DM has been hypothesized to impair bone microstructure, several investigations showed that, when compared to age-matched healthy individuals, T2DM patients had normal or relatively high bone mineral density (BMD). Since cholesterol and lipids profoundly affect the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, it might be cholesterol that obscured the changes in BMD and bone microstructure in T2DM. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine bone elongation, epiphyseal histology, and bone microstructure in non-obese T2DM Goto-Kakizaki rats treated with normal (GK-ND) and high cholesterol diet. We found that volumetric BMD was lower in GK-ND rats than the age-matched wild-type controls. In histomorphometric study of tibial metaphysis, T2DM evidently suppressed osteoblast function as indicated by decreases in osteoblast surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate in GK-ND rats. Meanwhile, the osteoclast surface and eroded surface were increased in GK-ND rats, thus suggesting an activation of bone resorption. T2DM also impaired bone elongation, presumably by retaining the chondrogenic precursor cells in the epiphyseal resting zone. Interestingly, several bone changes in GK rats (e.g., increased osteoclast surface) disappeared after high cholesterol treatment as compared to wild-type rats fed high cholesterol diet. In conclusion, high cholesterol diet was capable of masking the T2DM-induced osteopenia and changes in several histomorphometric parameters that indicated bone microstructural defect. Cholesterol thus explained, in part, why a decrease in BMD was not observed in T2DM, and hence delayed diagnosis of the T2DM-associated bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Lapmanee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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