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Ding Q, Xu X, Wang X, Ullah F, Gao X, Song D. Characterization and functional analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 174:104807. [PMID: 33838708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two acetylcholinesterase genes (Boace1 and Boace2) were cloned from Bradysia odoriphaga, a devastating soil pest that mainly damages Chinese chives. The Boace1 encodes BoAChE1 protein consisting of 696 amino acid residues, while Boace2 encodes BoAChE2 containing 638 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Boace1 and Boace2 are appeared to be distinct clusters. The gene expression patterns at different development stages and various body parts tissues were examined, and their biological functions were characterized by RNA interference and analog docking prediction. The results showed that both Boace genes were expressed in all developmental stages and examined tissues. The transcript level of Boace2 was significantly higher than Boace1 in all tested samples, and Boace1 was found most abundant in the head while Boace2 was highly expressed in the fat body of B. odoriphaga. The silencing of Boace1 and Boace2 significantly decreased the AChE activity of 36.6% and 14.8% separately, and increased the susceptibility of B. odoriphaga to phoxim, with 60.8% and 44.7% mortality. Besides, overexpression and gene duplication of Boace1 were found in two field resistant populations, and two major mutations, A319S and G400V, were detected in Boace1. Moreover, the docking results revealed that BoAChE1 had a higher affinity towards organophosphorus than BoAChE2. It is concluded that Boace2 is the most abundant ace type in B. odoriphaga, while both Boace play vital roles. Boace1 might play a major neurological function and more likely be the prime target for insecticides, while Boace2 might play some important unidentified roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dunlun Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zhao J, Hao D, Xiao L, Tan Y, Jiang Y, Bai L, Wang K. Molecular and functional properties of two Spodoptera exigua acetylcholinesterase genes. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21554. [PMID: 31033012 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a vital enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine. Here, full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of two acetylcholinesterase genes (SeAce1 and SeAce2) were obtained from Spodoptera exigua, a widespread phytophagous pest in agriculture. The complete SeAce1 cDNA comprised 5447 nucleotides including an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 694 amino acids, while SeAce2 cDNA encompassed a 1917-bp ORF which would likely yield 638 amino acids. Both SeAce1 and SeAce2 contained specific characteristics of functional AChE. A phylogenetic tree of all lepidopteran insect Aces showed S. exigua clustered with S. litura, Helicoverpa assulta, and H. armigera, all of which are Noctuidae. In S. exigua, SeAce1 gene expression levels (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] and quantitative RT-PCR) were markedly increased compared with SeAce2 in all developmental phases and tissue types. Both genes were down regulated by inserting the corresponding dsRNAs in 5th instar larvae, which resulted in 56.7% (SeAce1) and 24.6% (SeAce2) death. Downregulation of both SeAce1 and SeAce2 significantly reduced fecundity and vitellogenin gene expression in S. exigua. These results revealed the biological functions of the two Ace genes (SeAce1 and SeAce2), providing novel insights into the development of strategies for controlling insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dejun Hao
- College of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liubin Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongan Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Bai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Jingling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
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Acetylcholinesterases from Leaf-Cutting ant Atta sexdens: Purification, Characterization, and Capillary Reactors for On-Flow Assays. Enzyme Res 2019; 2019:6139863. [PMID: 31354985 PMCID: PMC6633970 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6139863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) leading to acetate and choline (Ch) release. The inhibition of AChE produces a generalized synaptic collapse that can lead to insect death. Herein we report for the first time the isolation of two AChEs from Atta sexdens which were purified by sulphate ammonium precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography. AsAChE-A and AsAChE-B enzymes have optimum pH of 9.5 and 9.0 and higher activities in 30/50°C and 20°C, respectively, using acetylthiocholine (ATCh) as substrate. Immobilized capillary enzyme reactors (ICERs) were obtained for both enzymes (AsAChE-A-ICER and AsAChE-B-ICER) and their activities were measured by LC-MS/MS through hydrolysis product quantification of the natural substrate ACh. The comparison of activities by LC-MS/MS of both AChEs using ACh as substrate showed that AsAChE-B (free or immobilized) had the highest affinity. The inverse result was observed when the colorimetric assay (Elman method) was used for ATCh as substrate. Moreover, by mass spectrometry and phylogenetic studies, AsAChE-A and AsAChE-B were classified as belonging to AChE-2 and AChE-1 classes, respectively.
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Jiang XC, Jiang XY, Liu S. Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Two Acetylcholinesterase Genes From the Small White Butterfly Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5090326. [PMID: 30184214 PMCID: PMC6121511 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) are essential for the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and play crucial roles in the termination of neurotransmission. AChEs are encoded by the ace genes. However, the ace genes from the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), remained uncharacterized. In this study, two aces (Prace1 and Prace2) were identified from P. rapae. Prace1 encoded a PrAChE1 protein consisting of 694 amino acid residues, and Prace2 encoded the 638-amino-acid PrAChE2. The two identified PrAChEs both had features typical of AChEs, including the catalytic triad, choline-binding sites, an oxyanion hole, an acyl pocket, a peripheral anionic subsite, an FGESAG motif and 14 conserved aromatic amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Prace1 and Prace2 were clustered into two distinct groups: ace1 and ace2, respectively. The two Praces were distributed on different genomic scaffolds: Prace1 on scaffold 156 and Prace2 on scaffold 430. Additionally, Prace1 consisted of three exons and two introns, whereas Prace2 consisted of six exons and five introns. One amino acid mutation (Gly324Ala) in PrAChE1 and two (Ser291Gly and Ser431Phe) in PrAChE2 were consistent with mutations in other insect AChEs that are associated with insecticide insensitivity. Both Prace1 and Prace2 were highly expressed at the fifth-instar larval stage and in the larval head, and the transcriptional levels of Prace1 were significantly higher than those of Prace2 in all of the tested life stages and tissues. This is the first report characterizing two ace genes in P. rapae. The results pave the way for functional study of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chuan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Su Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Ye X, Yang L, Stanley D, Li F, Fang Q. Two Bombyx mori acetylcholinesterase genes influence motor control and development in different ways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4985. [PMID: 28694460 PMCID: PMC5504014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Among its other biological roles, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7), encoded by two ace in most insects, catalyses the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby terminating synaptic transmission. ace1 encodes the synaptic enzyme and ace2 has other essential actions in many insect species, such as Chilo suppressalis and Plutella xylostella. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been domesticated for more than two thousand years and its aces have no history of pesticide exposure. Here, we investigated the functional differences between two ace genes, BmAce1 and BmAce2, in the silkworm. qPCR analysis indicated that BmAce1 is highly expressed in muscle and BmAce2 is more ubiquitously expressed among tissues and enriched in the head. Both genes were separately suppressed using chemically synthesized siRNAs. The mRNA abundance of the two ace genes was significantly reduced to about 13% - 75% of the control levels after siRNA injection. The AChE activities were decreased to 32% to 85% of control levels. Silencing BmAce2 resulted in about 26% mortality, faster and higher than the 20% in the siBmAce1-treated group. Silencing BmAce1 impacted motor control and development to a greater extent than silencing BmAce2, although both treatment groups suffered motor disability, slowed development and reduced cocoons. Both genes have essential, differing biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Ye
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qi Fang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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