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Figus C, Stephens NB, Sorrentino R, Bortolini E, Arrighi S, Lugli F, Marciani G, Oxilia G, Romandini M, Silvestrini S, Baruffaldi F, Belcastro MG, Bernardini F, Erjavec I, Festa A, Hajdu T, Mateovics‐László O, Novak M, Pap I, Szeniczey T, Tuniz C, Ryan TM, Benazzi S. Human talar ontogeny: Insights from morphological and trabecular changes during postnatal growth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:211-228. [PMCID: PMC9804293 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The study of the development of human bipedalism can provide a unique perspective on the evolution of morphology and behavior across species. To generate new knowledge of these mechanisms, we analyze changes in both internal and external morphology of the growing human talus in a sample of modern human juveniles using an innovative approach. Materials and Methods The sample consists of high‐resolution microCT scans of 70 modern juvenile tali, aged between 8 postnatal weeks and 10 years old, from a broad chronological range from Middle/Late Neolithic, that is, between 4800 and 4500 BCE, to the 20th century. We applied geometric morphometric and whole‐bone trabecular analysis (bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, trabecular number, thickness, and spacing) to all specimens to identify changes in the external and internal morphology during growth. Morphometric maps were also generated. Results During the first year of life, the talus has an immature and globular shape, with a dense, compact, and rather isotropic trabecular architecture, with numerous trabeculae packed closely together. This pattern changes while children acquire a more mature gait, and the talus tends to have a lower bone volume fraction, a higher anisotropy, and a more mature shape. Discussion The changes in talar internal and external morphologies reflect the different loading patterns experienced during growth, gradually shifting from an “unspecialized” morphology to a more complex one, following the development of bipedal gait. Our research shows that talar plasticity, even though genetically driven, may show mechanical influences and contribute to tracking the main locomotor milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Figus
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Nicholas B. Stephens
- Department of AnthropologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences – BigeaUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
- Human Ecology and Archaeology (HUMANE)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Simona Arrighi
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Federico Lugli
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Giulia Marciani
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Gregorio Oxilia
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Matteo Romandini
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Sara Silvestrini
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Fabio Baruffaldi
- Laboratory of Medical TechnologyIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences – BigeaUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Federico Bernardini
- Department of Humanistic StudiesUniversità Ca'FoscariVeneziaItaly
- Multidisciplinary LaboratoryAbdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsTriesteItaly
| | - Igor Erjavec
- Laboratory for Mineralized TissueCentre for Translational and Clinical ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | - Anna Festa
- Laboratory of Medical TechnologyIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of ScienceEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied BioanthropologyInstitute for Anthropological ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of ScienceEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of AnthropologyHungarian Natural History MuseumBudapestHungary
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and InformaticsSzeged UniversitySzegedHungary
| | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of ScienceEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Claudio Tuniz
- Multidisciplinary LaboratoryAbdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsTriesteItaly
- Centre for Archaeological ScienceUniversity of WollongongWollongongAustralia
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of AnthropologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
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Nozaki S, Oishi M, Ogihara N. Talar trochlear morphology may not be a good skeletal indicator of locomotor behavior in humans and great apes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24063. [PMID: 34911997 PMCID: PMC8674354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To reconstruct locomotor behaviors of fossil hominins and understand the evolution of bipedal locomotion in the human lineage, it is important to clarify the functional morphology of the talar trochlea in humans and extant great apes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the interspecific-differences
of the talar trochlear morphology among humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans by means of cone frustum approximation to calculate an apical angle and geometric morphometrics for detailed variability in the shape of the talar trochlea. The apical angles in gorillas and orangutans were significantly greater than those in humans and chimpanzees, but no statistical difference was observed between humans and chimpanzees, indicating that the apical angle did not necessarily correspond with the degree of arboreality in hominoids. The geometric morphometrics revealed clear interspecific differences in the trochlear morphology, but no clear association between the morphological characteristics of the trochlea and locomotor behavior was observed. The morphology of the trochlea may not be a distinct skeletal correlate of locomotor behavior, possibly because the morphology is determined not only by locomotor behavior, but also by other factors such as phylogeny and body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nozaki
- Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Biomechanics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Motoharu Oishi
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Biomechanics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Morphometric analysis of the hominin talus: Evolutionary and functional implications. J Hum Evol 2020; 142:102747. [PMID: 32240884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of bipedalism is a key benchmark in human evolution that has impacted talar morphology. Here, we investigate talar morphological variability in extinct and extant hominins using a 3D geometric morphometric approach. The evolutionary timing and appearance of modern human-like features and their contributions to bipedal locomotion were evaluated on the talus as a whole, each articular facet separately, and multiple combinations of facets. Distinctive suites of features are consistently present in all fossil hominins, despite the presence of substantial interspecific variation, suggesting a potential connection of these suites to bipedal gait. A modern human-like condition evolved in navicular and lateral malleolar facets early in the hominin lineage compared with other facets, which demonstrate more complex morphological variation within Homininae. Interestingly, navicular facet morphology of Australopithecus afarensis is derived in the direction of Homo, whereas more recent hominin species such as Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus sediba retain more primitive states in this facet. Combining the navicular facet with the trochlea and the posterior calcaneal facet as a functional suite, however, distinguishes Australopithecus from Homo in that the medial longitudinal arch had not fully developed in the former. Our results suggest that a more everted foot and stiffer medial midtarsal region are adaptations that coincide with the emergence of bipedalism, whereas a high medial longitudinal arch emerges later in time, within Homo. This study provides novel insights into the emergence of talar morphological traits linked to bipedalism and its transition from a facultative to an obligate condition.
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Sorrentino R, Belcastro MG, Figus C, Stephens NB, Turley K, Harcourt-Smith W, Ryan TM, Benazzi S. Exploring sexual dimorphism of the modern human talus through geometric morphometric methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229255. [PMID: 32059040 PMCID: PMC7021319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is a pivotal step in forensic and bioarchaeological fields. Generally, scholars focus on metric or qualitative morphological features, but in the last few years several contributions have applied geometric-morphometric (GM) techniques to overcome limitations of traditional approaches. In this study, we explore sexual dimorphism in modern human tali from three early 20th century populations (Sassari and Bologna, Italy; New York, USA) at intra- and interspecific population levels using geometric morphometric (GM) methods. Statistical analyses were performed using shape, form, and size variables. Our results do not show significant differences in shape between males and females, either considering the pooled sample or the individual populations. Differences in talar morphology due to sexual dimorphism are mainly related to allometry, i.e. size-related changes of morphological traits. Discriminant function analysis using form space Principal Components and centroid size correctly classify between 87.7% and 97.2% of the individuals. The result is similar using the pooled sample or the individual population, except for a diminished outcome for the New York group (from 73.9% to 78.2%). Finally, a talus from the Bologna sample (not included in the previous analysis) with known sex was selected to run a virtual resection, followed by two digital reconstructions based on the mean shape of both the pooled sample and the Bologna sample, respectively. The reconstructed talus was correctly classified with a Ppost between 99.9% and 100%, demonstrating that GM is a valuable tool to cope with fragmentary tali, which is a common occurrence in forensic and bioarchaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université/EFS, Aix-Marseille Université, Bd Pierre Dramard, France
| | - Carla Figus
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicholas B. Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - William Harcourt-Smith
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States of America
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Sorrentino R, Stephens NB, Carlson KJ, Figus C, Fiorenza L, Frost S, Harcourt-Smith W, Parr W, Saers J, Turley K, Wroe S, Belcastro MG, Ryan TM, Benazzi S. The influence of mobility strategy on the modern human talus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:456-469. [PMID: 31825095 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primate talus is known to have a shape that varies according to differences in locomotion and substrate use. While the modern human talus is morphologically specialized for bipedal walking, relatively little is known on how its morphology varies in relation to cultural and environmental differences across time. Here we compare tali of modern human populations with different subsistence economies and lifestyles to explore how cultural practices and environmental factors influence external talar shape. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample consists of digital models of 142 tali from 11 archaeological and post-industrial modern human groups. Talar morphology was investigated through 3D (semi)landmark based geometric morphometric methods. RESULTS Our results show distinct differences between highly mobile hunter-gatherers and more sedentary groups belonging to a mixed post-agricultural/industrial background. Hunter-gatherers exhibit a more "flexible" talar shape, everted posture, and a more robust and medially oriented talar neck/head, which we interpret as reflecting long-distance walking strictly performed barefoot, or wearing minimalistic footwear, along uneven ground. The talus of the post-industrial population exhibits a "stable" profile, neutral posture, and a less robust and orthogonally oriented talar neck/head, which we interpret as a consequence of sedentary lifestyle and use of stiff footwear. DISCUSSION We suggest that talar morphological variation is related to the adoption of constraining footwear in post-industrial society, which reduces ankle range of motion. This contrasts with hunter-gatherers, where talar shape shows a more flexible profile, likely resulting from a lack of footwear while traversing uneven terrain. We conclude that modern human tali vary with differences in locomotor and cultural behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Palaeosciences Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carla Figus
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Luca Fiorenza
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Earth Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Frost
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - William Harcourt-Smith
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, New York, New York.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - William Parr
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaap Saers
- PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria G Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université/EFS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Simons EA, Turley K, Frost SR. Phylogenetic Perspectives on Catarrhine Talo-Crural Joint Phenotypic Plasticity. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1977-1984. [PMID: 31120200 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations of the primate talo-crural joint (TCJ; specifically on the talus and distal tibia) have demonstrated that substrate preference significantly influences morphology, but this association is not necessarily found in subadults. This has been interpreted as the result of a plastic, behaviorally induced response of bone due to substrate use. In this investigation, we use geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate ontogenetic phenotypic plasticity in the catarrhine TCJ. Osteological specimens from four African hominoid and four cercopithecid species, divided into subadult and adult developmental stages based on molar eruption, formed the study group. We tested for phylogenetic signal in the shape of both the talar and tibial articular surfaces, at both developmental stages. We then used phylomorphospaces to examine the evolution of shape differences at each developmental stage for each element, and to determine if substrate usage is associated with shape in this phylogenetic context. A significant phylogenetic signal was found for both articular surfaces in subadults, but not adults. In phylomorphospace, both talar and tibial articular morphologies show an association with substrate preference in adults, but not in subadults. Our results provide confirmation of the significant effect of habitual substrate usage and the consequences of bone remodeling during ontogeny on the shape and presentation of the TCJ. These results also suggest caution when using adult talo-tibial shapes to evaluate phylogenetic relationships as TCJ morphology can be considered as a palimpsest, with substrate usage overwriting phylogenetic information in adult specimens. Anat Rec, 302:1977-1984, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Simons
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Stephen R Frost
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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Sollaccio DR, Navo P, Ghiassi A, Orr CM, Patel BA, Lewton KL. Evaluation of Articular Surface Similarity of Hemi-Hamate Grafts and Proximal Middle Phalanx Morphology: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Approach. J Hand Surg Am 2019; 44:121-128. [PMID: 30017649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemi-hamate arthroplasty has been described as a viable treatment option for unstable proximal interphalangeal joint fracture-dislocations. The procedure uses a dorsal distal hamate osteochondral graft to recreate the injured volar middle phalanx (MP) proximal base. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the similarity in shape of these articular surfaces using quantitative 3-dimensional methods. METHODS Three-dimensional virtual renderings were created from laser scans of the articular surfaces of the dorsal distal hamate and the volar MP bases of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers from cadaveric hands of 25 individuals. Three-dimensional landmarks were obtained from the articular surfaces of each bone and subjected to established geometric morphometric analytical approaches to quantify shape. For each individual, bone shapes were evaluated for covariation using 2-block partial least-squares and principal component analyses. RESULTS No statistically significant covariation was found between the dorsal distal hamate and volar MP bases of the middle, ring, or little digits. Whereas the volar MP bases demonstrated relative morphologic uniformity among the 4 digits both within and between individuals, the dorsal distal hamates exhibited notable variation in articular surface morphology. CONCLUSIONS Despite the early to midterm clinical success of hemi-hamate arthroplasty, there is no statistically significant, uniform similarity in shape between the articular surfaces of the dorsal distal hamate and the volar MP base. In addition, there is wide variation in the articular morphology of the hamate among individuals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The lack of uniform similarity in shape between the dorsal distal hamate and the volar MP base may result in unpredictable outcomes in HHA. It is recommended that the variation in hamate morphology be considered while reconstructing the injured volar MP base in the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sollaccio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Paul Navo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alidad Ghiassi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Caley M Orr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO
| | - Biren A Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Turley K, Simons EA, Frost SR. Trajectory analysis among African hominoids can provide insights into genetic and epigenetic influences during ontogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:173-177. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Evan A. Simons
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Stephen R. Frost
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon 97403
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Turley K, Frost SR. The ontogeny of talo-crural appositional articular morphology among catarrhine taxa: Adult shape reflects substrate use. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:447-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97403-1218
| | - Stephen R. Frost
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97403-1218
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