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Liu L, Zhang CS, Zhang AL, Cai Y, Xue CC. The efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1341074. [PMID: 38425647 PMCID: PMC10902497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1341074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Effective and safe treatments for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is commonly used in China to manage MCI. However, its efficacy and safety remain uncertain. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM for MCI. Methods: Nine databases were searched from their inceptions to January 2023. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of oral CHM for MCI were included. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2.0, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated via the GRADE approach. Results: Thirteen studies, involving 1,043 participants, were analyzed. Most of the studies (10 out of 13) were associated with "some concerns" regarding the overall risk of bias. Meta-analyses results indicated that CHM significantly improved cognitive function compared to placebo in terms of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (MD: 1.90 [1.22, 2.58], I2 = 87%, 11 studies, 823 participants) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (MD: 2.88 [1.69, 4.06], I2 = 81%, 3 studies, 241 participants). The certainty of evidence for MMSE was assessed as "moderate", while it was "low" for MoCA. One study did not report adverse events (AEs), one study reported no statistical difference between the groups in terms of AEs, and 11 studies provided detailed numbers of AE cases where gastrointestinal symptoms were the most commonly reported AEs. Two studies reported no SAEs among participants and one study found no significant difference in SAEs proportions between groups. The meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in AEs between the two groups (RR: 1.31 [0.92, 1.87), I2 = 0%, 11 studies, 839 participants). The cognitive-enhancing function of commonly used herbs (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser, and Polygala tenuifolia Willd.) may be attributed to mechanisms including antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-neurotoxic, anti-cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory actions. Conclusion: Chinese herbal medicine holds potential as an effective intervention to improve cognitive function in MCI patients, supported by meta-analyses evidence of low to moderate certainty. Although current data suggests CHM is generally safe, caution is advised due to the lack of AE reporting or detailed information in some instances. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=400292, identifier [CRD42023400292].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Claire Shuiqing Zhang
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Lin Zhang
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yefeng Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Charlie Changli Xue
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Smith HF, Laitman JT. The yin, yang, and anatomy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in The Anatomical Record. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2915-2919. [PMID: 37779339 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Laitman
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Box 1007, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York, New York, USA
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Huan S, Yang Y, Wang D, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zheng Y. Hippocampal proteins discovery of Panax quinquefolius and Acorus gramineus ameliorating cognitive impairment in diabetic rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1759-1773. [PMID: 37306736 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Early diagnosis of diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) and investigation of effective medicines are significant to prevent or delay the occurrence of irreversible dementia. OBJECTIVES In this study, proteomics was applied to investigate the changes of hippocampal proteins after administration of Panax quinquefolius-Acorus gramineus (PQ-AG) to DCI rats, with a view to discover the differentially expressed proteins of PQ-AG action and elucidated the potential biological relationships. METHODS The model and PQ-AG group rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin, and the PQ-AG group rats were continuously administered with PQ-AG. Social interaction and Morris water maze were performed to evaluate the behavior of rats on the 17th week after the model was established, and DCI rats were screened out from the model group by a screening approach. The hippocampal protein differences were investigated with proteomics in DCI and PQ-AG-treated rats. RESULTS The learning and memory abilities and contact duration of DCI rats were improved after 16 weeks of PQ-AG administration. Altogether, 9 and 17 differentially expressed proteins were observed in control versus DCI rats and in DCI versus PQ-AG-treated rats, respectively. Three proteins were confirmed with western blotting analyses. These proteins were mainly involved in the pathways of JAK-STAT, apoptosis, PI3K/AKT, fork-head box protein O3, fructose, and mannose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This suggested that PQ-AG ameliorated cognitive impairment of diabetic rats by influencing the above pathways and providing an experimental basis for the mechanism of DCI and PQ-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huan
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, 138 Tongda Road, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, 138 Tongda Road, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, 138 Tongda Road, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, 138 Tongda Road, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Xiu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, 138 Tongda Road, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, 138 Tongda Road, Harbin, 150076, China
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Yang CZ, Wang SH, Zhang RH, Lin JH, Tian YH, Yang YQ, Liu J, Ma YX. Neuroprotective effect of astragalin via activating PI3K/Akt-mTOR-mediated autophagy on APP/PS1 mice. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:15. [PMID: 36681681 PMCID: PMC9867706 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a small molecule flavonoid, astragalin (AST) has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidation effects. However, the impact and molecular mechanism of AST in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still not clear. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of AST on APP/PS1 mice and Aβ25-35-injured HT22 cells. In this study, we found that AST ameliorated cognitive dysfunction, reduced hippocampal neuronal damage and loss, and Aβ pathology in APP/PS1 mice. Subsequently, AST activated autophagy and up-regulated the levels of autophagic flux-related protein in APP/PS1 mice and Aβ25-35-induced injury in HT22 cells. Interestingly, AST down-regulated the phosphorylation level of PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway-related proteins, which was reversed by autophagy inhibitors 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) or Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1). At the same time, consistent with the impacts of Akt inhibitor MK2206 and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, inhibited levels of autophagy in Aβ25-35-injured HT22 cells were activated by the administration of AST. Taken together, these results suggested that AST played key neuroprotective roles on AD via stimulating PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy and autophagic flux. This study revealed a new mechanism of autophagy regulation behind the neuroprotection impact of AST for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Zhu Yang
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Han Wang
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Heng Zhang
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lin
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Hong Tian
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Experiment Teaching & Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Qi Yang
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xin Ma
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kim CJ, Kwak TY, Bae MH, Shin HK, Choi BT. Therapeutic Potential of Active Components from Acorus gramineus and Acorus tatarinowii in Neurological Disorders and Their Application in Korean Medicine. J Pharmacopuncture 2022; 25:326-343. [PMID: 36628348 PMCID: PMC9806153 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2022.25.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent a substantial healthcare burden worldwide due to population aging. Acorus gramineus Solander (AG) and Acorus tatarinowii Schott (AT), whose major component is asarone, have been shown to be effective in neurological disorders. This review summarized current information from preclinical and clinical studies regarding the effects of extracts and active components of AG and AT (e.g., α-asarone and β-asarone) on neurological disorders and biomedical targets, as well as the mechanisms involved. Databases, including PubMed, Embase, and RISS, were searched using the following keywords: asarone, AG, AT, and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression and anxiety, epilepsy, and stroke. Meta-analyses and reviews were excluded. A total of 873 studies were collected. A total of 89 studies were selected after eliminating studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. Research on neurological disorders widely reported that extracts or active components of AG and AT showed therapeutic efficacy in treating neurological disorders. These components also possessed a wide array of neuroprotective effects, including reduction of pathogenic protein aggregates, antiapoptotic activity, modulation of autophagy, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, regulation of neurotransmitters, activation of neurogenesis, and stimulation of neurotrophic factors. Most of the included studies were preclinical studies that used in vitro and in vivo models, and only a few clinical studies have been performed. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on AG and AT therapeutic effects as a basis for further clinical studies, and clinical trials are required before these findings can be applied to human neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Ju Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Kwak
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyeok Bae
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author Hwa Kyoung Shin, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8476, E-mail:, Byung Tae Choi, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8475, E-mail:
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author Hwa Kyoung Shin, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8476, E-mail:, Byung Tae Choi, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8475, E-mail:
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Karthika C, Appu AP, Akter R, Rahman MH, Tagde P, Ashraf GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Hassan SSU, Abid A, Bungau S. Potential innovation against Alzheimer's disorder: a tricomponent combination of natural antioxidants (vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil) and the development of its intranasal delivery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10950-10965. [PMID: 35000160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disorder (AD) is very difficult to manage and treat. The complexity of the brain, the blood-brain barrier influencing a multitude of parameters/biomarkers, as well as numerous other factors involved often contribute to the decline in the chances of treatment success. Development of the new drug moiety also takes time, being necessary to consider both its toxicity and related issues. As a strategic plan, a combined strategy is being developed and considered to address AD pathology using several approaches. A combination of vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil in a nano-based formulation is designed to be administered nasally. The antioxidant present in these natural-based products helps to treat and alleviate AD if a synergistic approach is considered. The three active substances mentioned above are well known for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The nanoformulation helps the co-delivery of the drug moiety to the brain through the intranasal route. In this review, a correlation and use of vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil in a nano-based formulation is described as an effective way to treat AD. The intranasal administration of drugs is a promising approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative and mental disorders, as this route is non-invasive, enhances the bioavailability, allows a drug dose reduction, bypasses the blood-brain barrier, and reduces the systemic undesired effect. The use of natural products is generally considered to be just as safe; therefore, by using this combined approach, the level of toxicity can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmala Karthika
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju, 26426, South Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju, 26426, South Korea.
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Syed Shams Ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Areha Abid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028, Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087, Oradea, Romania
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Wang W, Diwu Y, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Sayed TI, Wang D, Gou Y. Chinese herbal medicine for mild cognitive impairment using mini-mental state examination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27034. [PMID: 34559097 PMCID: PMC8462642 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly population aged 60 to 84 years ranges from 6.7% to 25.2%, and the effective prevention and reversal of MCI progression to Alzheimer disease (AD) is crucial. The mini mental state examination (MMSE) is the most commonly used screening tool in Chinese outpatient clinics, with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to allow useful stratification from average to abnormal with adequate consideration of age and education. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical significance of Chinese herbs on MMSE scores in MCI patients and discuss the effectiveness of Chinese herbs through pharmacology. METHODS Three English databases and 4 Chinese databases we have searched, and the risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane tool. Statistics will be used for heterogeneity assessment, sensitivity analysis, data synthesis, funnel plot generation and subgroup analysis. If sufficiently homogeneous studies are found, a Meta-analysis will be performed, with subgroups describing any differences. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were included, 4 studies were placebo-controlled, 14 Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) were compared with other cognitive improvements, 3 CHMs were combined with other medications, and the results of 17 studies favored the herbal group. CONCLUSION The results indicate that herbal medicine can improve MMSE scores, and herbal medicine combined with other drugs that can improve cognition can significantly improve MMSE scores, but there are methodological flaws in the study. Experimental studies have found a basis for the ability of herbs to improve cognition and memory impairment, and herbal medicine has great potential to improve MCI cognition. Keywords mild cognitive impairment, herbal medicine, MMSE, systematic evaluation, meta-analysis. PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews protocol registration number: CRD42020202368.
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Yang Y, Wang D, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Bi Y, Bi T. Metabolomics study of cerebrospinal fluid from diabetic rats with cognitive impairment simultaneously treated with Panax quinquefolius and Acorus gramineus. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5041. [PMID: 33274456 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A metabolomics approach was used to explore the effects of Panax quinquefolius (PQ) and Acorus gramineus (AG) on learning and memory in rats with diabetic-induced cognitive impairment. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups, namely, the normal group, model group, and PQ-AG group (PQ-AG group, 1.80 g/kg/d). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected via cisterna magna puncture, and the Morris water maze method was used to evaluate learning and memory in rats after 11 weeks of PQ-AG treatment. Metabolic profiling of CSF samples was performed by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Compared with the normal group, the escape latency of the Morris water maze was significantly prolonged in model group rats after 12 weeks (p < 0.01). Compared with the model group, however, the escape latency was significantly shortened in PQ-AG group rats (p < 0.05). In multivariate statistical analysis, we identified 33 potential biomarkers, and six biomarkers were altered by PQ-AG. These biomarkers were involved in the metabolism of pyrimidine; nicotinate, and nicotinamide; glycine, serine, and threonine; and ascorbate and aldarate. Taken collectively, our results indicate that PQ-AG can attenuate diabetic-induced cognitive impairment by affecting a variety of metabolic pathways. Our results provide an experimental basis for studying the mechanism of action of PQ-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Harbin University of Commerce, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Harbin University of Commerce, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Harbin University of Commerce, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Harbin University of Commerce, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
| | - Yuying Bi
- Harbin University of Commerce, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
| | - Tiantian Bi
- Harbin University of Commerce, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
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