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Zhao X, Peng X, Wang Z, Zheng X, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen J, Yuan D, Liu Y, Du J. MicroRNAs in Small Extracellular Vesicles from Amniotic Fluid and Maternal Plasma Associated with Fetal Palate Development in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17173. [PMID: 38139002 PMCID: PMC10743272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is a common congenital birth defect. Cellular and morphological processes change dynamically during palatogenesis, and any disturbance in this process could result in CP. However, the molecular mechanisms steering this fundamental phase remain unclear. One study suggesting a role for miRNAs in palate development via maternal small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) drew our attention to their potential involvement in palatogenesis. In this study, we used an in vitro model to determine how SEVs derived from amniotic fluid (ASVs) and maternal plasma (MSVs) influence the biological behaviors of mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells and medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells; we also compared time-dependent differential expression (DE) miRNAs in ASVs and MSVs with the DE mRNAs in palate tissue from E13.5 to E15.5 to study the dynamic co-regulation of miRNAs and mRNAs during palatogenesis in vivo. Our results demonstrate that some pivotal biological activities, such as MEPM proliferation, migration, osteogenesis, and MEE apoptosis, might be directed, in part, by stage-specific MSVs and ASVs. We further identified interconnected networks and key miRNAs such as miR-744-5p, miR-323-5p, and miR-3102-5p, offering a roadmap for mechanistic investigations and the identification of early CP biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xige Zhao
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xia Peng
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yijia Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China;
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Peng X, Chen J, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhao X, Zheng X, Wang Z, Yuan D, Du J. Osteogenic microenvironment affects palatal development through glycolysis. Differentiation 2023; 133:1-11. [PMID: 37267667 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Palate development involves various events, including proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Disruption of these processes can result in the cleft palate (CP). Mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells are commonly used to explore the mechanism of palatal development and CP. However, the role of the microenvironment in the biological properties of MEPM cells, which undergoes dynamic changes during palate development, is rarely reported. In this study, we investigated whether there were differences between the palatal shelf mesenchyme at different developmental stages. Our results found that the palatal shelves facilitate proliferation at the early palate stage at mouse embryonic day (E) 13.5 and the tendency towards osteogenesis at E15.5, the late palate development stage. And the osteogenic microenvironment, which was mimicked by osteogenic differentiation medium (OIM), affected the biological properties of MEPM cells when compared to the routine medium. Specifically, MEPM cells showed slower proliferation, shorter S phase, increased apoptosis, and less migration distance after osteogenesis. E15.5 MEPM cells were more sensitive than E13.5, showing an earlier change. Moreover, E13.5 MEPM cells had weaker osteogenic ability than E15.5, and both MEPM cells exhibited different Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and Cytochrome c (CytC) expressions in OIM compared to routine medium, suggesting that glycolysis might be associated with the influence of the osteogenic microenvironment on MEPM cells. By comparing the stemness of the two cells, we investigated that the stemness of E13.5 MEPM cells was stronger than that of E15.5 MEPM cells, and E15.5 MEPM cells were more like differentiated cells than stem cells, as their capacity to differentiate into multiple cell fates was reduced. E13.5 MEPM cells might be the precursor cells of E15.5 MEPM cells. Our results enriched the understanding of the effect of the microenvironment on the biological properties of E13.5 and E15.5 MEPM cells, which should be considered when using MEPM cells as a model for palatal studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Peng
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xige Zhao
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dong Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, China.
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FGF9 Promotes Expression of HAS2 in Palatal Elevation via the Wnt/β-Catenin/TCF7L2 Pathway. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111639. [PMID: 36358989 PMCID: PMC9687196 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fgf9 mutation was found in cleft palate patients. Our previous study indicated that Fgf9 promotes timely elevation of palate by regulating hyaluronic acid (HA) accumulation at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5). HA is synthesized by hyaluronic acid synthases (HAS) isoforms 1, 2, or 3. However, how FGF9 regulates HA in palatogenesis is still unclear. Methods: Using Ddx4-Cre mice, we generated the Fgf9−/− mouse model (with exon 2 deletion). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the location and expression of HAS2 in WT and the Fgf9−/− palate at E13.5. We also predicted the association between Fgf9 and Has2 within the developing palate by performing a bioinformatics analysis. The expression of β-catenin, HAS2, and TCF7L2 were verified by Western blotting after knockout of Fgf9. Rescue experiments were performed by ELISA in vitro. Results: Fgf9−/− mice exhibited 100% penetrance of the cleft palate. A knockout of Fgf9 confirmed that HAS2 and TCF7L2 expression was positively correlated with FGF9. TCF7L2 binds to the Has2 promoter, exhibiting the high specificity predicted by JASPAR. Additionally, increased HA expression by BML-284, TCF-dependent agonist, was blocked in Fgf9−/− palate because of the significant decline in TCF7L2 expression. Conclusions: FGF9 promotes HAS2 expression via Wnt/β-catenin/TCF7L2 pathway with TCF7L2 activating transcription of Has2 in the palate.
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Liao C, Lu M, Hong Y, Mao C, Chen J, Ren C, Lin M, Chen W. Osteogenic and angiogenic profiles of the palatal process of the maxilla and the palatal process of the palatine bone. J Anat 2022; 240:385-397. [PMID: 34569061 PMCID: PMC8742962 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard palate consists anteriorly of the palatal process of the maxilla (ppmx) and posteriorly of the palatal process of the palatine (ppp). Currently, palatal osteogenesis is receiving increasing attention. This is the first study to provide an overview of the osteogenesis process of the mouse hard palate. We found that the period in which avascular mesenchymal condensation becomes a vascularized bone structure corresponds to embryonic day (E) 14.5 to E16.5 in the hard palate. The ppmx and ppp differ remarkably in morphology and molecular respects during osteogenesis. Osteoclasts in the ppmx and ppp are heterogeneous. There was a multinucleated giant osteoclast on the bone surface at the lateral-nasal side of the ppmx, while osteoclasts in the ppp were more abundant and adjacent to blood vessels but were smaller and had fewer nuclei. In addition, bone remodeling in the hard palate was asymmetric and exclusively occurred on the nasal side of the hard palate at E18.5. During angiogenesis, CD31-positive endothelial cells were initially localized in the surrounding of palatal mesenchymal condensation and then invaded the condensation in a sprouting fashion. At the transcriptome level, we found 78 differentially expressed genes related to osteogenesis and angiogenesis between the ppmx and ppp. Fifty-five related genes were up/downregulated from E14.5 to E16.5. Here, we described the morphogenesis and the heterogeneity in the osteogenic and angiogenic genes profiles of the ppmx and ppp, which are significant for subsequent studies of normal and abnormal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyu Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Chengyan Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Minkui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Weihui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Shpargel KB, Mangini CL, Xie G, Ge K, Magnuson T. The KMT2D Kabuki syndrome histone methylase controls neural crest cell differentiation and facial morphology. Development 2020; 147:dev.187997. [PMID: 32541010 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a congenital craniofacial disorder resulting from mutations in the KMT2D histone methylase (KS1) or the UTX histone demethylase (KS2). With small cohorts of KS2 patients, it is not clear whether differences exist in clinical manifestations relative to KS1. We mutated KMT2D in neural crest cells (NCCs) to study cellular and molecular functions in craniofacial development with respect to UTX. Similar to UTX, KMT2D NCC knockout mice demonstrate hypoplasia with reductions in frontonasal bone lengths. We have traced the onset of KMT2D and UTX mutant NCC frontal dysfunction to a stage of altered osteochondral progenitor differentiation. KMT2D NCC loss-of-function does exhibit unique phenotypes distinct from UTX mutation, including fully penetrant cleft palate, mandible hypoplasia and deficits in cranial base ossification. KMT2D mutant NCCs lead to defective secondary palatal shelf elevation with reduced expression of extracellular matrix components. KMT2D mutant chondrocytes in the cranial base fail to properly differentiate, leading to defective endochondral ossification. We conclude that KMT2D is required for appropriate cranial NCC differentiation and KMT2D-specific phenotypes may underlie differences between Kabuki syndrome subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B Shpargel
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Cassidy L Mangini
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Guojia Xie
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kai Ge
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
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