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Radini A, Nikita E. Beyond dirty teeth: Integrating dental calculus studies with osteoarchaeological parameters. QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR QUATERNARY RESEARCH 2023; 653-654:3-18. [PMID: 37089908 PMCID: PMC10109118 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of ancient human dental calculus (mineralized dental plaque, also known as tartar) is becoming increasingly important in osteoarchaeology, human palaeoecology and environmental archaeology. Microremains of different origin (e.g. starch granules, pollen, phytoliths, feather barbules) as well as biomolecules and chemical compounds retrieved from its mineral matrix may represent an important link between past humans and their physical, biological and social environment, but they are rarely fully linked to the evidence from skeletal remains. This paper critically reviews the lines of evidence retrieved from dental calculus in relation to osteoarchaeological parameters, employing macroscopic, microscopic and biomolecular approaches, assessing synergy potential and limitations. The scope of this paper is also to contribute to the building of a much needed theoretical framework in this emerging subfield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Radini
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, The University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
- York JEOL Nanocentre, The University of York, Science Park, York, UK
- Corresponding author. BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, The University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK.
| | - Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Gangadaran P, Madhyastha H, Madhyastha R, Rajendran RL, Nakajima Y, Watanabe N, Velikkakath AKG, Hong CM, Gopi RV, Muthukalianan GK, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A, Jeyaraman M, Ahn BC. The emerging role of exosomes in innate immunity, diagnosis and therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1085057. [PMID: 36726968 PMCID: PMC9885214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are nano-sized transport bio-vehicles, play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis by exchanging genetic or metabolic information between different cells. Exosomes can also play a vital role in transferring virulent factors between the host and parasite, thereby regulating host gene expression and the immune interphase. The association of inflammation with disease development and the potential of exosomes to enhance or mitigate inflammatory pathways support the notion that exosomes have the potential to alter the course of a disease. Clinical trials exploring the role of exosomes in cancer, osteoporosis, and renal, neurological, and pulmonary disorders are currently underway. Notably, the information available on the signatory efficacy of exosomes in immune-related disorders remains elusive and sporadic. In this review, we discuss immune cell-derived exosomes and their application in immunotherapy, including those against autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Further, we have elucidated our views on the major issues in immune-related pathophysiological processes. Therefore, the information presented in this review highlights the role of exosomes as promising strategies and clinical tools for immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Gangadaran
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan,*Correspondence: Harishkumar Madhyastha, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Anoop Kumar G. Velikkakath
- Center for System Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Velikkakath Gopi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Harishkumar Madhyastha, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
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Zhou L, Ye H, Liu L, Chen Y. Human Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Inhibit IL-1β-Induced Inflammation in Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes. CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:485-494. [PMID: 34455725 PMCID: PMC8405079 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC)-derived exosomes exhibit protective effects against
inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to explore the effects of hBMSC-derived exosomes on osteoarthritis (OA) in
vitro and its related mechanisms. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we characterised exosomes derived from hBMSCs by transmission
electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking and Western blot analysis. Cellular uptake of exosomes was observed by
fluorescent microscopy. Cell viability of chondrocytes exposed to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) was determined by the
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine
expression levels of genes related to apoptosis, inflammation, cartilage collagen metabolism and mitogen-activated
protein kinases.
Results Fluorescence microscopy revealed that hBMSC-derived exosomes could be taken up by chondrocytes.
hBMSC-derived exosomes could significantly enhance cell viability of chondrocytes in response to IL-1β treatment.
RT-qPCR showed significant up-regulation of Survivin, Versican, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, MMP-13, MAPK p38, JNK, ERK,
Aggrecan and SOX9 expression levels by IL-1β treatment, while their mRNA expression levels decreased after co-
culture with exosomes. The anti-inflammatory gene TGF-β was markedly suppressed by IL-1β treatment; however, we
observed its expression after co-culture with exosomes. Additionally, the pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB,
TNF-α and TNF-β displayed significantly elevated expression levels in the IL-1β group and reduced expression levels
after co-culture with exosomes.
Conclusion hBMSC-derived exosomes may play a protective role in chondrocytes through inhibiting cell apoptosis
and the inflammatory response. These results will provide a novel therapeutic strategy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhou
- Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haiwei Ye
- Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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He LR, de Almeida Prado PS. An evaluation of the relationship between the degree of entheseal changes and the severity of osteodegenerative processes at fibrocartilaginous entheses. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1255-1265. [PMID: 33073487 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An enthesis refers to the interface at which a tendon or a ligament integrates into the periosteum. Its morphology can be influenced by intrinsic factors such as sex, age, and extrinsic factors such as levels of activity, which will in turn impact on bone remodeling and lead to morphological changes. In bioarcheology, entheseal changes have had a long tradition of being used for the reconstruction of past activities. The literature has shown that in some cases of osteoarthritis, entheseal changes are associated with osteoarthritic manifestations. This work aims to evaluate the relationship between the degree of entheseal changes and the severity of osteodegenerative processes. The studied materials consisted of 30 humeri and 30 femora from the osteological collection at St George's University of London. Intensities of both entheseal changes and osteodegenerative processes were macroscopically assessed and scored. The difference in scores of entheseal changes between osteoarthritic groups and nonosteoarthritic groups is statistically significant at a confidence level of 95% (α = .05) for both the humeri and femora. Results show a positive correlation between the degree of entheseal changes and the severity of osteodegenerative processes in the femora, suggesting that enthesis may play a role in osteoarthritis. Findings from this work supports the proposed hypothesis that the degree of entheseal changes and the severity of osteoarthritic manifestation are related. This work contributes to current knowledge that osteoarthritis is a disease involving the whole joint; the enthesis could potentially be a target for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ruoqiao He
- Institute of Medical & Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Shirley de Almeida Prado
- Institute of Medical & Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, London, UK
- Department of Bio-morphology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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