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Mokhtar DM, Sayed RKA, Zaccone G, Alesci A, Hussein MM. The potential role of the pseudobranch of molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) in immunity and cell regeneration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8665. [PMID: 37248336 PMCID: PMC10227048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudobranch is a gill-like structure that exhibits great variations in structure and function among fish species, and therefore, it has remained a topic of investigation for a long time. This study was conducted on adult Molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) to investigate the potential functions of their pseudobranch using histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The pseudobranch of Molly fish was of embedded type. It comprised many rows of parallel lamellae that were fused completely throughout their length by a thin connective tissue. These lamellae consisted of a central blood capillary, surrounded by large secretory pseudobranch cells (PSCs). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of PSCs for CD3, CD45, iNOS-2, and NF-κB, confirming their role in immunity. Furthermore, T-lymphocytes-positive CD3, leucocytes-positive CD45, and dendritic cells-positive CD-8 and macrophage- positive APG-5 could be distinguished. Moreover, myogenin and TGF-β-positive PSCs were identified, in addition to nests of stem cells- positive SOX-9 were detected. Melanocytes, telocytes, and GFAP-positive astrocytes were also demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the PSCs were covered by microridges, which may increase the surface area for ionic exchange. In conclusion, pseudobranch is a highly specialized structure that may be involved in immune response, ion transport, acid-base balance, as well as cell proliferation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Ramy K A Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Marwa M Hussein
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Mokhtar DM, Sayed RKA, Zaccone G, Albano M, Hussein MT. Ependymal and Neural Stem Cells of Adult Molly Fish ( Poecilia sphenops, Valenciennes, 1846) Brain: Histomorphometry, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Studies. Cells 2022; 11:2659. [PMID: 36078068 PMCID: PMC9455025 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted on 16 adult specimens of molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) to investigate ependymal cells (ECs) and their role in neurogenesis using ultrastructural examination and immunohistochemistry. The ECs lined the ventral and lateral surfaces of the optic ventricle and their processes extended through the tectal laminae and ended at the surface of the tectum as a subpial end-foot. Two cell types of ECs were identified: cuboidal non-ciliated (5.68 ± 0.84/100 μm2) and columnar ciliated (EC3.22 ± 0.71/100 μm2). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed two types of GFAP immunoreactive cells: ECs and astrocytes. The ECs showed the expression of IL-1β, APG5, and Nfr2. Moreover, ECs showed immunostaining for myostatin, S100, and SOX9 in their cytoplasmic processes. The proliferative activity of the neighboring stem cells was also distinct. The most interesting finding in this study was the glia-neuron interaction, where the processes of ECs met the progenitor neuronal cells in the ependymal area of the ventricular wall. These cells showed bundles of intermediate filaments in their processes and basal poles and were connected by desmosomes, followed by gap junctions. Many membrane-bounded vesicles could be demonstrated on the surface of the ciliated ECs that contained neurosecretion. The abluminal and lateral cell surfaces of ECs showed pinocytotic activities with many coated vesicles, while their apical cytoplasm contained centrioles. The occurrence of stem cells in close position to the ECs, and the presence of bundles of generating axons in direct contact with these stem cells indicate the role of ECs in neurogenesis. The TEM results revealed the presence of neural stem cells in a close position to the ECs, in addition to the presence of bundles of generating axons in direct contact with these stem cells. The present study indicates the role of ECs in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M. Mokhtar
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Manal T. Hussein
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Sayed RKA, Zaccone G, Capillo G, Albano M, Mokhtar DM. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Spleen in Molly Fish Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes, 1846): Synergistic Interactions of Stem Cells, Neurons, and Immune Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050779. [PMID: 35625510 PMCID: PMC9138448 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In fish, the spleen is the prime secondary lymphoid organ. It has a role in the induction of adaptive immune responses, in addition to its significance in the elimination of immune complexes. This study was conducted on 18 randomly obtained adult molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) of both sexes using histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies to highlight the cellular components of the spleen and their potential role in the immune system. The spleen of molly fish was characterized by the presence of well-distinct melanomacrophage centers, and other basic structures present in higher vertebrates including red and white pulps, blood vessels, and ellipsoids. Some mitotic cells could also be identified in the red pulp. Mast cells with characteristic metachromatic granules could be seen among the splenic cells. Rodlet cells were randomly distributed in the spleen and were also observed around the ellipsoids. The white pulp of the spleen expressed APG5. The expressions were well distinct in the melanomacrophages, leukocytes, and macrophages. Myostatin was expressed in leukocytes and epithelial reticular cells. IL-1β showed immunoreactivity in monocytes and macrophages around the ellipsoids. NF-κB and TGF-β were expressed in macrophages and epithelial reticular cells. Nrf2 expression was detected in stem cells and rodlet cells. Sox-9 had a higher expression in epithelial reticular cells and stem cells. The high frequency of immune cells in the spleen confirmed its role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.Z.); (G.C.)
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.Z.); (G.C.)
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-38-8119-3816
| | - Doaa M. Mokhtar
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
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Alesci A, Cicero N, Fumia A, Petrarca C, Mangifesta R, Nava V, Lo Cascio P, Gangemi S, Di Gioacchino M, Lauriano ER. Histological and Chemical Analysis of Heavy Metals in Kidney and Gills of Boops boops: Melanomacrophages Centers and Rodlet Cells as Environmental Biomarkers. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050218. [PMID: 35622632 PMCID: PMC9147125 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Industrialization has resulted in a massive increase in garbage output, which is frequently discharged or stored in waterways like rivers and seas. Due to their toxicity, durability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification, heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, and lead) have been identified as strong biological poisons. Their presence in the aquatic environment has the potential to affect water quality parameters and aquatic life in general. Teleosts’ histopathology provides a sensitive indicator of pollutant-induced stress, because their organs have a central role in the transformation of different active chemical compounds in the aquatic environment. In particular, the gills, kidneys, and liver are placed at the center of toxicological studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the morphological changes caused by heavy metals in the kidney and gills of Boops boops, with a focus on melanomacrophages centers (MMCs) and rodlet cells (RCs) as environmental biomarkers, using histological and histochemical stainings (hematoxylin/eosin, Van Gieson trichrome, Periodic Acid Schiff reaction, and Alcian Blue/PAS 2.5), and immunoperoxidase methods. Our findings show an increase of MMCs and RCs linked to higher exposure to heavy metals, confirming the role of these aggregates and cells as reliable biomarkers of potential aquatic environmental changes reflected in fish fauna. The cytological study of RCs and MMCs could be important in gaining a better understanding of the complicated immune systems of teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.L.C.); (E.R.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98147 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.P.); (R.M.); (M.D.G.)
- YDA–Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65121 Pescara, Italy
| | - Rocco Mangifesta
- Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.P.); (R.M.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.L.C.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98147 Messina, Italy;
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.P.); (R.M.); (M.D.G.)
- YDA–Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65121 Pescara, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.L.C.); (E.R.L.)
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Alesci A, Lauriano ER, Fumia A, Irrera N, Mastrantonio E, Vaccaro M, Gangemi S, Santini A, Cicero N, Pergolizzi S. Relationship between Immune Cells, Depression, Stress, and Psoriasis: Could the Use of Natural Products Be Helpful? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061953. [PMID: 35335319 PMCID: PMC8954591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most widespread chronic inflammatory skin diseases, affecting about 2%-3% of the worldwide adult population. The pathogenesis of this disease is quite complex, but an interaction between genetic and environmental factors has been recognized with an essential modulation of inflammatory and immune responses in affected patients. Psoriatic plaques generally represent the clinical psoriatic feature resulting from an abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, which cause dermal hyperplasia, skin infiltration of immune cells, and increased capillarity. Some scientific pieces of evidence have reported that psychological stress may play a key role in psoriasis, and the disease itself may cause stress conditions in patients, thus reproducing a vicious cycle. The present review aims at examining immune cell involvement in psoriasis and the relationship of depression and stress in its pathogenesis and development. In addition, this review contains a focus on the possible use of natural products, thus pointing out their mechanism of action in order to counteract clinical and psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.R.L.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.R.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98147 Messina, Italy; (A.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine—Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine—Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98147 Messina, Italy; (A.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.R.L.); (S.P.)
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