Dependence on linkers' flexibility designed for benzenesulfonamides targeting discovery of novel hCA IX inhibitors as potent anticancer agents

Herein we reported the design and synthesis of two series comprising twenty-two benzenesulfonamides that integrate the s-triazine moiety. Target compounds successfully suppressed the hCA IX, with IC₅₀ ranging from 28.6 to 871 nM. Compounds 5d, 11b, 5b, and 7b were the most active analogues, which inhibited hCA IX isoform in the low nanomolar range (K_I = 28.6, 31.9, 33.4, and 36.6 nM, respectively). Furthermore, they were assessed for their cytotoxic activity against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines following US-NCI protocol. According to five-dose assay, 13c showed significant anticancer activity than 5c with GI₅₀-MID values of 25.08 and 189.01 µM, respectively. Additionally, 13c's effects on wound healing, cell cycle disruption, and apoptosis induction in NCI-H460 cancer cells were examined. Further, docking studies combined with molecular dynamic simulation showed a stable complex with high binding affinity of 5d to hCA IX, exploiting a favourable H-bond and lipophilic interactions.HIGHLIGHTSCarbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors comprising rigid and flexible linkers were developed.Compound 5d is the most potent CA IX inhibitor in the study (IC50: 28.6 nM).Compounds 5c and 13c displayed the greatest antiproliferative activity towards 60 cell lines.Compound 13c exposed constructive outcomes on normal cell lines, metastasis, and wound healing.Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MDs) simulation was utilised to study binding mode.

Synthetic approaches, structure activity relationship and biological applications for pharmacologically attractive pyrazole/pyrazoline-thiazolidine-based hybrids

The features of the chemistry of 4-thiazolidinone and pyrazole/pyrazolines as pharmacologically attractive scaffolds were described in a number of reviews in which the main approaches to the synthesis of mentioned heterocycles and their biological activity were analyzed. However, the pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids as biologically active compounds is poorly discussed in the context of pharmacophore hybrid approach. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the data about the synthesis and modification of heterocyclic systems with thiazolidine and pyrazoline or pyrazole fragments in molecules as promising objects of modern bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. The description of biological activity was focused on SAR analysis and mechanistic insights of mentioned hybrids.

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Synthesis and chemistry of pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids.

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A diverse spectrum of pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids biological activities has been presented.

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Structure activity relationship of pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids for different activities has been discussed.

A convenient synthesis and molecular modeling study of novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and pyrazole derivatives as anti-tumor agents

An efficient method to obtain ethyl 5-amino-1-tosyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (3) was outlined using condensation reactions of 4-methylbenzenesulfonylhydrazide with (E)-ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate. The cyclocondensation reaction of this substrate and its hydrazide derivative with urea, thiourea, formamide, formic acid, d-glucose, o-phenylenediamine, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, anthracene-9-carbaldehyde, thioglycolic acid and carbon disulphide then with hydrazine hydrate analogues furnished a series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[3,4-d]oxazin-4-one, pyrazole-4-glucoside, 4-benzo[d]imidazole, 1,3-thiazolidinone, 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-thione and 1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-thione derivatives respectively. The structure of the compound 3 was supported by X-Ray crystallographic data. Orally administrated, one of each of the series of pyrazoles showed significant effects in mouse tumor model cancer cell lines (EAC) and two human cancer cell lines of Colon cancer (HCT-29) and Breast cancer (MCF-7) with docking studies.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel urea and thiourea derivatives of isoxazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine and structurally related thiazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine as antimicrobial agents

This study reports the synthesis of some novel isoxazolo[4,5-d]pyridazines and structurally related thiazolo[4,5-d]pyridazines, and their biological evaluation as antimicrobial agents. The proposed compounds were designed to contain pharmacophores such as urea, thiourea, sulfonylurea (thiourea) and some derived functionalities that are believed to contribute to the anticipated biological activities. The results revealed that 25 compounds displayed broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, with greater inhibitory effect on the growth of the tested Gram positive strains compared to Gram negative ones. Moreover, 14 compounds were able to produce appreciable growth inhibitory activity against Candida albicans fungus when compared to Clotrimazole. Most of the tested isoxazolo[4,5-d]pyridazines displayed better antimicrobial profile than their corresponding thiazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine congeners. Four compounds namely, p-(3,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-isoxazolo [4,5-d]pyridazine-5-yl)benzenesulfonylthioureas (11c-d), 3-substituted-2-[p-(3,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-isoxazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine-5-yl)-benzene-sufonylimino]-4-oxothiazolidines (13d) and p-(2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyridazin-5-yl)benzenesulfonylthiourea (24c) were found to be most active antimicrobial members in present study.

4-{2-[(E)-Cyclo-pentyl-idene]hydrazin-1-yl}benzene-sulfonamide

The title mol-ecule, C(11)H(15)N(3)O(2)S, features a five-membered ring which is twisted about the middle CH(2)-CH(2) bond. The benzene ring is inclined with respect to the imine residue [C-N-N-C torsion angle = 165.4 (2)°]. Supra-molecular layers in the bc plane are formed by hydrogen bonds between the amine H atoms and sulfonamide O and imine N atoms, as well as by a weak hydrazine H-atom inter-molecular inter-action with the second sulfonamide O atom.

4a-Methyl-2,3,4,4a-tetra-hydro-1H-carbazole-6-sulfonamide

In the title mol-ecule, C(13)H(16)N(2)O(2)S, the nine non-H atoms comprising the indole residue are approximately coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.031 Å). The partially saturated ring adopts a chair conformation. One amine H forms an inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond to a sulfonamide O atom, while the other amine H form is connected to the indole N atom of an adjacent mol-ecule via an N-H⋯N hydrogen bond, resulting in a three-dimensional architecture.

EthylN-[4-(3-methyl-4,5-dihydrobenzo[g]indazol-1-yl)phenylsulfonyl]thiocarbamate ethanol monosolvate

The title compound, C₂₁H₂₀N₃O₃S₂·CH₃CH₂OH, comprises two independent organic mol­ecules and two ethanol solvent mol­ecules. The mol­ecules are related by pseudo-mirror symmetry. In both mol­ecules, the N-bound benzene ring is twisted out of the plane of the pyrazole ring [the dihedral angles are 51.4 (3) and 44.1 (3)°, respectively]. Similarly, the benzene ring of the 1,2-dihydro­naphthalene residue is inclined with respect to the five-membered ring [dihedral angles 18.3 (3) and 22.2 (3)°]. Overall, each mol­ecule has a flattened U shape. Dimeric aggregates mediated by O—H⋯N(pyrazole) and amide-N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds feature in the crystal packing, whereby the ethanol mol­ecules link the independent organic mol­ecules, leading to four-mol­ecule aggregates.

4-(5-Phenyl-3-trifluoro-meth-yl-1H-pyrazol-1--yl)benzene-sulfonamide

Significant twists between the aromatic rings are evident in the structure of the title compound, C₁₆H₁₂F₃N₃O₂S. With reference to the pyrazole plane, the N- and C-bound benzene rings form dihedral angles of 57.12 (11) and 29.75 (11)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 52.82 (11)°. The presence of N—H⋯O(sulfonamide) and N—H⋯N(pyrazole) hydrogen bonds lead to supra­molecular tubes along the b-axis direction. These are connected into layers via C—H⋯O inter­actions involving a bifurcated O atom (not involved in the N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding). Layers stack along the a-axis direction.

Azole antimicrobial pharmacophore-based tetrazoles: synthesis and biological evaluation as potential antimicrobial and anticonvulsant agents

The azole pharmacophore is still considered a viable lead structure for the synthesis of more efficacious and broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. Potential antibacterial and antifungal activities are encountered with some tetrazoles. Therefore, this study presents the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a new series of substituted tetrazoles that are structurally related to the famous antimicrobial azole pharmacophore. A detailed discussion of the structural elucidation of some of the newly synthesized compounds is also described. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that twenty compounds were able to display variable growth inhibitory effects on the tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with special efficacy against the Gram positive strains. Meanwhile, six compounds exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Structurally, the antibacterial activity was encountered with tetrazoles containing a phenyl substituent, while the obtained antifungal activity was confined to the benzyl variants. Compounds 16, 18, 24 and 27 were proved to be the most active antibacterial members within this study with a considerable broad spectrum against all the Gram positive and negative strains tested. A distinctive anti-Gram positive activity was displayed by compound 18 against Staphylococcus aureus that was equipotent to ampicillin (MIC 6.25 microg/mL). On the other hand, twelve compounds were selected to be screened for their preliminary anticonvulsant activity against subcutaneous metrazole (ScMet) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures in mice. The results revealed that five compounds namely; 3, 5, 13, 21, and 24 were able to display noticeable anticonvulsant activity in both tests at 100 mg/kg dose level. Compounds 5 and 21 were proved to be the most active anticonvulsant members in this study with special high activity in the ScMet assay (% protection: 100% and 80%, respectively).