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Role of Polyamine-Induced Dimerization of Antizyme in Its Cellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094614. [PMID: 35563006 PMCID: PMC9104013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyamines, spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd), are important for cell growth and function. Their homeostasis is strictly controlled, and a key downregulator of the polyamine pool is the polyamine-inducible protein, antizyme 1 (OAZ1). OAZ1 inhibits polyamine uptake and targets ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, for proteasomal degradation. Here we report, for the first time, that polyamines induce dimerization of mouse recombinant full-length OAZ1, forming an (OAZ1)2-Polyamine complex. Dimerization could be modulated by functionally active C-methylated spermidine mimetics (MeSpds) by changing the position of the methyl group along the Spd backbone—2-MeSpd was a poor inducer as opposed to 1-MeSpd, 3-MeSpd, and Spd, which were good inducers. Importantly, the ability of compounds to inhibit polyamine uptake correlated with the efficiency of the (OAZ1)2-Polyamine complex formation. Thus, the (OAZ1)2-Polyamine complex may be needed to inhibit polyamine uptake. The efficiency of polyamine-induced ribosomal +1 frameshifting of OAZ1 mRNA could also be differentially modulated by MeSpds—2-MeSpd was a poor inducer of OAZ1 biosynthesis and hence a poor downregulator of ODC activity unlike the other MeSpds. These findings offer new insight into the OAZ1-mediated regulation of polyamine homeostasis and provide the chemical tools to study it.
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Activation of Polyamine Catabolism by N¹,N 11-Diethylnorspermine in Hepatic HepaRG Cells Induces Dedifferentiation and Mesenchymal-Like Phenotype. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120275. [PMID: 30567412 PMCID: PMC6316793 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is accompanied by the metabolic adaptation of cells to support enhanced proliferation rates and to optimize tumor persistence and amplification within the local microenvironment. In particular, cancer cells exhibit elevated levels of biogenic polyamines. Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and inducers of their catabolism have been evaluated as antitumor drugs, however, their efficacy and safety remain controversial. Our goal was to investigate if drug-induced modulation of polyamine metabolism plays a role in dedifferentiation using differentiated human hepatocyte-like HepaRG cell cultures. N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSpm), a potent inducer of polyamine catabolism, triggered an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like dedifferentiation in HepaRG cultures, as shown by down-regulation of mature hepatocytes markers and upregulation of classical EMT markers. Albeit the fact that polyamine catabolism produces H2O2, DENSpm-induced de-differentiation was not affected by antioxidants. Use of a metabolically stable spermidine analogue showed furthermore, that spermidine is a key regulator of hepatocyte differentiation. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed, that the DENSpm-triggered dedifferentiation of HepaRG cells was accompanied by dramatic metabolic adaptations, exemplified by down-regulation of the genes of various metabolic pathways and up-regulation of the genes involved in signal transduction pathways. These results demonstrate that polyamine metabolism is tightly linked to EMT and differentiation of liver epithelial cells.
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Yamanaka CN, Giordani RB, Rezende CO, Eger I, Kessler RL, Tonini ML, de Moraes MH, Araújo DP, Zuanazzi JA, de Almeida MV, Steindel M. Assessment of Leishmanicidal and Trypanocidal Activities of Aliphatic Diamine Derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:697-704. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celina N. Yamanaka
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Raquel B. Giordani
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias/Sn Natal RN 59010-180 Brazil
| | - Celso O. Rezende
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Iriane Eger
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz; Curitiba PR 81.350-010 Brazil
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade do Vale do Itajaí; Itajaí SC 88.302-202 Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Kessler
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz; Curitiba PR 81.350-010 Brazil
| | - Maiko L. Tonini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Milene H. de Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Debora P. Araújo
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Jose A. Zuanazzi
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90610-000 Brazil
| | - Mauro V. de Almeida
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
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Uimari A, Merentie M, Sironen R, Pirnes-Karhu S, Peräniemi S, Alhonen L. Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase or treatment with N1-N11-diethylnorspermine attenuates the severity of zinc-induced pancreatitis in mouse. Amino Acids 2011; 42:461-71. [PMID: 21814793 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of pancreatic intracellular polyamine pools has been observed in acute pancreatitis both in the animal models and in humans. In this study, the wild-type mice, polyamine catabolic enzyme spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase overexpressing (SSAT mice) and SSAT-deficient mice were used to characterize the new zinc-induced acute pancreatitis mouse model and study the role of polyamines and polyamine catabolism in this model. Intraperitoneal zinc injection induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in wild-type mice as well as in SSAT-overexpressing and SSAT-deficient mice. Serum α-amylase activity was significantly increased in all zinc-treated mice compared with the untreated controls. However, the α-amylase activities in SSAT mice were constantly lower than those in the other groups. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue revealed edema, acinar cell necrosis and necrotizing inflammation, typical for acute pancreatitis. Compared with the other zinc-treated mice less damage according to the histopathological analysis was observed in the pancreatic tissue of SSAT mice. Levels of intracellular spermidine, and occasionally spermine, were significantly decreased in pancreases of all zinc-treated animals and SSAT enzyme activity was enhanced both in wild-type and SSAT mice. Interestingly, a spermine analog, N(1), N(11)-diethylnorspermine (DENSpm), enhanced the proliferation of pancreatic cells and reduced the severity of zinc-induced pancreatitis in wild-type mice. The results show that in mice a single intraperitoneal zinc injection causes acute necrotizing pancreatitis accompanied by decrease of intracellular polyamine pools. The study supports the important role of polyamines for the integrity and function of the pancreas. In addition, the study suggests that whole body overexpression of SSAT obtained in SSAT mice reduces inflammatory pancreatic cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Uimari
- Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Tissue-specific alternative splicing of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase. Amino Acids 2011; 42:485-93. [PMID: 21809078 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are abundant organic cations participating in many important cellular processes. We have previously shown that the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT), has an alternative mRNA splice variant (SSATX) which undergoes degradation via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway, and that the intracellular polyamine level regulates the ratio of the SSATX and SSAT splice variants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SSATX level manipulation on SSAT activity in cell culture, and to examine the in vivo expression levels of SSATX and SSAT mRNA. Silencing SSATX expression with small interfering RNA led to increased SSAT activity. Furthermore, transfection of SSAT-deficient cells with mutated SSAT gene (which produced only trace amount of SSATX) yielded higher SSAT activity than transfection with natural SSAT gene (which produced both SSAT and SSATX). Blocking NMD in vivo by protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide resulted in accumulation of SSATX mRNA, and like in cell culture, the increase of SSATX mRNA was prevented by administration of polyamine analog N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine. Although SSATX/total SSAT mRNA ratio did not correlate with polyamine levels or SSAT activity between different tissues, increasing polyamine levels in a given tissue led to decreased SSATX/total SSAT mRNA ratio and vice versa. Taken together, the regulated unproductive splicing and translation of SSAT has a physiological relevance in modulating SSAT activity. However, in addition to polyamine level there seems to be additional factors regulating tissue-specific alternative splicing of SSAT.
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Weisell J, Hyvönen MT, Häkkinen MR, Grigorenko NA, Pietilä M, Lampinen A, Kochetkov SN, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA, Khomutov AR. Synthesis and biological characterization of novel charge-deficient spermine analogues. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5738-48. [PMID: 20684609 DOI: 10.1021/jm100439p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are positively charged at physiological pH. They are present in all cells and essential for their growth and viability. Here we synthesized three novel derivatives of the isosteric charge-deficient spermine analogue 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (SpmTrien, 5a) that are N(1)-Ac-SpmTrien (5c), N(12)-Ac-SpmTrien (5b), and N(1),N(12)-diethyl-1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (N(1),N(12)-Et(2)-SpmTrien, 5d). 5a and 5d readily accumulated in DU145 cells at the same concentration range as natural polyamines and moderately competed for the uptake with putrescine (1) but not with spermine (4a) or spermidine (2). 5a efficiently down-regulated ornithine decarboxylase and decreased polyamine levels, while 5d proved to be inefficient, compared with N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine (6). None of the tested analogues were substrates for human recombinant spermine oxidase, but those having free aminoterminus, including 1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctane (Trien, 3a), were acetylated by mouse recombinant spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase. 5a was acetylated to 5c and 5b, and the latter was further metabolized by acetylpolyamine oxidase to 3a, a drug used to treat Wilson's disease. Thus, 5a is a bioactive precursor of 3a with enhanced bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Weisell
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Subhani MA, Müller KS, Eilbracht P. Chiral Polyamino AlcoholsviaHydroaminomethylation: A New Class of Polyamines for Dendritic Cores and Ligand Precursors. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Spermine analogue-regulated expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase and its effects on depletion of intracellular polyamine pools in mouse fetal fibroblasts. Biochem J 2009; 422:101-9. [PMID: 19473115 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SSAT (Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, also known as SAT1), the key enzyme in the catabolism of polyamines, is turned over rapidly and there is only a low amount present in the cell. In the present study, the regulation of SSAT by spermine analogues, the inducers of the enzyme, was studied in wild-type mouse fetal fibroblasts, expressing endogenous SSAT, and in the SSAT-deficient mouse fetal fibroblasts transiently expressing an SSAT-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion gene. In both cell lines treatments with DENSpm (N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine), CPENSpm (N(1)-ethyl-N(11)-[(cyclopropyl)-methy]-4,8-diazaundecane) and CHENSpm (N(1)-ethyl-N(11)-[(cycloheptyl)methy]-4,8-diazaundecane) led to high, moderate or low induction of SSAT activity respectively. The level of activity detected correlated with the presence of SSAT and SSAT-EGFP proteins, the latter localizing both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) results suggested that the analogue-affected regulation of SSAT-EGFP expression occurred, mainly, after transcription. In wild-type cells, DENSpm increased the amount of SSAT mRNA, and both DENSpm and CHENSpm affected splicing of the SSAT pre-mRNA. Depleted intracellular spermidine and spermine levels inversely correlated with detected SSAT activity. Interestingly, the analogues also reduced polyamine levels in the SSAT-deficient cells expressing the EGFP control. The results from the present study show that the distinct SSAT regulation by different analogues involves regulatory actions at multiple levels, and that the spermine analogues, in addition to inducing SSAT, lower intracellular polyamine pools by SSAT-independent mechanisms.
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Mice with targeted disruption of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene maintain nearly normal tissue polyamine homeostasis but show signs of insulin resistance upon aging. J Cell Mol Med 2008. [PMCID: PMC3933077 DOI: 10.2755/jcmm010.004.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The N1-acetylation of spermidine or spermine by spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is the ratecontrolling enzymatic step in the polyamine catabolism. We have now generated SSAT knockout (SSAT-KO) mice, which confirmed our earlier results with SSAT deficient embryonic stem (ES) cells showing only slightly affected polyamine homeostasis, mainly manifested as an elevated molar ratio of spermidine to spermine in most tissues indicating the indispensability of SSAT for the spermidine backconversion. Contrary to SSAT deficient ES cells, polyamine pools in SSAT-KO mice remained almost unchanged in response to N1, N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) treatment compared to a significant reduction of the polymine pools in the wild-type animals and ES cells. Furthermore, SSATKO mice were more sensitive to the toxicity exerted by DENSPM in comparison with wild-type mice. The latter finding indicates that inducible SSAT plays an essential role in vivo in DENSPM treatmentevoked polyamine depletion, but a controversial role in toxicity of DENSPM. Surprisingly, liver polyamine pools were depleted similarly in wild type and SSAT-KO mice in response to carbon tetrachloride treatment. Further characterization of SSAT knockout mice revealed insulin resistance at old age which supported the role of polyamine catabolism in glucose metabolism detected earlier with our SSAT overexpressing mice displaying enhanced basal metabolic rate, high insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Therefore SSAT knockout mice might serve as a novel mouse model for type 2 diabetes.
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Häkkinen MR, Keinänen TA, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Jänne J, Auriola S. Analysis of underivatized polyamines by reversed phase liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:625-34. [PMID: 17945452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method (RP-LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed to separate and detect polyamines with minimal sample pre-treatment and without any derivatization. Prior to MS/MS analysis, a complete chromatographic separation of polyamines was achieved by a linear gradient elution using heptafluorobutyric acid as a volatile ion-pair modifier, and signal suppression was prevented by post-column addition of 75% propionic acid in isopropanol to the column flow. The developed method was successfully applied to the identification of metabolites formed from N(1),N(12)-diethylspermine in the reaction catalyzed by recombinant human polyamine oxidase and to the detection of eight different polyamines in a standard mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja R Häkkinen
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Niiranen K, Keinänen TA, Pirinen E, Heikkinen S, Tusa M, Fatrai S, Suppola S, Pietilä M, Uimari A, Laakso M, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Mice with targeted disruption of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene maintain nearly normal tissue polyamine homeostasis but show signs of insulin resistance upon aging. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 10:933-45. [PMID: 17125596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The N(1)-acetylation of spermidine or spermine by spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is the ratecontrolling enzymatic step in the polyamine catabolism. We have now generated SSAT knockout (SSAT-KO) mice, which confirmed our earlier results with SSATdeficient embryonic stem (ES) cells showing only slightly affected polyamine homeostasis, mainly manifested as an elevated molar ratio of spermidine to spermine in most tissues indicating the indispensability of SSAT for the spermidine backconversion. Contrary to SSAT deficient ES cells, polyamine pools in SSAT-KO mice remained almost unchanged in response to N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) treatment compared to a significant reduction of the polyamine pools in the wild-type animals and ES cells. Furthermore, SSATKO mice were more sensitive to the toxicity exerted by DENSPM in comparison with wild-type mice. The latter finding indicates that inducible SSAT plays an essential role in vivo in DENSPM treatmentevoked polyamine depletion, but a controversial role in toxicity of DENSPM. Surprisingly, liver polyamine pools were depleted similarly in wild-type and SSAT-KO mice in response to carbon tetrachloride treatment. Further characterization of SSAT knockout mice revealed insulin resistance at old age which supported the role of polyamine catabolism in glucose metabolism detected earlier with our SSAT overexpressing mice displaying enhanced basal metabolic rate, high insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Therefore SSAT knockout mice might serve as a novel mouse model for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Niiranen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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Niiranen K, Keinänen TA, Pirinen E, Heikkinen S, Tusa M, Fatrai S, Suppola S, Pietilä M, Uimari A, Laakso M, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Mice with targeted disruption of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene maintain nearly normal tissue polyamine homeostasis but show signs of insulin resistance upon aging. J Cell Mol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Hyvönen MT, Uimari A, Keinänen TA, Heikkinen S, Pellinen R, Wahlfors T, Korhonen A, Närvänen A, Wahlfors J, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Polyamine-regulated unproductive splicing and translation of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 12:1569-82. [PMID: 16809818 PMCID: PMC1524884 DOI: 10.1261/rna.39806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT), the rate-controlling enzyme in the interconversion of spermidine and spermine, is regulated by polyamines and their analogs at many levels of gene expression. Recently, SSAT pre-mRNA has been shown to undergo alternative splicing by inclusion of an exon that contains premature termination codons. In the present study, we show that alterations in the intracellular polyamine level resulted in a change in the relative abundance of SSAT transcripts. Addition of polyamines or their N-diethylated analogs reduced the amount of the variant transcript, whereas polyamine depletion by 2-difluoromethylornithine or MG-132 enhanced the exon inclusion. Experiments performed with protein synthesis inhibitors and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of Upf1 protein verified that the variant transcript was degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Interestingly, several proteins have been shown to regulate their expression by alternative splicing-coupled NMD, termed regulated unproductive splicing and translation (RUST). Our present results suggest that in the case of SSAT, RUST is mediated by polyamines, and this system functions to fine-tune the polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, finland.
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14
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Järvinen A, Keinänen TA, Grigorenko NA, Khomutov AR, Uimari A, Vepsäläinen J, Närvänen A, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Guide molecule-driven stereospecific degradation of alpha-methylpolyamines by polyamine oxidase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:4589-95. [PMID: 16354669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509959200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FAD-dependent polyamine oxidase (PAO; EC 1.5.3.11) is one of the key enzymes in the catabolism of polyamines spermidine and spermine. The natural substrates for the enzyme are N1-acetylspermidine, N1-acetylspermine, and N1,N12-diacetylspermine. Here we report that PAO, which normally metabolizes achiral substrates, oxidized (R)-isomer of 1-amino-8-acetamido-5-azanonane and N1-acetylspermidine as efficiently while (S)-1-amino-8-acetamido-5-azanonane was a much less preferred substrate. It has been shown that in the presence of certain aldehydes, the substrate specificity of PAO and the kinetics of the reaction are changed to favor spermine and spermidine as substrates. Therefore, we examined the effect of several aldehydes on the ability of PAO to oxidize different enantiomers of alpha-methylated polyamines. PAO supplemented with benzaldehyde predominantly catalyzed the cleavage of (R)-isomer of alpha-methylspermidine, whereas in the presence of pyridoxal the (S)-alpha-methylspermidine was preferred. PAO displayed the same stereospecificity with both singly and doubly alpha-methylated spermine derivatives when supplemented with the same aldehydes. Structurally related ketones proved to be ineffective. This is the first time that the stereospecificity of FAD-dependent oxidase has been successfully regulated by changing the supplementary aldehyde. These findings might facilitate the chemical regulation of stereospecificity of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Järvinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Müller KS, Koç F, Ricken S, Eilbracht P. Synthesis of polyamines via hydroaminomethylation of alkenes with urea—a new, effective and versatile route to dendrons and dendritic core molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:826-35. [PMID: 16493465 DOI: 10.1039/b513348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines, structurally related to putrescines and spermidines, are easily obtainable via hydroaminomethylation of methylallylphthalimide with primary or secondary amines. In addition, hydroaminomethylation of monoolefins with urea as a synthetic equivalent for ammonia, in contrast to other methods (e.g. the alkylation of ammonia or ammonium salts), allows selective synthesis of symmetric tertiary amines. By combining both methods dendrons and dendrimer cores are conveniently obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Sven Müller
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Organische Chemie I, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Pakala R. Effect of polyamines on in vitro platelet aggregation and in vivo thrombus formation. CARDIOVASCULAR RADIATION MEDICINE 2002; 3:213-20. [PMID: 12974377 DOI: 10.1016/s1522-1865(03)00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyamines are polycations present in all living organisms and have been shown to play an important role in various physiological functions. Previous studies have shown that various amines including polyamines inhibited platelet activation, but there were no definitive studies testing their efficacy in an in vivo thrombosis model. We carried out detailed in vitro platelet aggregation studies using various concentrations of polyamines as well as agonists. METHODS Platelet aggregation was measured by a turbidimetric method. Electric current induced in vivo thrombosis model is used for assessing antithrombotic effect. Incidence of bleeding was evaluated by template bleeding and incisional bleeding. RESULTS Polyamines inhibited agonist-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of polyamines is inversely proportional to the concentration of the agonist used. Among the polyamines, spermine is the potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. A partially occlusive thrombus was generated by application of electric current in canine coronary artery. In control animals, the artery was completely occluded in 70 +/- 11 min after the current was discontinued. Blood flow remained patent for >240 min when 2 mg/kg spermine was given immediately after stopping the current. The antithrombotic effect of spermine was not associated with increased bleeding tendency. CONCLUSION These results indicate that apart from inhibiting in vitro platelet aggregation polyamines can also inhibit in vivo thrombus formation. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbabu Pakala
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center-Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Suppola S, Heikkinen S, Parkkinen JJ, Uusi-Oukari M, Korhonen VP, Keinänen T, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Concurrent overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase further accelerates the catabolism of hepatic polyamines in transgenic mice. Biochem J 2001; 358:343-8. [PMID: 11513732 PMCID: PMC1222066 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have generated a hybrid transgenic mouse line overexpressing both ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) under the control of the mouse metallothionein (MT) I promoter. In comparison with singly transgenic animals overexpressing SSAT, the doubly transgenic mice unexpectedly displayed much more striking signs of activated polyamine catabolism, as exemplified by a massive putrescine accumulation and an extreme reduction of hepatic spermidine and spermine pools. Interestingly, the profound depletion of the higher polyamines in the hybrid animals occurred in the presence of strikingly high ODC activity and tremendous putrescine accumulation. Polyamine catabolism in the doubly transgenic mice could be enhanced further by administration of zinc or the polyamine analogue N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine. In tracer experiments with [(14)C]spermidine we found that, in comparison with syngenic animals, both MT-ODC and MT-SSAT mice possessed an enhanced efflux mechanism for hepatic spermidine. In the MT-ODC animals this mechanism apparently operated in the absence of measurable SSAT activity. In the hybrid animals, spermidine efflux was stimulated further in comparison with the singly transgenic animals. In spite of a dramatic accumulation of putrescine and a profound reduction of the spermidine and spermine pools, only marginal changes were seen in the level of ODC antizyme. Even though the hybrid animals showed no liver or other organ-specific overt toxicity, except an early and permanent loss of hair, their life span was greatly reduced. These results can be understood from the perspective that catabolism is the overriding regulatory mechanism in the metabolism of the polyamines and that, even under conditions of severe depletion of spermidine and spermine, extremely high tissue pools of putrescine are not driven further to replenish the pools of the higher polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suppola
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Alhonen L, Parkkinen JJ, Keinanen T, Sinervirta R, Herzig KH, Jänne J. Activation of polyamine catabolism in transgenic rats induces acute pancreatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8290-5. [PMID: 10880565 PMCID: PMC26940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.140122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are required for optimal growth and function of cells. Regulation of their cellular homeostasis is therefore tightly controlled. The key regulatory enzyme for polyamine catabolism is the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT). Depletion of cellular polyamines has been associated with inhibition of growth and programmed cell death. To investigate the physiological function SSAT, we generated a transgenic rat line overexpressing the SSAT gene under the control of the inducible mouse metallothionein I promoter. Administration of zinc resulted in a marked induction of pancreatic SSAT, overaccumulation of putrescine, and appearance of N(1)-acetylspermidine with extensive depletion of spermidine and spermine in transgenic animals. The activation of pancreatic polyamine catabolism resulted in acute pancreatitis. In nontransgenic animals, an equal dose of zinc did not affect pancreatic polyamine pools, nor did it induce pancreatitis. Acetylated polyamines, products of the SSAT-catalyzed reaction, are metabolized further by the polyamine oxidase (PAO) generating hydrogen peroxide, which might cause or contribute to the pancreatic inflammatory process. Administration of specific PAO inhibitor, MDL72527 [N(1),N(2)-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine], however, did not affect the histological score of the pancreatitis. Induction of SSAT by the polyamine analogue N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine reduced pancreatic polyamines levels only moderately and without signs of organ inflammation. In contrast, the combination of N(1), N(11)-diethylnorspermine with MDL72527 dramatically activated SSAT, causing profound depletion of pancreatic polyamines and acute pancreatitis. These results demonstrate that acute induction of SSAT leads to pancreatic inflammation, suggesting that sufficient pools of higher polyamine levels are essential to maintain pancreatic integrity. This inflammatory process is independent of the production of hydrogen peroxide by PAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alhonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Eilbracht P, Kranemann CL, Bärfacker L. Synthesis of Heterofunctionalised Diamines and Triamines by Hydroaminomethylation of Diallyl Ethers, -silanes, or -amines. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199908)1999:8<1907::aid-ejoc1907>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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