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Diller JGP, Hüftlein F, Lücker D, Feldhaar H, Laforsch C. Allelochemical run-off from the invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera decreases defensibility in Daphnia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1207. [PMID: 36681694 PMCID: PMC9867768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are a major threat for native ecosystems and organisms living within. They are reducing the biodiversity in invaded ecosystems, by outcompeting native species with e. g. novel substances. Invasive terrestrial plants can release allelochemicals, thereby reducing biodiversity due to the suppression of growth of native plants in invaded habitats. Aside from negative effects on plants, allelochemicals can affect other organisms such as mycorrhiza fungi and invertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems. When invasive plants grow in riparian zones, it is very likely that terrestrial borne allelochemicals can leach into the aquatic ecosystem. There, the often highly reactive compounds may not only elicit toxic effects to aquatic organisms, but they may also interfere with biotic interactions. Here we show that the allelochemical 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ), produced by the ubiquitously occurring invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera, interferes with the ability of Daphnia to defend itself against predators with morphological defences. Daphnia magna and Daphnia longicephala responded with morphological defences induced by chemical cues released by their corresponding predators, Triops cancriformis or Notonecta sp. However, predator cues in combination with 2-MNQ led to a reduction in the morphological defensive traits, body- and tail-spine length, in D. magna. In D. longicephala all tested inducible defensive traits were not significantly affected by 2-MNQ but indicate similar patterns, highlighting the importance to study different species to assess the risks for aquatic ecosystems. Since it is essential for Daphnia to adapt defences to the current predation risk, a maladaptation in defensive traits when simultaneously exposed to allelochemicals released by I. glandulifera, may therefore have knock-on effects on population dynamics across multiple trophic levels, as Daphnia is a key species in lentic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Georg Peter Diller
- Animal Ecology I, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- BayCEER, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frederic Hüftlein
- Animal Ecology I, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- BayCEER, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Darleen Lücker
- Animal Ecology I, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Ecology I, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
- BayCEER, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
- BayCEER, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Pires EO, Caleja C, Garcia CC, Ferreira IC, Barros L. Current status of genus Impatiens: Bioactive compounds and natural pigments with health benefits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Block AK, Yakubova E, Widhalm JR. Specialized naphthoquinones present in Impatiens glandulifera nectaries inhibit the growth of fungal nectar microbes. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00132. [PMID: 31245775 PMCID: PMC6589542 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The invasion success of Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) in certain parts of Europe and North America has been partially attributed to its ability to compete for bee pollinators with its rich nectar and due to its capacity to produce and release allelopathic 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) from its roots and leaves. Given that other 1,4-NQs present in the digestive fluids of certain carnivorous plants are proposed to control microbial colonization, we investigated the potential for the 1,4-NQs, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ) and lawsone, to fulfill an analogous role in the nectaries of I. glandulifera. Both 2-MNQ and lawsone were detected in the floral nectaries of I. glandulifera at levels comparable to leaves and roots, but were discovered to be at significantly higher levels in its extra-floral nectaries (EFNs) and to be present in EFN nectar itself. Nectar microbe inhibition assays revealed that the common nectar bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans and Asaia prunellae are not inhibited by 2-MNQ or lawsone, although both compounds were found to inhibit the growth of the common fungal nectar microbes Metschnikowia reukaufii and Aureobasidium pullulans. Taken together, these findings suggest that 2-MNQ and lawsone could serve to protect the rich nectar of I. glandulifera against fungal growth. The high abundance of 2-MNQ and lawsone in I. glandulifera EFNs may also point to an unsuspected mechanism for how allelopathic 1,4-NQs are leached into the soil where they exhibit their known allelopathic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyU.S. Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Elena Yakubova
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Joshua R. Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
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Species- and developmental stage-specific effects of allelopathy and competition of invasive Impatiens glandulifera on co-occurring plants. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 30403696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205843.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impacts of invasive species on native communities are often difficult to assess, because they depend on a range of factors, such as species identity and traits. Such context-dependencies are poorly understood yet, but knowledge is required to predict the impact of invasions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed species- and developmental stage-specificity of competitive and allelopathic effects of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera on different developmental stages of four native plant species. While some studies have shown a reduction in plant growth caused by I. glandulifera, the magnitude of its impact is ambiguous. For our study we used seedlings and juveniles of I. glandulifera and the native target species Geum urbanum, Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica, and Salix fragilis (seedlings only of the latter), which often co-occur with I. glandulifera in different habitats. Plants were grown in competition with I. glandulifera or treated with I. glandulifera leaf material, or 2-metoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone (2-MNQ), its supposedly main allelochemical. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Overall I. glandulifera had a negative effect on the growth of all target species depending on the species and on the plant's developmental stage. F. ulmaria was the least affected and U. dioica the most, and seedlings were less affected than juveniles. The species-specific response to I. glandulifera may lead to an altered community composition in the field, while growth reduction of seedlings and juveniles should give I. glandulifera an advantage in cases where plant recruitment is crucial. 2-MNQ led to minor reductions in plant growth, suggesting that it may not be the only allelopathic substance of I. glandulifera. Surprisingly, I. glandulifera was not fully tolerant to 2-MNQ. This autotoxicity could contribute to I. glandulifera population dynamics. We conclude that I. glandulifera reduces the growth of native vegetation and alters early successional stages without fully hindering it.
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Bieberich J, Lauerer M, Drachsler M, Heinrichs J, Müller S, Feldhaar H. Species- and developmental stage-specific effects of allelopathy and competition of invasive Impatiens glandulifera on co-occurring plants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205843. [PMID: 30403696 PMCID: PMC6221290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impacts of invasive species on native communities are often difficult to assess, because they depend on a range of factors, such as species identity and traits. Such context-dependencies are poorly understood yet, but knowledge is required to predict the impact of invasions. Materials and methods We assessed species- and developmental stage-specificity of competitive and allelopathic effects of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera on different developmental stages of four native plant species. While some studies have shown a reduction in plant growth caused by I. glandulifera, the magnitude of its impact is ambiguous. For our study we used seedlings and juveniles of I. glandulifera and the native target species Geum urbanum, Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica, and Salix fragilis (seedlings only of the latter), which often co-occur with I. glandulifera in different habitats. Plants were grown in competition with I. glandulifera or treated with I. glandulifera leaf material, or 2-metoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone (2-MNQ), its supposedly main allelochemical. Results and conclusions Overall I. glandulifera had a negative effect on the growth of all target species depending on the species and on the plant’s developmental stage. F. ulmaria was the least affected and U. dioica the most, and seedlings were less affected than juveniles. The species-specific response to I. glandulifera may lead to an altered community composition in the field, while growth reduction of seedlings and juveniles should give I. glandulifera an advantage in cases where plant recruitment is crucial. 2-MNQ led to minor reductions in plant growth, suggesting that it may not be the only allelopathic substance of I. glandulifera. Surprisingly, I. glandulifera was not fully tolerant to 2-MNQ. This autotoxicity could contribute to I. glandulifera population dynamics. We conclude that I. glandulifera reduces the growth of native vegetation and alters early successional stages without fully hindering it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bieberich
- Ecological Botanical Gardens, BayCEER (Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Animal Ecology 1, BayCEER (Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marianne Lauerer
- Ecological Botanical Gardens, BayCEER (Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Maria Drachsler
- Ecological Botanical Gardens, BayCEER (Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julian Heinrichs
- Ecological Botanical Gardens, BayCEER (Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefanie Müller
- Ecological Botanical Gardens, BayCEER (Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Department of Animal Ecology 1, BayCEER (Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Widhalm JR, Rhodes D. Biosynthesis and molecular actions of specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone natural products produced by horticultural plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16046. [PMID: 27688890 PMCID: PMC5030760 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life. Plants, including many horticultural species, collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant-plant (allelopathy), plant-insect and plant-microbe interactions. Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years. As a result, horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs. Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs. In this review, the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species. An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action, both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective, of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided. In addition, future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
- ()
| | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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Ruckli R, Hesse K, Glauser G, Rusterholz HP, Baur B. Inhibitory potential of naphthoquinones leached from leaves and exuded from roots of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:371-8. [PMID: 24722883 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the effects of allelopathic plant chemicals on the growth of native vegetation is essential to understand their ecological roles and importance in exotic plant invasion. Naphthoquinones have been identified as potential growth inhibitors produced by Impatiens glandulifera, an exotic annual plant that recently invaded temperate forests in Europe. However, naphthoquinone release and inhibitory potential have not been examined. We quantified the naphthoquinone content in cotyledons, leaves, stems, and roots from plants of different ages of both the invasive I. glandulifera and native Impatiens noli-tangere as well as in soil extracts and rainwater rinsed from leaves of either plant species by using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). We identified the compound 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ) exclusively in plant organs of I. glandulifera, in resin bags buried into the soil of patches invaded by I. glandulifera, and in rainwater rinsed from its leaves. This indicates that 2-MNQ is released from the roots of I. glandulifera and leached from its leaves by rain. Specific bioassays using aqueous shoot and root extracts revealed a strong inhibitory effect on the germination of two native forest herbs and on the mycelium growth of three ectomycorrhiza fungi. These findings suggest that the release of 2-MNQ may contribute to the invasion success of I. glandulifera and support the novel weapons hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Ruckli
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Ortin
- a Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Paul Evans
- a Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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