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Davidson CL, de Klerk J, Matejovsky Z, Fabris-Rotelli I, Uys A. Metric evaluation of the anterior nasal spine to estimate sex and population group in South African individuals. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1117-1137. [PMID: 38010514 PMCID: PMC11003921 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anterior nasal spine is a pointed, midline projection of the maxilla. This bony structure dictates the overlying soft tissues providing the phenotypic features of the nose and upper lip and determines the differences in the mid-face morphology. Little data is available on the metric features of the Anterior nasal spine (ANS). This study aimed to perform metric evaluations of the ANS of white and black South African males and females to ascertain if morphological variations exist and if the differences are viable for the use in sex and population identification. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample included 100 CBCT images for each population and sex group. Linear and angular measurements of the ANS were recorded in both the sagittal and axial planes. RESULTS Classification decision trees (pruned) were fitted to ascertain the relationship between population group, sex and the ANS measurements including and excluding age. For population group, all the ANS measurements were statistically significant for females but in males, all the ANS measurements were significant when performed individually. However, when fitted to the classification tree, Sagittal 2 did not show any statistical significance. When considering sex, only 2 of the ANS measurements (Sagittal 2 and Axial 1) were found to be significant. The results did not differ significantly when comparing the decision trees including and excluding age. CONCLUSIONS White South African individuals presented with a longer ANS that produced a more acute angle whereas black South African individuals presented with a shorter ANS and a more obtuse angle. Additionally, males presented with a longer ANS compared to females. ANS measurements were found to be more relevant for population discernment than for sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Lana Davidson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 1266, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Johan de Klerk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 1266, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Zina Matejovsky
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 1266, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Inger Fabris-Rotelli
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andre Uys
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Özen KE, Yeşil HK, Malas MA. Morphometric and morphological evaluation of temporozygomatic suture anatomy in dry adult human skulls. Anat Sci Int 2023; 98:249-259. [PMID: 36374372 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the position, morphometric, and morphological features of the temporozygomatic suture (TZS) located on the zygomatic arch (ZA) in dry adult human skulls. Thirty-two crania were evaluated. Measurements for the TZS were carried out using the ImageJ software. Morphometric measurements were carried out bilaterally in 23 crania and unilaterally in 9 crania (right: 4, left: 5). A total of 55 TZSs were analyzed. Localization of the TZS was determined according to the reference landmarks on the ZA. Morphologic features of the TZS evaluated in terms of "joint shape type" and "suture margin pattern". Descriptive statistics of the morphometric and morphologic variables were calculated. A statistically significant difference between the right and left sides was observed for the localization of the TZS (p < 0.05). TZS is located more anteriorly on the left side than the right side. Based on the "joint shape type", four types of TZS were observed: Type 1 (angular) (34.55%), Type 2 (curvy) (34.55%), Type 3 (oblique) (14.55%), Type 4 (horizontal) (16.36%). Based on the "suture margin pattern", five types of TZS were observed: Type A (linear) (12.73%), Type B (denticulate) (34.55%), Type C (serrated) (23.64%), Type D (mixt) (21.82%), Type E (fused) (7.27%). No significant association between the type and lateralization was found for both morphologic classifications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published report regarding the localization and morphologic classification of the TZS in adult human crania. Considering the TZS with its morphometric and morphological features may contribute to clinical or forensic medical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Emre Özen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, Balatçık Mah., Havaalanı Şosesi Cad., No: 33/2, 35620, Çiğli/İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Kübra Yeşil
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, Balatçık Mah., Havaalanı Şosesi Cad., No: 33/2, 35620, Çiğli/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Malas
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, Balatçık Mah., Havaalanı Şosesi Cad., No: 33/2, 35620, Çiğli/İzmir, Turkey
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Facial shape affects self-perceived facial attractiveness. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245557. [PMID: 33534847 PMCID: PMC7857636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial appearance expresses numerous cues about physical qualities as well as psychosocial and personality traits. Attractive faces are recognized clearly when seen and are often viewed advantageously in professional, social and romantic relationships. On the other hand, self-perceived attractiveness is not well understood and has been mainly attributed to psychological and cognitive factors. Here we use 3-dimensional facial surface data of a large young adult population (n = 601) to thoroughly assess the effect of facial shape on self-perceived facial attractiveness. Our results show that facial shape had a measurable effect on self-perception of facial attractiveness in both sexes. In females, self-perceived facial attractiveness was linked to decreased facial width, fuller anterior part of the lower facial third and more pronounced middle forehead and root of the nose. Males favored a well-defined chin, flatter cheeks and zygomas, and more pronounced eyebrow ridges, nose and middle forehead. The findings of this study support the notion that self-perceived facial attractiveness is not only motivated by psychological traits, but objectively measured phenotypic traits also contribute significantly. The role of social stereotypes for facial attractiveness in modern society is also inferred and discussed.
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Ma J, Zhao L, Yang Y, Yun D, Yu-Wai-Man P, Zhu Y, Chen C, Li JPO, Li M, Zhang Y, Cui T, Meng X, Zhang L, Zhang J, Song Y, Lei Y, Liu J, Huangfu X, Jiang L, Cai J, Wu H, Shang L, Wen D, Yi X, Zhang Y, Li X, Xiao J, He R, Yang Y, Yang J, Cheng GPM, Bai J, Zhong X, Guo H, Yan P, Wang Y, Lin H. Associations Between Regional Environment and Cornea-Related Morphology of the Eye in Young Adults: A Large-Scale Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:35. [PMID: 33620373 PMCID: PMC7910644 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate environmental factors associated with corneal morphologic changes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, which enrolled adults of the Han ethnicity aged 18 to 44 years from 20 cities. The cornea-related morphology was measured using an ocular anterior segment analysis system. The geographic indexes of each city and meteorological indexes of daily city-level data from the past 40 years (1980-2019) were obtained. Correlation analyses at the city level and multilevel model analyses at the eye level were performed. Results In total, 114,067 eyes were used for analysis. In the correlation analyses at the city level, the corneal thickness was positively correlated with the mean values of precipitation (highest r [correlation coefficient]: >0.700), temperature, and relative humidity (RH), as well as the amount of annual variation in precipitation (r: 0.548 to 0.721), and negatively correlated with the mean daily difference in the temperature (DIF T), duration of sunshine, and variance in RH (r: -0.694 to 0.495). In contrast, the anterior chamber (AC) volume was negatively correlated with the mean values of precipitation, temperature, RH, and the amount of annual variation in precipitation (r: -0.672 to -0.448), and positively associated with the mean DIF T (r = 0.570) and variance in temperature (r = 0.507). In total 19,988 eyes were analyzed at the eye level. After adjusting for age, precipitation was the major explanatory factor among the environmental factors for the variability in corneal thickness and AC volume. Conclusions Individuals who were raised in warm and wet environments had thicker corneas and smaller AC volumes than those from cold and dry ambient environments. Our findings demonstrate the role of local environmental factors in corneal-related morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaonan Ma
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyuan Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Chuan Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Ji-Peng Olivia Li
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mengdi Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingxin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Song
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulin Lei
- Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital, Jinan, China
| | | | | | - Li Jiang
- Nanjing Aier Eye Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Huiying Wu
- Nanchang Bright Eye Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | | | - Dan Wen
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianglong Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Xiamen Eye Centre of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Beijing Huade Eye Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui He
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Ji Bai
- Daping Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingwu Zhong
- Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-Sen University, Haikou, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Baotou Eighth Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Pisong Yan
- Cloud Intelligent Care Technology (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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DiGangi EA, Bethard JD. Uncloaking a Lost Cause: Decolonizing ancestry estimation in the United States. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:422-436. [PMID: 33460459 PMCID: PMC8248240 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the professionalization of US‐based forensic anthropology in the 1970s, ancestry estimation has been included as a standard part of the biological profile, because practitioners have assumed it necessary to achieve identifications in medicolegal contexts. Simultaneously, forensic anthropologists have not fully considered the racist context of the criminal justice system in the United States related to the treatment of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color; nor have we considered that ancestry estimation might actually hinder identification efforts because of entrenched racial biases. Despite ongoing criticisms from mainstream biological anthropology that ancestry estimation perpetuates race science, forensic anthropologists have continued the practice. Recent years have seen the prolific development of retooled typological approaches with 21st century statistical prowess to include methods for estimating ancestry from cranial morphoscopic traits, despite no evidence that these traits reflect microevolutionary processes or are suitable genetic proxies for population structure; and such approaches have failed to critically evaluate the societal consequences for perpetuating the biological race concept. Around the country, these methods are enculturated in every aspect of the discipline ranging from university classrooms, to the board‐certification examination marking the culmination of training, to standard operating procedures adopted by forensic anthropology laboratories. Here, we use critical race theory to interrogate the approaches utilized to estimate ancestry to include a critique of the continued use of morphoscopic traits, and we assert that the practice of ancestry estimation contributes to white supremacy. Based on the lack of scientific support that these traits reflect evolutionary history, and the inability to disentangle skeletal‐based ancestry estimates from supporting the biological validity of race, we urge all forensic anthropologists to abolish the practice of ancestry estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A DiGangi
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan D Bethard
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Schuh A, Gunz P, Villa C, Kupczik K, Hublin JJ, Freidline SE. Intraspecific variability in human maxillary bone modeling patterns during ontogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:655-670. [PMID: 33029815 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares the ontogenetic bone modeling patterns of the maxilla to the related morphological changes in three human populations to better understand how morphological variability within a species is established during ontogeny at both micro- and macroscopic levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maxillary bones of an ontogenetic sample of 145 subadult and adult individuals from Greenland (Inuit), Western Europe (France, Germany, and Portugal), and South Africa (Khoekhoe and San) were analyzed. Bone formation and resorption were quantified using histological methods to visualize the bone modeling patterns. In parallel, semilandmark geometric morphometric techniques were used on 3D models of the same individuals to capture the morphological changes. Multivariate statistics were applied and shape differences between age groups were visualized through heat maps. RESULTS The three populations show differences in the degree of shape change acquired during ontogeny, leading to divergences in the developmental trajectories. Only subtle population differences in the bone modeling patterns were found, which were maintained throughout ontogeny. Bone resorption in adults mirrors the pattern found in subadults, but is expressed at lower intensities. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrate that maxillary morphological differences observed in three geographically distinct human populations are also reflected at the microscopic scale. However, we suggest that these differences are mostly driven by changes in rates and timings of the cellular activities, as only slight discrepancies in the location of bone resorption could be observed. The shared general bone modeling pattern is likely characteristic of all Homo sapiens, and can be observed throughout ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schuh
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Facial anthropometric measurements play an important part not only in forensic cases but also in clinical treatments. The utilization of 2D photograph methods in facial anthropometric studies to found database with age, gender, ethnicity, and region was expanded by other races but little for Han nationality. This study was undertaken to describe reference ranges of facial anthropometric proportions of Han nationality and compare the anthropometric characteristics with other ethnicities. Our subjects focused on full-face photos of Han nationality in South China which consisted of 1176 healthy person (425 adult males, 421 adult females and 157 underage boys and 173 underage girls). Eight anthropometric landmarks on photos were examined by ImageJ software, and 7 anthropometric ratios were analyzed. The results indicated sex- and age- and ethnics-related anthropometric variations in Chinese Han nationality in South China. For adults, females have larger ratios in intercanthal-nasal width and lip height index and smaller nose width index; for impubes, boys were larger in lip height index and smaller in lip width ratios than girls, but as age achieved, the underage boys and girls exhibited a significantly larger nose width index and lip width index, smaller canthal index, intercanthal-nasal width and lip height index. Comparing with Japanese, India, North American and Persian, Chinese Han showed great difference in facial anthropometric proportions.
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Paula Menéndez L. Moderate climate signature in cranial anatomy of late holocene human populations from Southern South America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:309-326. [PMID: 29115678 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze the association between cranial variation and climate in order to discuss their role during the diversification of southern South American populations. Therefore, the specific objectives are: (1) to explore the spatial pattern of cranial variation with regard to the climatic diversity of the region, and (2) to evaluate the differential impact that the climatic factors may have had on the shape and size of the diverse cranial structures studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS The variation in shape and size of 361 crania was studied, registering 62 3D landmarks that capture shape and size variation in the face, cranial vault, and base. Mean, minimum, and maximum annual temperature, as well as mean annual precipitation, but also diet and altitude, were matched for each population sample. A PCA, as well as spatial statistical techniques, including kriging, regression, and multimodel inference were employed. RESULTS The facial skeleton size presents a latitudinal pattern which is partially associated with temperature diversity. Both diet and altitude are the variables that mainly explain the skull shape variation, although mean annual temperature also plays a role. The association between climate factors and cranial variation is low to moderate, mean annual temperature explains almost 40% of the entire skull, facial skeleton and cranial vault shape variation, while annual precipitation and minimum annual temperature only contribute to the morphological variation when considered together with maximum annual temperature. The cranial base is the structure less associated with climate diversity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that climate factors may have had a partial impact on the facial and vault shape, and therefore contributed moderately to the diversification of southern South American populations, while diet and altitude might have had a stronger impact. Therefore, cranial variation at the southern cone has been shaped both by random and nonrandom factors. Particularly, the influence of climate on skull shape has probably been the result of directional selection. This study supports that, although cranial vault is the cranial structure more associated to mean annual temperature, the impact of climate signature on morphology decreases when populations from extreme cold environments are excluded from the analysis. Additionally, it shows that the extent of the geographical scales analyzed, as well as differential sampling may lead to different results regarding the role of ecological factors and evolutionary processes on cranial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumila Paula Menéndez
- DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools", University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, Tübingen 72070, Germany.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dechow PC, Wang Q. Evolution of the Jugal/Zygomatic Bones. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:12-15. [PMID: 28000397 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This issue of the Anatomical Record is the second of a two-volume set on the zygoma (also called the cheek bone, the zygomatic bone, the malar, or the jugal, the latter term being used in vertebrates other than mammals). The zygoma is an important component of the craniofacial skeleton, in which the zygoma is a connection between the midfacial and the cranial skeletons; has a functional role as the origin of one of the masticatory muscles, the masseter muscle, and several facial muscles; has been considered as an essential buttress of the facial skeleton for resisting masticatory forces; and has importance for determining phylogenetic relationships. In humans, the zygoma is also of aesthetic significance for facial appearance, and its restoration following trauma has resulted in a large clinical literature. In this second half of the special issue on the zygoma, a series of papers discuss studies related to evolution of the zygoma and related parts of the craniofacial skeleton throughout the vertebrates, and in particular in human evolution. There are also a series of articles discussing variation of the zygoma in modern humans. This article is an overview in which we discuss the primary findings of these studies and some of their implications. Anat Rec, 300:12-15, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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