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Kamat AM, Zheng X, Bos J, Cao M, Triantafyllou MS, Kottapalli AGP. Undulating Seal Whiskers Evolved Optimal Wavelength-to-Diameter Ratio for Efficient Reduction in Vortex-Induced Vibrations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304304. [PMID: 37847914 PMCID: PMC10787063 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Seals are well-known for their remarkable hydrodynamic trail-following capabilities made possible by undulating flow-sensing whiskers that enable the seals to detect fish swimming as far as 180 m away. In this work, the form-function relationship in the undulating whiskers of two different phocid seal species, viz. harbor and gray seals, is studied. The geometry and material properties of excised harbor and grey seal whiskers are systematically characterized using blue light 3D scanning, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. The effect of the undulating geometry on the whiskers' vibration in uniform water flow is studied using both experimental (piezoelectric MEMS and 3D-printed piezoresistive sensors developed in-house) and numerical (finite element method) techniques. The results indicate that the dimensionless ratio of undulation wavelength to mean whisker diameter (λ/Dm ) in phocid seals may have evolved to be in the optimal range of 4.4-4.6, enabling an order-of-magnitude reduction in vortex-induced vibrations (compared to a similarly-shaped circular cylinder) and, consequently, an enhanced flow sensing capability with minimal self-induced noise. The results highlight the importance of the dimensionless λ/Dm ratio in the biomimetic design of seal whisker-inspired vibration-resistant structures, such as marine risers and wake detection sensors for submarines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar M Kamat
- Bioinspired MEMS and Biomedical Devices, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Xingwen Zheng
- Bioinspired MEMS and Biomedical Devices, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Bos
- Bioinspired MEMS and Biomedical Devices, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Cao
- Discrete Technology and Production Automation Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S Triantafyllou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- MIT Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ajay Giri Prakash Kottapalli
- Bioinspired MEMS and Biomedical Devices, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
- MIT Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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2
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Zheng X, Kamat AM, Cao M, Kottapalli AGP. Wavy Whiskers in Wakes: Explaining the Trail-Tracking Capabilities of Whisker Arrays on Seal Muzzles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203062. [PMID: 36403235 PMCID: PMC9839859 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seals can detect prey up to 180 m away using only their flow-sensing whiskers. The unique undulating morphology of Phocid seal whiskers reduces vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs), rendering seals highly sensitive to biologically relevant flow stimuli. In this work, digital models of harbor and grey seal whiskers are extracted using 3D scanning and a mathematical framework that accurately recreates their undulating geometry is proposed. Through fluid-structure interaction studies and experimental investigations involving a whisker array mounted on 3D-printed microelectromechanical systems sensors, the vibration characteristics of the whisker array and the interaction between neighboring whiskers in steady flows and fish-wake-like vortices are explained for the first time. Results reveal that the downstream vortices intensity and resulting VIVs are consistently lower for grey than harbor seal whiskers and a smooth cylinder, suggesting that the grey seal whisker geometry can be an ideal template for the biomimetic design of VIV-resistant underwater structures. In addition, neighboring whiskers in an array influence one another by resulting in greater flow vorticity fluctuation and distribution area, thus causing increased vibrations than an isolated whisker, which indicates the possibility of a signal-strengthening effect in whisker arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Zheng
- Discrete Technology and Production Automation GroupEngineering and Technology Institute GroningenFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenGroningen9747AGThe Netherlands
- Advanced Production Engineering GroupEngineering and Technology Institute GroningenFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenGroningen9747AGThe Netherlands
| | - Amar M. Kamat
- Advanced Production Engineering GroupEngineering and Technology Institute GroningenFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenGroningen9747AGThe Netherlands
| | - Ming Cao
- Discrete Technology and Production Automation GroupEngineering and Technology Institute GroningenFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenGroningen9747AGThe Netherlands
| | - Ajay Giri Prakash Kottapalli
- Advanced Production Engineering GroupEngineering and Technology Institute GroningenFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenGroningen9747AGThe Netherlands
- MIT Sea Grant College ProgramMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
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3
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Simonitis LE, Marshall CD. Microstructure of the Bonnethead Shark ( Sphyrna tiburo) Olfactory Rosette. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac027. [PMID: 35860459 PMCID: PMC9293747 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Synopsis
The unusual shape of sphyrnid (hammerhead shark) heads has led to many functional hypotheses of potential sensory advantages and enhanced olfactory performance. Recent investigations into the flow of water within the sphyrnid olfactory chamber demonstrate that this complex structure exhibits a differential pressure system between the 2 nares that induces flow through the chamber. This leads to differential fluid velocities in different parts of the olfactory chamber. Particularly, lamellae at the medial end of the olfactory chamber experience a near-stagnant recirculation of water. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the microstructure of the olfactory rosette of bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) and (2) given the variability of water flow within the sphyrnid olfactory rosette, investigate differences of individual lamellae based on their positioning within the rosette. Specifically, we investigated degree of secondary folding, percent sensory area, and relative surface along the lateral-to-medial gradient. Both degree of secondary folding and percent sensory area may serve as proxies for olfactory sensitivity, providing connectivity between area devoted to sensitivity and water flow within the olfactory organ. We found that bonnethead sharks exhibited similar lamellar morphology to other shark species. We also described the projection of the olfactory nerve layer through an individual lamella. Additionally, we found that lamellae within the medial portion of the organ, which experience slower water velocities, had less secondary lamellar folds and less sensory area. These findings imply that these areas may be less sensitive. Future work should test for sensitivity differences within the rosette along the lateral-to-medial gradient.
Spanish
La forma inusual de las cabezas de los esfírnidos (tiburones martillo) ha llevado a muchas hipótesis funcionales de posibles ventajas sensoriales y unas mejores capacidades olfativas. Las investigaciones recientes sobre el flujo de agua dentro del órgano olfativo de los esfírnidos, demuestran que esta estructura compleja exhibe un sistema de presión diferente entre las dos fosas nasales que induce el flujo en el órgano. Esto conduce a velocidades de fluido diferentes en distintas partes del órgano olfativo. En particular, las láminas en el extremo medial del órgano olfativo experimentan una recirculación de agua casi estancada. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron 1) describir la microestructura de la roseta olfativa de los tiburones cabeza de pala (Sphyrna tiburo) y 2) considerando la variabilidad del flujo de agua dentro de la roseta olfativa de los esfírnidos, investigar las diferencias de las laminillas individuales, basadas en su posición dentro de la roseta. Específicamente, hemos investigado el grado de plegamiento secundario, el porcentaje del área sensorial y el área relativa de superficie a lo largo del gradiente de lateral a medial. El grado de plegamiento secundario y el porcentaje del área sensorial pueden servir como indicadores de la sensibilidad olfativa, proporcionando conectividad entre el área dedicada a la sensibilidad y el flujo de agua dentro del órgano olfativo. Descubrimos que los tiburones cabeza de pala exhibían una morfología laminar similar a la de otras especies de tiburones. También hemos descrito la proyección del estrato del nervio olfativo dentro de una lámina individual. Además, encontramos que las laminillas dentro de la porción medial del órgano que experimentan velocidades de agua más lentas, tenían menos pliegues laminares secundarios y una menor área sensorial. Estos hallazgos implican que estas áreas pueden ser menos sensitivas. El trabajo futuro debería evaluar las diferencias de sensibilidad dentro de la roseta a lo largo del gradiente de lateral a medial.
German
Die ungewöhnliche Kopfform der Sphyrniden (Hammerhaie) hat schon zu vielen funktionellen Hypothesen bezüglich möglicher sensorischer Vorteile und verbesserter olfaktorischer Leistung geführt. Kürzlich veröffentlichte Studien zur Wasserströmung innerhalb der olfaktorischen Kammern von Sphyrniden zeigen, dass diese komplexe Struktur unterschiedliche Drucksysteme zwischen den beiden Nasenlöchern erzeugt, welches eine Strömung durch die Nasenkammer erzeugt. Dies wiederum führt zu unterschiedlichen Flüssigkeitsströmungen in verschiedenen Abschnitten der olfaktorischen Kammer. Besonders bei den Lamellen am medialen Ende der olfaktorischen Kammer gibt es eine fast schon stillstehende Rezirkulation von Wasser. Die Ziele dieser Studie waren 1) das Beschreiben der Mikrostruktur der olfaktorischen Rosette des Schaufelnasen-Hammerhais (Sphyrna tiburo) und 2) wollten wir, aufgrund der Variabilität der Wasserströmung innerhalb der olfaktorischen Rosette der Sphyrniden, die Unterschiede von individuellen Lamellen basierend auf ihrer unterschiedlichen Position innerhalb der Rosette untersuchen. Wir untersuchten den Grad an sekundären Falten, den Prozentsatz an sensorischer Fläche und die relative Oberfläche entlang dem lateral-zu-medialem Gradienten. Sowohl der Grad an sekundären Falten wie auch der Prozentsatz an sensorischer Fläche mögen als Annäherung für die olfaktorische Sensibilität dienen, weil sie für eine Verbindung zwischen der Fläche, die dem Geruchssinn und der Strömung zwischen den olfaktorischen Organen sorgt. Wir fanden, dass die Schaufelnasen-Hammerhaie eine ähnliche lamellare Morphologie zeigen wie andere Hai-Arten. Wir beschreiben auch wie der Geruchsnerv durch eine individuelle Lamelle verläuft. Weiter fanden wir, dass die Lamellen innerhalb des mittleren Teils des Organs, welches geringe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten erfährt, weniger sekundäre lamellare Falten enthält und weniger sensorische Fläche. Diese Entdeckungen implizieren, dass diese Bereiche weniger sensibel sind auf Gerüche. Zukünftige Arbeiten sollten die unterschiedlichen Sensibilitäten innerhalb der Rosette entlang des lateral-medialem Gradienten testen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Simonitis
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University , Galveston Campus, Galveston, TX 77553 , USA
| | - Christopher D Marshall
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University , Galveston Campus, Galveston, TX 77553 , USA
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843 , USA
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Zheng X, Kamat AM, Cao M, Kottapalli AGP. Creating underwater vision through wavy whiskers: a review of the flow-sensing mechanisms and biomimetic potential of seal whiskers. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210629. [PMID: 34699729 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seals are known to use their highly sensitive whiskers to precisely follow the hydrodynamic trail left behind by prey. Studies estimate that a seal can track a herring that is swimming as far as 180 m away, indicating an incredible detection apparatus on a par with the echolocation system of dolphins and porpoises. This remarkable sensing capability is enabled by the unique undulating structural morphology of the whisker that suppresses vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) and thus increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the flow-sensing whiskers. In other words, the whiskers vibrate minimally owing to the seal's swimming motion, eliminating most of the self-induced noise and making them ultrasensitive to the vortices in the wake of escaping prey. Because of this impressive ability, the seal whisker has attracted much attention in the scientific community, encompassing multiple fields of sensory biology, fluid mechanics, biomimetic flow sensing and soft robotics. This article presents a comprehensive review of the seal whisker literature, covering the behavioural experiments on real seals, VIV suppression capabilities enabled by the undulating geometry, wake vortex-sensing mechanisms, morphology and material properties and finally engineering applications inspired by the shape and functionality of seal whiskers. Promising directions for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Zheng
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amar M Kamat
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Cao
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ajay Giri Prakash Kottapalli
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,MIT Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Mynett N, Mossman HL, Huettner T, Grant RA. Diversity of vibrissal follicle anatomy in cetaceans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:609-621. [PMID: 34288543 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most cetaceans are born with vibrissae but they can be lost or reduced in adulthood, especially in odontocetes. Despite this, some species of odontocetes have been found to have functioning vibrissal follicles (including the follicle itself and any remaining vibrissal hair shaft) that play a role in mechanoreception, proprioception and electroreception. This reveals a greater diversity of vibrissal function in odontocetes than in any other mammalian group. However, we know very little about vibrissal follicle form and function across the Cetacea. Here, we qualitatively describe the gross vibrissal follicle anatomy of fetuses of three species of cetaceans, including two odontocetes: Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and one mysticete: minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and compared our findings to previous anatomical descriptions. All three species had few, short vibrissae contained within a relatively simple, single-part follicle, lacking in muscles. However, we observed differences in vibrissal number, follicle size and shape, and innervation distribution between the species. While all three species had nerve fibers around the follicles, the vibrissal follicles of Balaenoptera acutorostrata were innervated by a deep vibrissal nerve, and the nerve fibers of the odontocetes studied were looser and more branched. For example, in Lagenorhynchus acutus, branches of nerve fibers travelled parallel to the follicle, and innervated more superficial areas, rather than just the base. Our anatomical descriptions lend support to the observation that vibrissal morphology is diverse in cetaceans, and is worth further investigation to fully explore links between form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Mynett
- Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Hannah L Mossman
- Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Tim Huettner
- Nuremberg Zoo, Nuremberg, Germany.,Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robyn A Grant
- Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Milne AO, Muchlinski MN, Orton LD, Sullivan MS, Grant RA. Comparing vibrissal morphology and infraorbital foramen area in pinnipeds. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:556-567. [PMID: 34076956 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pinniped vibrissae are well-adapted to sensing in an aquatic environment, by being morphologically diverse and more sensitive than those of terrestrial species. However, it is both challenging and time-consuming to measure vibrissal sensitivity in many species. In terrestrial species, the infraorbital foramen (IOF) area is associated with vibrissal sensitivity and increases with vibrissal number. While pinnipeds are thought to have large IOF areas, this has not yet been systematically measured before. We investigated vibrissal morphology, IOF area, and skull size in 16 species of pinniped and 12 terrestrial Carnivora species. Pinnipeds had significantly larger skulls and IOF areas, longer vibrissae, and fewer vibrissae than the other Carnivora species. IOF area and vibrissal number were correlated in Pinnipeds, just as they are in terrestrial mammals. However, despite pinnipeds having significantly fewer vibrissae than other Carnivora species, their IOF area was not smaller, which might be due to pinnipeds having vibrissae that are innervated more. We propose that investigating normalized IOF area per vibrissa will offer an alternative way to approximate gross individual vibrissal sensitivity in pinnipeds and other mammalian species. Our data show that many species of pinniped, and some species of felids, are likely to have strongly innervated individual vibrissae, since they have high values of normalized IOF area per vibrissa. We suggest that species that hunt moving prey items in the dark will have more sensitive and specialized vibrissae, especially as they have to integrate between individual vibrissal signals to calculate the direction of moving prey during hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyx O Milne
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Events Team, Blackpool Zoo, Blackpool, UK
| | | | - Llwyd D Orton
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew S Sullivan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Robyn A Grant
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Dougill G, Starostin EL, Milne AO, Heijden GHM, Goss VGA, Grant RA. Ecomorphology reveals Euler spiral of mammalian whiskers. J Morphol 2020; 281:1271-1279. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Dougill
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Eugene L. Starostin
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University London UK
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Alyx O. Milne
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Gert H. M. Heijden
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering University College London London UK
| | | | - Robyn A. Grant
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
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Innervation patterns of mystacial vibrissae support active touch behaviors in California sea lions (
Zalophus californianus
). J Morphol 2019; 280:1617-1627. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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