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Castañeda S, Adeniyi-Ipadeola G, Wu Y, Suarez-Reyes C, Jain A, Ramírez JD, Weatherhead JE. Characterizing Excretory-Secretory Products Proteome Across Larval Development Stages in Ascaris suum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.03.601870. [PMID: 39005370 PMCID: PMC11245028 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.03.601870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are parasitic nematodes that primarily infest the small intestines of humans and pigs, respectively. Ascariasis poses a significant threat to human health and swine health. Understanding Ascaris larval development is crucial for developing novel therapeutic interventions that will prevent ascariasis in both humans and pigs. This study aimed to characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteome of different Ascaris suum larval stages (L3-egg, L3-lung, L3-trachea) to identify potential targets for intervention to prevent Ascaris -induced global morbidity. Methods Stage-specific larvae were isolated, cultured in vitro and ES-product was collected. Third-stage Ascaris larvae (L3) were isolated from embryonated eggs (L3-egg), isolated from the lungs of Balb/c mice infected with Ascaris suum eggs at day 8 post infection (L3-lungs) and isolated from the trachea of Balb/c mice infected with Ascaris suum eggs at day 12 post infection (L3-trachea). ES products were obtained by culturing larvae. Proteomic analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and bioinformatic tools including MaxQuant, Perseus, and Andromeda, following a detailed protocol available on GitHub. The analysis encompassed peptide identification, scoring, and quantification against an organism-specific database, with subsequent quality control, correlation assessment, and differential abundance determination using the Amica algorithm. Results A total of 58 unique proteins were identified in the ES products. Fourteen proteins were common across all stages, while others were stage-specific. Principal component analysis revealed distinct protein profiles for each stage, suggesting qualitatively different proteomes. Gene ontology analysis indicated stage-specific GO enrichment of specific protein classes, such as nuclear proteins in L3-egg ES products and metabolic enzymes in L3-lung and L3-trachea ES products. Discussion This study revealed stage-specific differences in the composition of Ascaris ES products. Further investigation into the functional roles of these proteins and their interactions with host cells is crucial for developing novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies against ascariasis.
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Ray AK, Priya A, Malik MZ, Thanaraj TA, Singh AK, Mago P, Ghosh C, Shalimar, Tandon R, Chaturvedi R. A bioinformatics approach to elucidate conserved genes and pathways in C. elegans as an animal model for cardiovascular research. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7471. [PMID: 38553458 PMCID: PMC10980734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term for disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The molecular events and biochemical pathways associated with CVD are difficult to study in clinical settings on patients and in vitro conditions. Animal models play a pivotal and indispensable role in CVD research. Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode species, has emerged as a prominent experimental organism widely utilized in various biomedical research fields. However, the specific number of CVD-related genes and pathways within the C. elegans genome remains undisclosed to date, limiting its in-depth utilization for investigations. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of genes and pathways related to CVD within the genomes of humans and C. elegans through a systematic bioinformatic approach. A total of 1113 genes in C. elegans orthologous to the most significant CVD-related genes in humans were identified, and the GO terms and pathways were compared to study the pathways that are conserved between the two species. In order to infer the functions of CVD-related orthologous genes in C. elegans, a PPI network was constructed. Orthologous gene PPI network analysis results reveal the hubs and important KRs: pmk-1, daf-21, gpb-1, crh-1, enpl-1, eef-1G, acdh-8, hif-1, pmk-2, and aha-1 in C. elegans. Modules were identified for determining the role of the orthologous genes at various levels in the created network. We also identified 9 commonly enriched pathways between humans and C. elegans linked with CVDs that include autophagy (animal), the ErbB signaling pathway, the FoxO signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, ABC transporters, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and metabolic pathways. This study provides the first systematic genomic approach to explore the CVD-associated genes and pathways that are present in C. elegans, supporting the use of C. elegans as a prominent animal model organism for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar Ray
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anjali Priya
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Zubbair Malik
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | | | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Payal Mago
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Science for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Campus of Open Learning, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Chirashree Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Binti S, Linder AG, Edeen PT, Fay DS. A conserved protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTPN-22, functions in diverse developmental processes in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584557. [PMID: 38559252 PMCID: PMC10980042 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases non-receptor type (PTPNs) have been studied extensively in the context of the adaptive immune system; however, their roles beyond immunoregulation are less well explored. Here we identify novel functions for the conserved C. elegans phosphatase PTPN-22, establishing its role in nematode molting, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal regulation. Through a non-biased genetic screen, we found that loss of PTPN-22 phosphatase activity suppressed molting defects caused by loss-of-function mutations in the conserved NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2 (human NEK8/NEK9) and NEKL-3 (human NEK6/NEK7), which act at the interface of membrane trafficking and actin regulation. To better understand the functions of PTPN-22, we carried out proximity labeling studies to identify candidate interactors of PTPN-22 during development. Through this approach we identified the CDC42 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor DNBP-1 (human DNMBP) as an in vivo partner of PTPN-22. Consistent with this interaction, loss of DNBP-1 also suppressed nekl-associated molting defects. Genetic analysis, co-localization studies, and proximity labeling revealed roles for PTPN-22 in several epidermal adhesion complexes, including C. elegans hemidesmosomes, suggesting that PTPN-22 plays a broad role in maintaining the structural integrity of tissues. Localization and proximity labeling also implicated PTPN-22 in functions connected to nucleocytoplasmic transport and mRNA regulation, particularly within the germline, as nearly one-third of proteins identified by PTPN-22 proximity labeling are known P granule components. Collectively, these studies highlight the utility of combined genetic and proteomic approaches for identifying novel gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonil Binti
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Adison G Linder
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Philip T Edeen
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming
| | - David S Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming
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4
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Ono S. Segregated localization of two calponin-related proteins within sarcomeric thin filaments in Caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:127-140. [PMID: 37792405 PMCID: PMC11249056 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The calponin family proteins are expressed in both muscle and non-muscle cells and involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell contractility. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, UNC-87 and CLIK-1 are calponin-related proteins with 42% identical amino acid sequences containing seven calponin-like motifs. Genetic studies demonstrated that UNC-87 and CLIK-1 have partially redundant function in regulating actin cytoskeletal organization in striated and non-striated muscle cells. However, biochemical studies showed that UNC-87 and CLIK-1 are different in their ability to bundle actin filaments. In this study, I extended comparison between UNC-87 and CLIK-1 and found additional differences in vitro and in vivo. Although UNC-87 and CLIK-1 bound to actin filaments similarly, UNC-87, but not CLIK-1, bound to myosin and inhibited actomyosin ATPase in vitro. In striated muscle, UNC-87 and CLIK-1 were segregated into different subregions within sarcomeric actin filaments. CLIK-1 was concentrated near the actin pointed ends, whereas UNC-87 was enriched toward the actin barbed ends. Restricted localization of UNC-87 was not altered in a clik-1-null mutant, suggesting that their segregated localization is not due to competition between the two related proteins. These results suggest that the two calponin-related proteins have both common and distinct roles in regulating actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ono
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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5
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Ray AK, Priya A, Malik MZ, Thanaraj TA, Singh AK, Mago P, Ghosh C, Shalimar, Tandon R, Chaturvedi R. Conserved Cardiovascular Network: Bioinformatics Insights into Genes and Pathways for Establishing Caenorhabditis elegans as an Animal Model for Cardiovascular Diseases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.24.573256. [PMID: 38234826 PMCID: PMC10793405 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.24.573256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term for disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The molecular events and biochemical pathways associated with CVD are difficult to study in clinical settings on patients and in vitro conditions. Animal models play a pivotal and indispensable role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) research. Caenorhabditis elegans , a nematode species, has emerged as a prominent experimental organism widely utilised in various biomedical research fields. However, the specific number of CVD-related genes and pathways within the C. elegans genome remains undisclosed to date, limiting its in-depth utilisation for investigations. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of genes and pathways related to CVD within the genomes of humans and C. elegans through a systematic bioinformatic approach. A total of 1113 genes in C. elegans orthologous to the most significant CVD-related genes in humans were identified, and the GO terms and pathways were compared to study the pathways that are conserved between the two species. In order to infer the functions of CVD-related orthologous genes in C. elegans, a PPI network was constructed. Orthologous gene PPI network analysis results reveal the hubs and important KRs: pmk-1, daf-21, gpb-1, crh-1, enpl-1, eef-1G, acdh-8, hif-1, pmk-2, and aha-1 in C. elegans. Modules were identified for determining the role of the orthologous genes at various levels in the created network. We also identified 9 commonly enriched pathways between humans and C. elegans linked with CVDs that include autophagy (animal), the ErbB signalling pathway, the FoxO signalling pathway, the MAPK signalling pathway, ABC transporters, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and metabolic pathways. This study provides the first systematic genomic approach to explore the CVD-associated genes and pathways that are present in C. elegans, supporting the use of C. elegans as a prominent animal model organism for cardiovascular diseases.
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Farkas D, Szikora S, Jijumon AS, Polgár TF, Patai R, Tóth MÁ, Bugyi B, Gajdos T, Bíró P, Novák T, Erdélyi M, Mihály J. Peripheral thickening of the sarcomeres and pointed end elongation of the thin filaments are both promoted by SALS and its formin interaction partners. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011117. [PMID: 38198522 PMCID: PMC10805286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
During striated muscle development the first periodically repeated units appear in the premyofibrils, consisting of immature sarcomeres that must undergo a substantial growth both in length and width, to reach their final size. Here we report that, beyond its well established role in sarcomere elongation, the Sarcomere length short (SALS) protein is involved in Z-disc formation and peripheral growth of the sarcomeres. Our protein localization data and loss-of-function studies in the Drosophila indirect flight muscle strongly suggest that radial growth of the sarcomeres is initiated at the Z-disc. As to thin filament elongation, we used a powerful nanoscopy approach to reveal that SALS is subject to a major conformational change during sarcomere development, which might be critical to stop pointed end elongation in the adult muscles. In addition, we demonstrate that the roles of SALS in sarcomere elongation and radial growth are both dependent on formin type of actin assembly factors. Unexpectedly, when SALS is present in excess amounts, it promotes the formation of actin aggregates highly resembling the ones described in nemaline myopathy patients. Collectively, these findings helped to shed light on the complex mechanisms of SALS during the coordinated elongation and thickening of the sarcomeres, and resulted in the discovery of a potential nemaline myopathy model, suitable for the identification of genetic and small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Farkas
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Szikora
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - A S Jijumon
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Polgár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Patai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Ágnes Tóth
- University of Pécs, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bugyi
- University of Pécs, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gajdos
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Bíró
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Novák
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Mihály
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- University of Szeged, Department of Genetics, Szeged, Hungary
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7
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Welchons M, Wang J, Fan Y, Sanger JM, Sanger JW. A-Band assembly in avian skeletal muscles observed with super-resolution microscopy. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:461-471. [PMID: 37767774 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Myofibrils in vertebrate skeletal muscle are organized in aligned arrays of filaments formed from multiple protein components. Despite considerable information describing individual proteins, how they assemble de novo into mature myofibrils is still a challenge. Studies in our lab of sarcomeric protein localization during myofibril assembly led us to propose a three-step progression: premyofibrils to nascent myofibrils, culminating in mature myofibrils. Premyofibrils, forming at the spreading edges of muscle cells, are composed of minisarcomeres containing small bands of non-muscle myosin II filaments alternating with muscle-specific α-actinin Z-Bodies attached to barbed ends of actin filaments, establishing bipolar F-actin arrangements in sarcomeres. Assembly of nascent myofibrils occurs with addition of muscle-specific myosin II, F-actin, titin, and the alignment of Z-Bodies in adjacent fibrils to form beaded Z-Bands. Muscle-specific myosin II filaments in nascent myofibrils appear in an overlapping arrangement when viewed with wide-field and confocal microscopes. In mature myofibrils, non-muscle myosin II is absent, and M-Band proteins localize to the muscle myosin II filaments, aiding their alignment by cross-linking them into A-Bands. Super-resolution microscopy (SIM and STED) revealed muscle myosin II in mini-A-Bands in nascent myofibrils. In contrast to previous reports that vertebrate muscle myosin thick filaments form at their final 1.6 μm lengths, mini-A-Bands are first detected at a length of about 0.4 μm, and gradually increase four-fold in length to 1.6 μm in mature myofibrils. These new discoveries in avian skeletal muscle cells share a common characteristic with invertebrate muscles where some A-Bands can grow to lengths reaching 25 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Welchons
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jushuo Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Yingli Fan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jean M Sanger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Joseph W Sanger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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8
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang T, Guo Y, Pei W, Liu R, Chang M, Wang X. Linolenic acid ameliorates sarcopenia in C. elegans by promoting mitophagy and fighting oxidative stress. Food Funct 2023; 14:1498-1509. [PMID: 36651495 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02974j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a syndrome of age-related loss of muscle mass and strength that seriously affects human health, and there are currently no effective drugs to treat the disease. Linolenic acid as a common n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) is known to have many beneficial functions. Some studies have found that n-3 PUFA might have the potential to improve sarcopenia. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model animal to investigate the effects of linolenic acid on C. elegans muscles. The results showed that 50 μg mL-1 linolenic acid significantly improved sarcopenia by repairing mitochondrial function by promoting mitophagy and fighting oxidative stress (p < 0.05). This included the increase of the expression of the mitophagy gene pink-1 and DAF-16/FOXO transcription factors, respectively, by linolenic acid. This study could provide some evidence for the application of n-3 PUFA in improving sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Yiwen Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Wenjun Pei
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Ruijie Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Ming Chang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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9
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The Mechanisms of Thin Filament Assembly and Length Regulation in Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105306. [PMID: 35628117 PMCID: PMC9140763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin containing tropomyosin and troponin decorated thin filaments form one of the crucial components of the contractile apparatus in muscles. The thin filaments are organized into densely packed lattices interdigitated with myosin-based thick filaments. The crossbridge interactions between these myofilaments drive muscle contraction, and the degree of myofilament overlap is a key factor of contractile force determination. As such, the optimal length of the thin filaments is critical for efficient activity, therefore, this parameter is precisely controlled according to the workload of a given muscle. Thin filament length is thought to be regulated by two major, but only partially understood mechanisms: it is set by (i) factors that mediate the assembly of filaments from monomers and catalyze their elongation, and (ii) by factors that specify their length and uniformity. Mutations affecting these factors can alter the length of thin filaments, and in human cases, many of them are linked to debilitating diseases such as nemaline myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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10
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Ono S, Lewis M, Ono K. Mutual dependence between tropomodulin and tropomyosin in the regulation of sarcomeric actin assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151215. [PMID: 35306452 PMCID: PMC9081161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomodulin and tropomyosin are important components of sarcomeric thin filaments in striated muscles. Tropomyosin decorates the side of actin filaments and enhances tropomodulin capping at the pointed ends of the filaments. Their functional relationship has been extensively characterized in vitro, but in vivo and cellular studies in mammals are often complicated by the presence of functionally redundant isoforms. Here, we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which has a relatively simple composition of tropomodulin and tropomyosin genes, and demonstrated that tropomodulin (unc-94) and tropomyosin (lev-11) are mutually dependent on each other in their sarcomere localization and regulation of sarcomeric actin assembly. Mutation of tropomodulin caused sarcomere disorganization with formation of actin aggregates. However, the actin aggregation was suppressed when tropomyosin was depleted in the tropomodulin mutant. Tropomyosin was mislocalized to the actin aggregates in the tropomodulin mutants, while sarcomere localization of tropomodulin was lost when tropomyosin was depleted. These results indicate that tropomodulin and tropomyosin are interdependent in the regulation of organized sarcomeric assembly of actin filaments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ono
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mario Lewis
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kanako Ono
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Imaging of Actin Cytoskeleton in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34542852 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1661-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the major model organisms in cell and developmental biology. This organism is easy to culture in laboratories and suitable for microscopic investigation of the cytoskeleton. Because the worms are small and transparent, the actin cytoskeleton in many tissues and cells can be observed with appropriate visualization techniques without sectioning or dissection. This chapter describes the introduction to representative methods for imaging the actin cytoskeleton in C. elegans and a protocol for staining worms with fluorescent phalloidin.
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12
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Doligalska M, Jóźwicka K, Szewczak L, Nowakowska J, Brodaczewska K, Goździk K, Pączkowski C, Szakiel A. Calendula officinalis Triterpenoid Saponins Impact the Immune Recognition of Proteins in Parasitic Nematodes. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030296. [PMID: 33806494 PMCID: PMC7999767 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of triterpenoid saponins on subcellular morphological changes in the cells of parasitic nematodes remains poorly understood. Our study examines the effect of oleanolic acid glucuronides from marigold (Calendula officinalis) on the possible modification of immunogenic proteins from infective Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri larvae (L3). Our findings indicate that the triterpenoid saponins alter the subcellular morphology of the larvae and prevent recognition of nematode-specific proteins by rabbit immune-IgG. TEM ultrastructure and HPLC analysis showed that microtubule and cytoskeleton fibres were fragmented by saponin treatment. MASCOT bioinformatic analysis revealed that in larvae exposed to saponins, the immune epitopes of their proteins altered. Several mitochondrial and cytoskeleton proteins involved in signalling and cellular processes were downregulated or degraded. As possible candidates, the following set of recognised proteins may play a key role in the immunogenicity of larvae: beta-tubulin isotype, alpha-tubulin, myosin, paramyosin isoform-1, actin, disorganized muscle protein-1, ATP-synthase, beta subunit, carboxyl transferase domain protein, glutamate dehydrogenase, enolase (phosphopyruvate hydratase), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 2, tropomyosin, arginine kinase or putative chaperone protein DnaK, and galactoside-binding lectin. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Doligalska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.); (L.S.); (K.B.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-55-41-115
| | - Kinga Jóźwicka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.); (L.S.); (K.B.); (K.G.)
| | - Ludmiła Szewczak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.); (L.S.); (K.B.); (K.G.)
| | - Julita Nowakowska
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Brodaczewska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.); (L.S.); (K.B.); (K.G.)
| | - Katarzyna Goździk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.); (L.S.); (K.B.); (K.G.)
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (C.P.); (A.S.)
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13
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Kelley CA, Triplett O, Mallick S, Burkewitz K, Mair WB, Cram EJ. FLN-1/filamin is required to anchor the actomyosin cytoskeleton and for global organization of sub-cellular organelles in a contractile tissue. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:379-398. [PMID: 32969593 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Actomyosin networks are organized in space, direction, size, and connectivity to produce coordinated contractions across cells. We use the C. elegans spermatheca, a tube composed of contractile myoepithelial cells, to study how actomyosin structures are organized. FLN-1/filamin is required for the formation and stabilization of a regular array of parallel, contractile, actomyosin fibers in this tissue. Loss of fln-1 results in the detachment of actin fibers from the basal surface, which then accumulate along the cell junctions and are stabilized by spectrin. In addition, actin and myosin are captured at the nucleus by the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex (LINC) complex, where they form large foci. Nuclear positioning and morphology, distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrial network are also disrupted. These results demonstrate that filamin is required to prevent large actin bundle formation and detachment, to prevent excess nuclear localization of actin and myosin, and to ensure correct positioning of organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Kelley
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Triplett
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samyukta Mallick
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristopher Burkewitz
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin J Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Altered miRNA and mRNA Expression in Sika Deer Skeletal Muscle with Age. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020172. [PMID: 32041309 PMCID: PMC7073773 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the gene and miRNA expression profiles associated with the postnatal late growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle are lacking in sika deer. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the growth and development of sika deer skeletal muscle, we used de novo RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) analyses to determine the differentially expressed (DE) unigenes and miRNAs from skeletal muscle tissues at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years in sika deer. A total of 51,716 unigenes, 171 known miRNAs, and 60 novel miRNAs were identified based on four mRNA and small RNA libraries. A total of 2,044 unigenes and 11 miRNAs were differentially expressed between adolescence and juvenile sika deer, 1,946 unigenes and 4 miRNAs were differentially expressed between adult and adolescent sika deer, and 2,209 unigenes and 1 miRNAs were differentially expressed between aged and adult sika deer. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that DE unigenes and miRNA were mainly related to energy and substance metabolism, processes that are closely associate with the growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle. We also constructed mRNA–mRNA and miRNA–mRNA interaction networks related to the growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle. The results show that mRNA (Myh1, Myh2, Myh7, ACTN3, etc.) and miRNAs (miR-133a, miR-133c, miR-192, miR-151-3p, etc.) may play important roles in muscle growth and development, and mRNA (WWP1, DEK, UCP3, FUS, etc.) and miRNAs (miR-17-5p, miR-378b, miR-199a-5p, miR-7, etc.) may have key roles in muscle aging. In this study, we determined the dynamic miRNA and unigenes transcriptome in muscle tissue for the first time in sika deer. The age-dependent miRNAs and unigenes identified will offer insights into the molecular mechanism underlying muscle development, growth, and maintenance and will also provide valuable information for sika deer genetic breeding.
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15
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Ono K, Qin Z, Johnsen RC, Baillie DL, Ono S. Kettin, the large actin-binding protein with multiple immunoglobulin domains, is essential for sarcomeric actin assembly and larval development in Caenorhabditis elegans. FEBS J 2019; 287:659-670. [PMID: 31411810 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among many essential genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, let-330 is located on the left arm of chromosome V and was identified as the largest target of a mutagen in this region. However, let-330 gene has not been characterized at the molecular level. Here, we report that two sequenced let-330 alleles are nonsense mutations of ketn-1, a previously characterized gene encoding kettin. Kettin is a large actin-binding protein of 472 kDa with 31 immunoglobulin domains and is expressed in muscle cells in C. elegans. let-330/ketn-1 mutants are homozygous lethal at the first larval stage with mild defects in body elongation. These mutants have severe defects in sarcomeric actin and myosin assembly in striated muscle. However, α-actinin and vinculin, which are components of the dense bodies anchoring actin to the membranes, were not significantly disorganized by let-330/ketn-1 mutation. Kettin localizes to embryonic myofibrils before α-actinin is expressed, and α-actinin deficiency does not affect kettin localization in larval muscle. Depletion of vinculin minimally affects kettin localization but significantly reduces colocalization of actin with kettin in embryonic muscle cells. These results indicate that kettin is an essential protein for sarcomeric assembly of actin filaments in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Qin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Robert C Johnsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - David L Baillie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Invertebrate troponin: Insights into the evolution and regulation of striated muscle contraction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 666:40-45. [PMID: 30928296 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The troponin complex plays a central role in regulating the contraction and relaxation of striated muscles. Among the three protein subunits of troponin, the calcium receptor subunit, TnC, belongs to the calmodulin family of calcium signaling proteins whereas the inhibitory subunit, TnI, and tropomyosin-binding/thin filament-anchoring subunit, TnT, are striated muscle-specific regulatory proteins. TnI and TnT emerged early in bilateral symmetric invertebrate animals and have co-evolved during the 500-700 million years of muscle evolution. To understand the divergence as well as conservation of the structures of TnI and TnT in invertebrate and vertebrate organisms adds novel insights into the structure-function relationship of troponin and the muscle type isoforms of TnI and TnT. Based on the significant growth of genomic database of multiple species in the past decade, this focused review studied the primary structure features of invertebrate troponin subunits in comparisons with the vertebrate counterparts. The evolutionary data demonstrate valuable information for a better understanding of the thin filament regulation of striated muscle contractility in health and diseases.
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17
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Regulation of Actin Dynamics in the C. elegans Somatic Gonad. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010006. [PMID: 30897735 PMCID: PMC6473838 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive system of the hermaphroditic nematode C. elegans consists of a series of contractile cell types—including the gonadal sheath cells, the spermathecal cells and the spermatheca–uterine valve—that contract in a coordinated manner to regulate oocyte entry and exit of the fertilized embryo into the uterus. Contraction is driven by acto-myosin contraction and relies on the development and maintenance of specialized acto-myosin networks in each cell type. Study of this system has revealed insights into the regulation of acto-myosin network assembly and contractility in vivo.
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18
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Hayashi Y, Ono K, Ono S. Mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans actin, which are equivalent to human cardiomyopathy mutations, cause abnormal actin aggregation in nematode striated muscle. F1000Res 2019; 8:279. [PMID: 30984387 PMCID: PMC6446495 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18476.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is a central component of muscle contractile apparatuses, and a number of actin mutations cause diseases in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. However, many pathogenic actin mutations have not been characterized at cell biological and physiological levels. In this study, we tested whether the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans could be used to characterize properties of actin mutants in muscle cells in vivo. Two representative actin mutations, E99K and P164A, which cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in humans, are introduced in a muscle-specific C. elegans actin ACT-4 as E100K and P165A, respectively. When green fluorescent protein-tagged wild-type ACT-4 (GFP-ACT-4), is transgenically expressed in muscle at low levels as compared with endogenous actin, it is incorporated into sarcomeres without disturbing normal structures. GFP-ACT-4 variants with E100K and P165A are incorporated into sarcomeres, but also accumulated in abnormal aggregates, which have not been reported for equivalent actin mutations in previous studies. Muscle contractility, as determined by worm motility, is not apparently affected by expression of ACT-4 mutants. Our results suggest that C. elegans muscle is a useful model system to characterize abnormalities caused by actin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
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19
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Watabe E, Ono S, Kuroyanagi H. Alternative splicing of the Caenorhabditis elegans lev-11 tropomyosin gene is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:427-436. [PMID: 30155988 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin isoforms contribute to generation of functionally divergent actin filaments. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, multiple isoforms are produced from lev-11, the single tropomyosin gene, by combination of two separate promoters and alternative pre-mRNA splicing. In this study, we report that alternative splicing of lev-11 is regulated in a tissue-specific manner so that a particular tropomyosin isoform is expressed in each tissue. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of lev-11 mRNAs confirms five previously reported isoforms (LEV-11A, LEV-11C, LEV-11D, LEV-11E and LEV-11O) and identifies a new sixth isoform LEV-11T. Using transgenic alternative-splicing reporter minigenes, we find distinct patterns of preferential exon selections in the pharynx, body wall muscles, intestine and neurons. The body wall muscles preferentially process splicing to produce high-molecular-weight isoforms, LEV-11A, LEV-11D and LEV-11O. The pharynx specifically processes splicing to express a low-molecular-weight isoform LEV-11E, whereas the intestine and neurons process splicing to express another low-molecular-weight isoform LEV-11C. The splicing pattern of LEV-11T was not predominant in any of these tissues, suggesting that this is a minor isoform. Our results suggest that regulation of alternative splicing is an important mechanism to express proper tropomyosin isoforms in particular tissue and/or cell types in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eichi Watabe
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hidehito Kuroyanagi
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Elkabti AB, Issi L, Rao RP. Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Host to Monitor the Candida Infection Processes. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E123. [PMID: 30405043 PMCID: PMC6309157 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C. elegans has several advantages as an experimental host for the study of infectious diseases. Worms are easily maintained and propagated on bacterial lawns. The worms can be frozen for long term storage and still maintain viability years later. Their short generation time and large brood size of thousands of worms grown on a single petri dish, makes it relatively easy to maintain at a low cost. The typical wild type adult worm grows to approximately 1.5 mm in length and are transparent, allowing for the identification of several internal organs using an affordable dissecting microscope. A large collection of loss of function mutant strains are readily available from the C. elegans genetic stock center, making targeted genetic studies in the nematode possible. Here we describe ways in which this facile model host has been used to study Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that poses a serious public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Issi
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
| | - Reeta P Rao
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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21
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Zhou CY, Wang Y, Pan DD, Sun YY, Cao JX. The effect of ATP marination on the depolymerization of actin filament in goose muscles during postmortem conditioning. Poult Sci 2018; 97:684-694. [PMID: 29121270 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study the tenderization mechanism of ATP treatments by depolymerizing actin filaments, breast muscles of Eastern Zhejiang White Geese were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, 10 and 20 mM groups. Shear force (SF), sarcomere length (SL) and myofibrillar fraction index (MFI), the content of F-actin and G-actin, the expression of actin associated proteins (cofilins and tropomodulins) were investigated during conditioning. In 20 mM group, cofilins content increased from 48 to 168 h, while tropomodulins decreased; the content of F-actin decreased from 24 to 168 h, while the increased G-actin was observed upto 48 h. In the control, the degraded tropomodulins were observed at 168 h, and the increased cofilins and G-actin were detected at the same time; the increase of MFI and decrease of F-actin content were shown at 96 and 168 h. Compared to control group, 20 mM group accelerated the transformation of F-actin into G-actin; it showed higher SL and MFI, and lower SF at 48, 96 and 168 h, respectively. We concluded that depolymerization of actin filaments, which was regulated by cofilins and tropomodulins, contributed to myofibrillar fraction and low SF during conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dao-Dong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yang-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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22
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Barnes DE, Watabe E, Ono K, Kwak E, Kuroyanagi H, Ono S. Tropomyosin isoforms differentially affect muscle contractility in the head and body regions of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1075-1088. [PMID: 29496965 PMCID: PMC5921574 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin, one of the major actin filament-binding proteins, regulates actin-myosin interaction and actin-filament stability. Multicellular organisms express a number of tropomyosin isoforms, but understanding of isoform-specific tropomyosin functions is incomplete. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a single tropomyosin gene, lev-11, which has been reported to express four isoforms by using two separate promoters and alternative splicing. Here, we report a fifth tropomyosin isoform, LEV-11O, which is produced by alternative splicing that includes a newly identified seventh exon, exon 7a. By visualizing specific splicing events in vivo, we find that exon 7a is predominantly selected in a subset of the body wall muscles in the head, while exon 7b, which is the alternative to exon 7a, is utilized in the rest of the body. Point mutations in exon 7a and exon 7b cause resistance to levamisole--induced muscle contraction specifically in the head and the main body, respectively. Overexpression of LEV-11O, but not LEV-11A, in the main body results in weak levamisole resistance. These results demonstrate that specific tropomyosin isoforms are expressed in the head and body regions of the muscles and contribute differentially to the regulation of muscle contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E. Barnes
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Eichi Watabe
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Euiyoung Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hidehito Kuroyanagi
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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23
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Fu Y, Yu W, Cai H, Lu A. Forecast of actin-binding proteins as the oncotarget in osteosarcoma - a review of mechanism, diagnosis and therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1553-1561. [PMID: 29593421 PMCID: PMC5865567 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s159894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignant tumor with a high rate of lung metastasis and principally emerges in children and adolescents. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy is widely used around the world, a high rate of chemoresistance occurs and frequently generates a poor prognosis. Therefore, finding a new appropriate prognostic marker for OS is a valuable research direction, which will give patients a better chance to receive proper therapy. Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) are a group of proteins that interact with actin cytoskeleton and play a crucial role in the regulation of the cell motility and morphology in eukaryotes. Meanwhile, ABPs also act as a bridge between the cytomembrane and nucleus, which transmit the outside-in and inside-out signals in cytoplasm. Furthermore, ABPs alter the dynamic structure of actin and regulate the invasion and metastasis of cancer. Hence, ABPs have a wide application in predicting the prognosis, and may be new targets, in tumor therapy. This review focuses on a series of ABPs and discusses their modulatory functions. It provides a new insight into the classification of ABPs’ functions in the process of invasion and metastasis in OS and illuminates the potential ability in predicting the prognosis of OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Fu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliu Cai
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anwei Lu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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24
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Rodpai R, Intapan PM, Thanchomnang T, Sanpool O, Janwan P, Laummaunwai P, Wongkham C, Insawang T, Maleewong W. Identification of antigenic proteins in Strongyloides stercoralis by proteomic analysis. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1687-1693. [PMID: 28455628 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal helminth that infects people worldwide. Hyperinfection or disseminated human strongyloidiasis can involve vital organs, leading to lethal outcomes. We analyzed immunoproteomics of antigenic spots, derived from S. stercoralis third-stage larvae and reacted with human strongyloidiasis sera, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Of 26 excised antigenic spots analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, 20 proteins were identified. Most proteins were associated with enzymes involved in the metabolic process, energy generation, and oxidation-reduction. The proteins relate to promotion of worm development, cell division, cell signaling and transportation, and regulation of muscular contraction. Identification of antigenic proteins shows promise in helping to discover potential diagnostic protein markers or vaccine candidates for S. stercoralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences and Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Porntip Laummaunwai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chaisiri Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tonkla Insawang
- Khon Kaen University Research Instrument Center, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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25
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Barnes DE, Hwang H, Ono K, Lu H, Ono S. Molecular evolution of troponin I and a role of its N-terminal extension in nematode locomotion. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:117-30. [PMID: 26849746 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The troponin complex, composed of troponin T (TnT), troponin I (TnI), and troponin C (TnC), is the major calcium-dependent regulator of muscle contraction, which is present widely in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Little is known about evolutionary aspects of troponin in the animal kingdom. Using a combination of data mining and functional analysis of TnI, we report evidence that an N-terminal extension of TnI is present in most of bilaterian animals as a functionally important domain. Troponin components have been reported in species in most of representative bilaterian phyla. Comparison of TnI sequences shows that the core domains are conserved in all examined TnIs, and that N- and C-terminal extensions are variable among isoforms and species. In particular, N-terminal extensions are present in all protostome TnIs and chordate cardiac TnIs but lost in a subset of chordate TnIs including vertebrate skeletal-muscle isoforms. Transgenic rescue experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle show that the N-terminal extension of TnI (UNC-27) is required for coordinated worm locomotion but not in sarcomere assembly and single muscle-contractility kinetics. These results suggest that N-terminal extensions of TnIs are retained from a TnI ancestor as a functional domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Barnes
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hyundoo Hwang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,School of Engineering and Sciences, Technológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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26
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Butkevich E, Klopfenstein DR, Schmidt CF. Game of Zones: how actin-binding proteins organize muscle contraction. WORM 2016; 5:e1161880. [PMID: 27383012 PMCID: PMC4911971 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2016.1161880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Locomotion of C. elegans requires coordinated, efficient transmission of forces generated on the molecular scale by myosin and actin filaments in myocytes to dense bodies and the hypodermis and cuticle enveloping body wall muscles. The complex organization of the acto-myosin scaffold with its accessory proteins provides a fine-tuned machinery regulated by effectors that guarantees that sarcomere units undergo controlled, reversible cycles of contraction and relaxation. Actin filaments in sarcomeres dynamically undergo polymerization and depolymerization. In a recent study, the actin-binding protein DBN-1, the C. elegans ortholog of human drebrin and drebrin-like proteins, was discovered to stabilize actin in muscle cells. DBN-1 reversibly changes location between actin filaments and myosin-rich regions during muscle contraction. Mutations in DBN-1 result in mislocalization of other actin-binding proteins. Here we discuss implications of this finding for the regulation of sarcomere actin stability and the organization of other actin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Butkevich
- Georg August University, Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter R Klopfenstein
- Georg August University, Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph F Schmidt
- Georg August University, Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics , Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Ono K, Ono S. Two distinct myosin II populations coordinate ovulatory contraction of the myoepithelial sheath in the Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1131-42. [PMID: 26864628 PMCID: PMC4814220 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nematode somatic gonad, nonmuscle myosin and muscle myosin form distinct filaments and coordinate ovulatory contraction of the myoepithelial sheath. Nonmuscle myosin regulatory light chain is phosphoregulated, and its phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are critical for successful ovulation. The myoepithelial sheath in the somatic gonad of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has nonstriated contractile actomyosin networks that produce highly coordinated contractility for ovulation of mature oocytes. Two myosin heavy chains are expressed in the myoepithelial sheath, which are also expressed in the body-wall striated muscle. The troponin/tropomyosin system is also present and essential for ovulation. Therefore, although the myoepithelial sheath has smooth muscle–like contractile apparatuses, it has a striated muscle–like regulatory mechanism through troponin/tropomyosin. Here we report that the myoepithelial sheath has a distinct myosin population containing nonmuscle myosin II isoforms, which is regulated by phosphorylation and essential for ovulation. MLC-4, a nonmuscle myosin regulatory light chain, localizes to small punctate structures and does not colocalize with large, needle-like myosin filaments containing MYO-3, a striated-muscle myosin isoform. RNA interference of MLC-4, as well as of its upstream regulators, LET-502 (Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase) and MEL-11 (a myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase), impairs ovulation. Expression of a phosphomimetic MLC-4 mutant mimicking a constitutively active state also impairs ovulation. A striated-muscle myosin (UNC-54) appears to provide partially compensatory contractility. Thus the results indicate that the two spatially distinct myosin II populations coordinately regulate ovulatory contraction of the myoepithelial sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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28
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Hwang H, Barnes DE, Matsunaga Y, Benian GM, Ono S, Lu H. Muscle contraction phenotypic analysis enabled by optogenetics reveals functional relationships of sarcomere components in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19900. [PMID: 26822332 PMCID: PMC4731793 DOI: 10.1038/srep19900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The sarcomere, the fundamental unit of muscle contraction, is a highly-ordered complex of hundreds of proteins. Despite decades of genetics work, the functional relationships and the roles of those sarcomeric proteins in animal behaviors remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that optogenetic activation of the motor neurons that induce muscle contraction can facilitate quantitative studies of muscle kinetics in C. elegans. To increase the throughput of the study, we trapped multiple worms in parallel in a microfluidic device and illuminated for photoactivation of channelrhodopsin-2 to induce contractions in body wall muscles. Using image processing, the change in body size was quantified over time. A total of five parameters including rate constants for contraction and relaxation were extracted from the optogenetic assay as descriptors of sarcomere functions. To potentially relate the genes encoding the sarcomeric proteins functionally, a hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted on the basis of those parameters. Because it assesses physiological output different from conventional assays, this method provides a complement to the phenotypic analysis of C. elegans muscle mutants currently performed in many labs; the clusters may provide new insights and drive new hypotheses for functional relationships among the many sarcomere components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyundoo Hwang
- School of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn E Barnes
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Guy M Benian
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Sanger JM, Sanger JW. Recent advances in muscle research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1539-42. [PMID: 25125167 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Sanger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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30
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Ono K, Obinata T, Yamashiro S, Liu Z, Ono S. UNC-87 isoforms, Caenorhabditis elegans calponin-related proteins, interact with both actin and myosin and regulate actomyosin contractility. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1687-98. [PMID: 25717181 PMCID: PMC4436780 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-10-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two UNC-87 isoforms with seven calponin-like repeats are expressed widely in muscle and nonmuscle cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. They bind to actin and myosin and inhibit actomyosin motility in vitro. unc-87 mutation enhances contraction of nonstriated muscle in vivo, suggesting that UNC-87 isoforms are negative regulators of actomyosin contractility. Calponin-related proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotes and involved in signaling and cytoskeletal regulation. Calponin-like (CLIK) repeat is an actin-binding motif found in the C-termini of vertebrate calponins. Although CLIK repeats stabilize actin filaments, other functions of these actin-binding motifs are unknown. The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-87 gene encodes actin-binding proteins with seven CLIK repeats. UNC-87 stabilizes actin filaments and is essential for maintenance of sarcomeric actin filaments in striated muscle. Here we show that two UNC-87 isoforms, UNC-87A and UNC-87B, are expressed in muscle and nonmuscle cells in a tissue-specific manner by two independent promoters and exhibit quantitatively different effects on both actin and myosin. Both UNC-87A and UNC-87B have seven CLIK repeats, but UNC-87A has an extra N-terminal extension of ∼190 amino acids. Both UNC-87 isoforms bind to actin filaments and myosin to induce ATP-resistant actomyosin bundles and inhibit actomyosin motility. UNC-87A with an N-terminal extension binds to actin and myosin more strongly than UNC-87B. UNC-87B is associated with actin filaments in nonstriated muscle in the somatic gonad, and an unc-87 mutation causes its excessive contraction, which is dependent on myosin. These results strongly suggest that proteins with CLIK repeats function as a negative regulator of actomyosin contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Takashi Obinata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sawako Yamashiro
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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