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Rajput A, Pingale P, Dhapte-Pawar V. Nasal delivery of neurotherapeutics via nanocarriers: Facets, aspects, and prospects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979682. [PMID: 36176429 PMCID: PMC9513345 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the neurological ailments which continue to represent a major public health challenge, owing to increased life expectancy and aging population. Progressive memory loss and decrease in cognitive behavior, owing to irreversible destruction of neurons along with expensive therapeutic interventions, call for an effective, alternate, yet affordable treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Safe and effective delivery of neurotherapeutics in Alzheimer’s like central nervous system (CNS) disorders still remains elusive despite the major advances in both neuroscience and drug delivery research. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) with its tight endothelial cell layer surrounded by astrocyte foot processes poses as a major barrier for the entry of drugs into the brain. Nasal drug delivery has emerged as a reliable method to bypass this blood–brain barrier and deliver a wide range of neurotherapeutic agents to the brain effectively. This nasal route comprises the olfactory or trigeminal nerves originating from the brain and terminating into the nasal cavity at the respiratory epithelium or olfactory neuroepithelium. They represent the most direct method of noninvasive entry into the brain, opening the most suitable therapeutic avenue for treatment of neurological diseases. Also, drugs loaded into nanocarriers can have better interaction with the mucosa that assists in the direct brain delivery of active molecules bypassing the BBB and achieving rapid cerebrospinal fluid levels. Lipid particulate systems, emulsion-based systems, vesicular drug delivery systems, and other nanocarriers have evolved as promising drug delivery approaches for the effective brain delivery of anti-Alzheimer’s drugs with improved permeability and bioavailability via the nasal route. Charge, size, nature of neurotherapeutics, and formulation excipients influence the effective and targeted drug delivery using nanocarriers via the nasal route. This article elaborates on the recent advances in nanocarrier-based nasal drug delivery systems for the direct and effective brain delivery of the neurotherapeutic molecules. Additionally, we have attempted to highlight various experimental strategies, underlying mechanisms in the pathogenesis and therapy of central nervous system diseases, computational approaches, and clinical investigations pursued so far to attain and enhance the direct delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain via the nose-to-brain route, using nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjitsing Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Prashant Pingale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik, India
| | - Vividha Dhapte-Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Vividha Dhapte-Pawar, ,
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2
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Novel diamide derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, urease inhibition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alqahtani AA, Aslam H, Shukrullah S, Fatima H, Naz MY, Rahman S, Mahnashi MH, Irfan M. Nanocarriers for Smart Therapeutic Strategies to Treat Drug-Resistant Tumors: A Review. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:191-210. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hira Aslam
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hareem Fatima
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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Theodosis-Nobelos P, Papagiouvannis G, Tziona P, Rekka EA. Lipoic acid. Kinetics and pluripotent biological properties and derivatives. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6539-6550. [PMID: 34420148 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is globally known and its supplements are widely used. Despite its importance for the organism it is not considered a vitamin any more. The multiple metabolic forms and the differences in kinetics (absorption, distribution and excretion), as well as the actions of its enantiomers are analysed in the present article together with its biosynthetic path. The proteins involved in the transfer, biotransformation and activity of LA are mentioned. Furthermore, the safety and the toxicological profile of the compound are commented, together with its stability issues. Mechanisms of lipoic acid intervention in the human body are analysed considering the antioxidant and non-antioxidant characteristics of the compound. The chelating properties, the regenerative ability of other antioxidants, the co-enzyme activity and the signal transduction by the implication in various pathways will be discussed in order to be elucidated the pleiotropic effects of LA. Finally, lipoic acid integrating analogues are mentioned under the scope of the multiple pharmacological actions they acquire towards degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, 1036, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paraskevi Tziona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni A Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Satapathy MK, Yen TL, Jan JS, Tang RD, Wang JY, Taliyan R, Yang CH. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs): An Advanced Drug Delivery System Targeting Brain through BBB. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1183. [PMID: 34452143 PMCID: PMC8402065 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in the protection and maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. In this way, it is an interesting target as an interface for various types of drug delivery, specifically in the context of the treatment of several neuropathological conditions where the therapeutic agents cannot cross the BBB. Drug toxicity and on-target specificity are among some of the limitations associated with current neurotherapeutics. In recent years, advances in nanodrug delivery have enabled the carrier system containing the active therapeutic drug to target the signaling pathways and pathophysiology that are closely linked to central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), brain tumor, epilepsy, ischemic stroke, and neurodegeneration. At present, among the nano formulations, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have emerged as a putative drug carrier system that can deliver the active therapeutics (drug-loaded SLNs) across the BBB at the target site of the brain, offering a novel approach with controlled drug delivery, longer circulation time, target specificity, and higher efficacy, and more importantly, reducing toxicity in a biomimetic way. This paper highlights the synthesis and application of SLNs as a novel nontoxic formulation strategy to carry CNS drugs across the BBB to improve the use of therapeutics agents in treating major neurological disorders in future clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantosh Kumar Satapathy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 22174, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Shiun Jan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
| | - Ruei-Dun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India;
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Khatri DK, Kadbhane A, Patel M, Nene S, Atmakuri S, Srivastava S, Singh SB. Gauging the role and impact of drug interactions and repurposing in neurodegenerative disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100022. [PMID: 34909657 PMCID: PMC8663985 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are of vast origin which are characterized by gradual progressive loss of neurons in the brain region. ND can be classified according to the clinical symptoms present (e.g. Cognitive decline, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic movements disorder) or by the pathological protein deposited (e.g., Amyloid, tau, Alpha-synuclein, TDP-43). Alzheimer's disease preceded by Parkinson's is the most prevalent form of ND world-wide. Multiple factors like aging, genetic mutations, environmental factors, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier microvascular complication, etc. may increase the predisposition towards ND. Genetic mutation is a major contributor in increasing the susceptibility towards ND, the concept of one disease-one gene is obsolete and now multiple genes are considered to be involved in causing one particular disease. Also, the involvement of multiple pathological mechanisms like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. contributes to the complexity and makes them difficult to be treated by traditional mono-targeted ligands. In this aspect, the Poly-pharmacological drug approach which targets multiple pathological pathways at the same time provides the best way to treat such complex networked CNS diseases. In this review, we have provided an overview of ND and their pathological origin, along with a brief description of various genes associated with multiple diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's and a comprehensive detail about the Poly-pharmacology approach (MTDLs and Fixed-dose combinations) along with their merits over the traditional single-targeted drug is provided. This review also provides insights into current repurposing strategies along with its regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Upadhyay A, Amanullah A, Joshi V, Dhiman R, Prajapati VK, Poluri KM, Mishra A. Ibuprofen-based advanced therapeutics: breaking the inflammatory link in cancer, neurodegeneration, and diseases. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:100-121. [PMID: 33820460 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1903488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a classical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) highly prescribed to reduce acute pain and inflammation under an array of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea, and gout. Ibuprofen acts as a potential inhibitor for cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). In the past few decades, research on this small molecule has led to identifying other possible therapeutic benefits. Anti-tumorigenic and neuroprotective functions of Ibuprofen are majorly recognized in recent literature and need further consideration. Additionally, several other roles of this anti-inflammatory molecule have been discovered and subjected to experimental assessment in various diseases. However, the major challenge faced by Ibuprofen and other drugs of similar classes is their side effects, and tendency to cause gastrointestinal injury, generate cardiovascular risks, modulate hepatic and acute kidney diseases. Future research should also be conducted to deduce new methods and approaches of suppressing the unwanted toxic changes mediated by these drugs and develop new therapeutic avenues so that these small molecules continue to serve the purposes. This article primarily aims to develop a comprehensive and better understanding of Ibuprofen, its pharmacological features, therapeutic benefits, and possible but less understood medicinal properties apart from major challenges in its future application.KEY POINTSIbuprofen, an NSAID, is a classical anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent.Pro-apoptotic roles of NSAIDs have been explored in detail in the past, holding the key in anti-cancer therapies.Excessive and continuous use of NSAIDs may have several side effects and multiple organ damage.Hyperactivated Inflammation initiates multifold detrimental changes in multiple pathological conditions.Targeting inflammatory pathways hold the key to several therapeutic strategies against many diseases, including cancer, microbial infections, multiple sclerosis, and many other brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ayeman Amanullah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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8
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Albertini C, Naldi M, Petralla S, Strocchi S, Grifoni D, Monti B, Bartolini M, Bolognesi ML. From Combinations to Single-Molecule Polypharmacology-Cromolyn-Ibuprofen Conjugates for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:1112. [PMID: 33669839 PMCID: PMC7923232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite Alzheimer's disease (AD) incidence being projected to increase worldwide, the drugs currently on the market can only mitigate symptoms. Considering the failures of the classical paradigm "one target-one drug-one disease" in delivering effective medications for AD, polypharmacology appears to be a most viable therapeutic strategy. Polypharmacology can involve combinations of multiple drugs and/or single chemical entities modulating multiple targets. Taking inspiration from an ongoing clinical trial, this work aims to convert a promising cromolyn-ibuprofen drug combination into single-molecule "codrugs." Such codrugs should be able to similarly modulate neuroinflammatory and amyloid pathways, while showing peculiar pros and cons. By exploiting a linking strategy, we designed and synthesized a small set of cromolyn-ibuprofen conjugates (4-6). Preliminary plasma stability and neurotoxicity assays allowed us to select diamide 5 and ethanolamide 6 as promising compounds for further studies. We investigated their immunomodulatory profile in immortalized microglia cells, in vitro anti-aggregating activity towards Aβ42-amyloid self-aggregation, and their cellular neuroprotective effect against Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity. The fact that 6 effectively reduced Aβ-induced neuronal death, prompted its investigation into an in vivo model. Notably, 6 was demonstrated to significantly increase the longevity of Aβ42-expressing Drosophila and to improve fly locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.); (M.N.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Marina Naldi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.); (M.N.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (M.B.)
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research—CRBA, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.); (M.N.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Silvia Strocchi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.); (M.N.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Daniela Grifoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences (MeSVA), University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.); (M.N.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.); (M.N.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.); (M.N.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (M.B.)
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9
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Albertini C, Salerno A, Sena Murteira Pinheiro P, Bolognesi ML. From combinations to multitarget‐directed ligands: A continuum in Alzheimer's disease polypharmacology. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:2606-2633. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Pedro Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maria L. Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Wang L, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Fu Q, Xiao W, Lu R, Hai L, Guo L, Wu Y. Design, synthesis, and neuroprotective effects of dual-brain targeting naproxen prodrug. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1700382. [PMID: 29566434 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Qiuyi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Wenjiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Runxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu P. R. China
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11
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Neuroprotective Effects of Bioactive Compounds and MAPK Pathway Modulation in "Ischemia"-Stressed PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8020032. [PMID: 29419806 PMCID: PMC5836051 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the efforts taken to investigate in vitro neuroprotective features of synthetic compounds and cell-released growth factors on PC12 clonal cell line temporarily deprived of oxygen and glucose followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). These cells have been used previously to mimic some of the properties of in vivo brain ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI) and have been instrumental in identifying common mechanisms such as calcium overload, redox potential, lipid peroxidation and MAPKs modulation. In addition, they were useful for establishing the role of certain membrane penetrable cocktails of antioxidants as well as potential growth factors which may act in neuroprotection. Pharmacological mechanisms of neuroprotection addressing modulation of the MAPK cascade and increased redox potential by natural products, drugs and growth factors secreted by stem cells, in either undifferentiated or nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells exposed to ischemic conditions are discussed for future prospects in neuroprotection studies.
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12
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Irwin MH, Kanara I, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Vavvas DG, Kodukula K. Epigenetic Treatment of Neurodegenerative Ophthalmic Disorders: An Eye Toward the Future. Biores Open Access 2017; 6:169-181. [PMID: 29291141 PMCID: PMC5747116 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye disease is one of the primary medical conditions that requires attention and therapeutic intervention in ageing populations worldwide. Further, the global burden of diabetes and obesity, along with heart disease, all lead to secondary manifestations of ophthalmic distress. Therefore, there is increased interest in developing innovative new approaches that target various mechanisms and sequelae driving conditions that result in adverse vision. The research challenge is even greater given that the terrain of eye diseases is difficult to landscape into a single therapeutic theme. This report addresses the burden of eye disease due to mitochondrial dysfunction, including antioxidant, autophagic, epigenetic, mitophagic, and other cellular processes that modulate the biomedical end result. In this light, we single out lipoic acid as a potent known natural activator of these pathways, along with alternative and potentially more effective conjugates, which together harness the necessary potency, specificity, and biodistribution parameters required for improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis P. Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David N. Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael H. Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Whitney R. Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krishna Kodukula
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
- Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Virginia
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Connell BJ, Saleh MC, Rajagopal D, Saleh TM. UPEI-400, a conjugate of lipoic acid and scopoletin, mediates neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Yu X, Wang DS, Xu Z, Yang B, Wang D. The synthesis of unsymmetric diamides through Rh-catalyzed selective C–H bond activation of amides with isocyanates. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00793g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and mechanistic studies on Rh-catalyzed C–H activation of amides with isocyanates, resulting in one of the unsymmetric diamine products showing promising anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | | | - Zhaojun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Bobin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Dawei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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15
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Lahiani A, Hidmi A, Katzhendler J, Yavin E, Lazarovici P. Novel Synthetic PEGylated Conjugate of α-Lipoic Acid and Tempol Reduces Cell Death in a Neuronal PC12 Clonal Line Subjected to Ischemia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1452-1462. [PMID: 27499112 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (α-LA), a natural thiol antioxidant, and Tempol, a synthetic free radical scavenger, are known to confer neuroprotection following ischemic insults in both in vivo and in vitro models. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize a conjugate of α-LA and Tempol linked by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in order to generate a more efficacious neuroprotectant molecule. AD3 (α-Tempol ester-ω-lipo ester PEG) was synthesized, purified, and characterized by flash chromatography and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography and by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. AD3 conferred neuroprotection in a PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line of dopaminergic origin, exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) insult measured by LDH release. AD3 exhibited EC50 at 10 μM and showed a 2-3-fold higher efficacy compared to the precursor moieties, indicating an intrinsic potent neuroprotective activity. AD3 attenuated by 25% the intracellular redox potential, by 54% lipid peroxidation and prevented phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 by 57%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that AD3 is a novel conjugate that confers neuroprotection by attenuation of MAPK phosphorylation and by modulation of the redox potential of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Lahiani
- School
of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adel Hidmi
- School
of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Jehoshua Katzhendler
- School
of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ephraim Yavin
- Department
of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- School
of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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16
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Novel NSAID-Derived Drugs for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071035. [PMID: 27376271 PMCID: PMC4964411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been suggested for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prolonged use of NSAIDs, however, produces gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To overcome this serious limitation, the aim of this study was to develop novel NSAID-derived drug conjugates (Anti-inflammatory-Lipoyl derivatives, AL4-9) that preserve the beneficial effects of NSAIDS without causing GI problems. As such, we conjugated selected well-known NSAIDs, such as (S)-naproxen and (R)-flurbiprofen, with (R)-α-lipoic acid (LA) through alkylene diamine linkers. The selection of the antioxidant LA was based on the proposed role of oxidative stress in the development and/or progression of AD. Our exploratory studies revealed that AL7 containing the diaminoethylene linker between (R)-flurbiprofen and LA had the most favorable chemical and in vitro enzymatic stability profiles among the synthesized compounds. Upon pretreatment, this compound exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated U937 cells (lymphoblast lung from human) and Aβ(25-35)-treated THP-1 cells (leukemic monocytes). Furthermore, AL7 also modulated the expression of COX-2, IL-1β and TNF-α in these cell lines, suggesting anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, AL7 has emerged as a potential lead worthy of further characterization and testing in suitable in vivo models of AD.
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17
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Aljuffali IA, Lin CF, Chen CH, Fang JY. The codrug approach for facilitating drug delivery and bioactivity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1311-25. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1187598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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18
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Cacciatore I, Ciulla M, Fornasari E, Marinelli L, Di Stefano A. Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1121-31. [PMID: 27073977 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1178237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The failure of many molecules as CNS bioactive compounds is due to many restrictions: poor water solubility, intestinal absorption, in vivo stability, bioavailability, therapeutic effectiveness, side effects, plasma fluctuations, and difficulty crossing physiological barriers, like the brain blood barrier (BBB), to deliver the drug directly to the site of action. AREA COVERED Nanotechnology-based approaches with the employment of liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as drug delivery systems, are used to overcome the above reported limitations. Here, we focus on the delivery of drugs based on SLN formulation to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, SLN have the ability to protect drugs from chemical and enzymatic degradation, direct the active compound towards the target site with a substantial reduction of toxicity for the adjacent tissues, and pass physiological barriers increasing bioavailability without resorting to high dosage forms. EXPERT OPINION We believe that SLN could represent a suitable tool to pass the BBB and permit drugs to reach damaged areas of the CNS in patients affected by neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cacciatore
- a Department of Pharmacy , University 'G. D'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Michele Ciulla
- a Department of Pharmacy , University 'G. D'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Erika Fornasari
- a Department of Pharmacy , University 'G. D'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- a Department of Pharmacy , University 'G. D'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- a Department of Pharmacy , University 'G. D'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
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19
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Cetin D, Hacımuftuoglu A, Tatar A, Turkez H, Togar B. The in vitro protective effect of salicylic acid against paclitaxel and cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. Cytotechnology 2015. [PMID: 26199062 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PAC) and cisplatin (CIS) are two established chemotherapeutic drugs used in combination for the treatment of various solid tumors. However, the usage of PAC and CIS are limited because of the incidence of their moderate or severe neurotoxic side effects. In this study, we aimed to assess the protective role of salicylic acid (SA) against neurotoxicity caused by PAC and CIS. For this purpose, newborn Sprague Dawley rats were decapitated in sterile atmosphere and primary cortex neuron cultures were established. On the 10th day SA was added into culture plates. PAC and CIS were added on the 12th day. The cytotoxicity was determined by using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Oxidative alterations were assessed using total antioxidant capacity and total oxidative stress assays in rat primary neuron cell cultures. It was shown that both concentrations of PAC and CIS treatments caused neurotoxicity. Although SA decreased the neurotoxicity by CIS and PAC, it was more effective against the toxicity caused by CIS rather than the toxicity caused by PAC. In conclusion it was clearly revealed that SA decreased the neurotoxic effect of CIS and PAC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Cetin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacımuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Abdulgani Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Basak Togar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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20
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Cytogenetic and oxidative alterations after exposure of cultured human whole blood cells to lithium metaborate dehydrate. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:821-7. [PMID: 25680697 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron compounds have an ability of supporting antioxidant properties in human and animal tissues. Lithium metaborate dihydrate (LiBO2·2H2O; LMD) is commonly used in nonlinear optic materials, cellular phones and pagers. But, there are limited data on the genotoxic and antioxidant effects of LMD in cultured human whole blood cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the genotoxicity and antioxidant/oxidant activity of LMD on human whole blood lymphocytes (n = 5). LMD was applied at various concentrations (0-1,280 µg/ml) to cultured blood samples. Antioxidant/oxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity levels. Micronuclei and chromosomal aberration tests were used in genotoxicity studies. Our results clearly revealed that all tested concentrations of LMD were found to be non-genotoxic when compared to that of the control group. In addition, LMD exhibited antioxidant activities at low concentrations. In addition the TOS levels were not changed at all concentrations of LMD. Consequently, our results clearly demonstrated that LMD is non-genotoxic and it has an important antioxidant potential in vitro.
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21
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Patil AB, Ghosh S, Phadatare SD, Pathak P, Sharma GK, Chopade BA, Shinde VS. Evaluation of malonic acid diamide analogues as radical scavenging agents. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01968g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The radical scavenging ability of malonamides has been explored by use of the pulse radiolysis technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay B. Patil
- Garware Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pune
- Pune – 411 007
- India
| | - Sougata Ghosh
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology
- University of Pune
- Pune – 411 007
- India
| | - Suvarna D. Phadatare
- National Centre for Free Radical Research
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pune
- Pune – 411 007
- India
| | - Priyanath Pathak
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400 085
- India
| | - Geeta K. Sharma
- National Centre for Free Radical Research
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pune
- Pune – 411 007
- India
| | - Balu A. Chopade
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology
- University of Pune
- Pune – 411 007
- India
- Department of Microbiology
| | - Vaishali S. Shinde
- Garware Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pune
- Pune – 411 007
- India
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22
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Sozio P, Fiorito J, Di Giacomo V, Di Stefano A, Marinelli L, Cacciatore I, Cataldi A, Pacella S, Turkez H, Parenti C, Rescifina A, Marrazzo A. Haloperidol metabolite II prodrug: asymmetric synthesis and biological evaluation on rat C6 glioma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:1-9. [PMID: 25461306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work we reported the antiproliferative effects of (±)-MRJF4, a novel haloperidol metabolite II (HP-mII) (a sigma-1 antagonist and sigma-2 agonist) prodrug, obtained through conjugation to 4-phenylbutyric acid (PhBA) [a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi)] via an ester bond. As a continuation of this work, here we report the asymmetric synthesis of compounds (R)-(+)-MRJF4 and (S)-(-)-MRJF4 and the evaluation of their biological activity on rat C6 glioma cells, derived from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most common and deadliest central nervous system (CNS) invasive malignancy. Favourable physicochemical properties, high permeability in the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), good enzymatic and chemical stability, in vivo anticancer activity, associated with the capacity to reduce cell viability and to increase cell death by apoptosis, render compound (R)-(+)-MRJF4 a promising candidate for the development of a useful therapeutic for gliomas therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Jole Fiorito
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Viviana Di Giacomo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stephanie Pacella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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23
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Turkez H, Togar B, Di Stefano A, Taspınar N, Sozio P. Protective effects of cyclosativene on H2O 2-induced injury in cultured rat primary cerebral cortex cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:299-309. [PMID: 24493068 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes have attracted much interest with respect to their protective effect against oxidative damage that may be the cause of many diseases including several neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Our previous unpublished work suggested that cyclosativene (CSV), a tetracyclic sesquiterpene, has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic features. However, little is known about the effects of CSV on oxidative stress induced neurotoxicity. We used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure for 6 h to model oxidative stress. Therefore, this experimental design allowed us to explore the neuroprotective potential of CSV in H2O2-induced toxicity in new-born rat cerebral cortex cell cultures for the first time. For this aim, MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) parameters were used to evaluate oxidative changes. In addition to determining of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels, the single cell gel electrophoresis (or Comet assay) was also performed for measuring the resistance of neuronal DNA to H2O2-induced challenge. Our results showed that survival and TAC levels of the cells decreased, while TOS, 8-OH-dG levels and the mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage (Comet assay) increased in the H2O2 alone treated cultures. But pre-treatment of CSV suppressed the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress which were increased by H2O2. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that CSV as a natural product with an antioxidant capacity in mitigating oxidative injuries in the field of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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24
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Connell BJ, Saleh MC, Kucukkaya I, Abd-El-Aziz AS, Khan BV, Saleh TM. UPEI-300, a conjugate of lipoic acid and edaravone, mediates neuroprotection in ischemia/reperfusion. Neurosci Lett 2014; 561:151-5. [PMID: 24394910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Edaravone, an electron spin trapper with radical scavenging activity, has been shown to be effective in reducing infarct volume in humans following ischemic stroke. However, concerns of edaravone-induced renal toxicity have limited its clinical adoption. Previous work has demonstrated that edaravone produced significant neuroprotection when injected prior to a period of ischemia and/or reperfusion. The current investigation was designed to determine if a newly synthesized co-drug consisting of lipoic acid and edaravone, named UPEI-300, could produce neuroprotection in in vitro and/or an in vivo rodent model of stroke. UPEI-300 produced dose-dependent neuroprotection in vitro and was subsequently tested in vivo. Male rats were anaesthetized and the middle cerebral artery was occluded for 30 min followed by 5.5 h of reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion; I/R). Pre-administration of UPEI-300 dose-dependently decreased infarct volume. Significant neuroprotection was also observed when UPEI-300 (1.0 mg/kg) was injected during the 30 min period of ischemia as well as up to 60 min following the start of reperfusion. These results indicate that a co-drug consisting of edaravone and lipoic acid is a potent neuroprotectant, and clinically, the use of such a novel co-drug following an ischemic stroke might maintain neuroprotection while potentially decreasing edaravone associated renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Connell
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Monique C Saleh
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Inan Kucukkaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Alaa S Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Bobby V Khan
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3; Carmel BioSciences, 5673 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
| | - Tarek M Saleh
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3.
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25
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Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Fornasari E, Baldassarre L, Pinnen F, Sozio P, Di Stefano A, Marinelli L, Dean A, Fulle S, Di Filippo ES, La Rovere RML, Patruno A, Ferrone A, Di Marco V. A glutathione derivative with chelating and in vitro neuroprotective activities: synthesis, physicochemical properties, and biological evaluation. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1818-29. [PMID: 24106097 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-ion dysregulation and oxidative stress have been linked to the progressive neurological decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Herein we report the synthesis and chelating, antioxidant, and in vitro neuroprotective activities of a novel derivative of glutathione, GS(HQ)H, endowed with an 8-hydroxyquinoline group as a metal-chelating moiety. In vitro results showed that GS(HQ)H may be stable enough to be absorbed unmodified and arrive intact to the blood-brain barrier, that it may be able to remove Cu(II) and Zn(II) from the Aβ peptide without causing any copper or zinc depletion in vivo, and that it protects SHSY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells against H2 O2 - and 6-OHDA-induced damage. Together, these findings suggest that GS(HQ)H could be a potential neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in which a lack of metal homeostasis has been reported as a key factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (Italy).
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26
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Sozio P, Marinelli L, Cacciatore I, Fontana A, Türkez H, Giorgioni G, Ambrosini D, Barbato F, Grumetto L, Pacella S, Cataldi A, Di Stefano A. New flurbiprofen derivatives: synthesis, membrane affinity and evaluation of in vitro effect on β-amyloid levels. Molecules 2013; 18:10747-67. [PMID: 24005968 PMCID: PMC6270570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by irreversible and progressive loss of memory and cognition and profound neuronal loss. Current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD have been directed to a variety of targets with the aim of reversing or preventing the disease but, unfortunately, the available treatments often produce no significant clinical benefits. During the last decades compounds that inhibit or modulate γ-secretase, reducing β amyloid (Aβ) levels, have been considered as potential therapeutics for AD. Among these the (R)-enantiomer of flurbiprofen (FLU) seems to be very promising, but it shows low brain penetration. In this study, in order to improve the properties of FLU against Alzheimer's pathogenesis we synthesized some novel FLU lipophilic analogues. Lipophilicity of the new molecules has been characterized in terms of clogP, log K(C18/W) and log K(IAM/W) values. Permeability has been determined in both gastrointestinal PAMPA (PAMPA-GI) at different pH values and in brain blood barrier PAMPA (PAMPA-BBB) models. They were also tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro γ-secretase activity using rat CTXTNA2 astrocytes. Interestingly, the investigated molecules demonstrated to reduce Aβ 42 levels without affecting the amyloid precursor protein APP level in a clear concentrations-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
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27
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Chen X, Gao J, Jiang Y, Huang P, Xie Y, Pi R, Zhu S, Yao M. Determination of newly synthesized lipoic acid-niacin dimer in rat plasma by UPLC/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: assay development, validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:213-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yuhui Xie
- Food and Drug Administration of Guangdong Province; Dongfeng road 753-2, Yuexiu district Guangzhou China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Shuzhen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Meicun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
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Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Laserra S, Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Di Filippo ES, Fulle S, Fontana A, Di Crescenzo A, Grilli M, Marchi M, Di Stefano A. Memantine-sulfur containing antioxidant conjugates as potential prodrugs to improve the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:187-98. [PMID: 23454012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The approved treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) exploit mainly a symptomatic approach based on the use of cholinesterase inhibitors or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Natural antioxidant compounds, able to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), have been extensively studied as useful neuroprotective agents. A novel approach towards excitotoxicity protection and oxidative stress associated with excess β amyloid (Aβ) preservation in AD is represented by selective glutamatergic antagonists that possess as well antioxidant capabilities. In the present work, GSH (1) or (R)-α-lipoic acid (LA) (2) have been covalently linked with the NMDA receptor antagonists memantine (MEM). The new conjugates, proposed as potential antialzheimer drugs, should act both as glutamate receptor antagonists and radical scavenging agents. The physico-chemical properties and "in vitro" membrane permeability, the enzymatic and chemical stability, the demonstrated "in vitro" antioxidant activity associated to the capacity to inhibit Aβ(1-42) aggregation makes at least compound 2 a promising candidate for treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Zara S, De Colli M, Rapino M, Pacella S, Nasuti C, Sozio P, Di Stefano A, Cataldi A. Ibuprofen and lipoic acid conjugate neuroprotective activity is mediated by Ngb/Akt intracellular signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease rat model. Gerontology 2013; 59:250-60. [PMID: 23428737 DOI: 10.1159/000346445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequent form of senile dementia. Neuroglobin (Ngb) has a neuroprotective role and decreases Aβ peptide levels. Ngb, promoting Akt phosphorylation, activates cell survival involving cyclic-nucleotide response element-binding protein (CREB). A new molecule (IBU-LA) was synthetized and administered to an AD rat model to counteract AD progression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the IBU-LA-mediated induction of Ngb neuroprotective and antiapoptotic activities. METHODS Brain morphology was analyzed through Bielschowsky staining, Aβ(1-40) and Ngb expression by immunohistochemistry. Akt, p-Akt, CREB and p-CREB expression was evaluated by Western blot, apoptosis through cytochrome C/Apaf 1 immunocomplex formation, and TUNEL analysis. RESULTS Bielschowsky staining and Aβ(1-40) expression show few nerve connections and Aβ(1-40) expression in an Aβ sample, preserved neuronal cells and Aβ(1-40) expression lowering in an IBU sample, mostly in IBU-LA. The Ngb level decreases in Aβ samples, compared to control and IBU-LA samples. p-Akt/Akt and p-CREB/CREB ratios reveal a reduction in Aβ sample, going back to the basal level in control and IBU-LA samples. Cytochrome C/Apaf 1 co-immunoprecipitate occurs and TUNEL-positive nuclei percentage decreases in Aβ sample. Probe test performance shows an increased spatial reference memory in the IBU-LA compared to the Aβ sample; no significant differences were seen between the IBU-LA and IBU samples. CONCLUSION This evidence reveals that IBU-LA administration has the capability to maintain a high Ngb level allowing Ngb to perform a neuroprotective and antiapoptotic role, representing a valid tool in the therapeutic strategy of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Zara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italia.
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Abstract
The brain is one of the most protected organs in the body. There are two key barriers that control the access of endogenous substances and xenobiotics (drugs or toxins) to the CNS. These physiological structures are the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The BBB represents the main determinant of the effective delivery of drugs to the CNS. Good access through the BBB is essential if the target site is located within the CNS or, in contrast, can be a disadvantage if adverse reactions occur at central level. The development of new drugs targeted to the CNS requires a better knowledge of the factors affecting BBB permeation as well as in vitro and in silico predictive tools to optimize screening, and to reduce the attrition rate at later stages of drug development. This review discusses the particular characteristics of the biology and physiology of the BBB with respect to the permeation and distribution of drugs into the brain. The factors affecting rate, extent and distribution into the brain are discussed and a brief description of the in silico, in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods used to measure BBB transport are presented. Finally, the lastest proposals and strategies to enhance transport across the BBB of new CNS drugs are summarized.
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Connell BJ, Saleh MC, Khan BV, Rajagopal D, Saleh TM. UPEI-100, a conjugate of lipoic acid and apocynin, mediates neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R886-95. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00644.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous work in our laboratory has provided evidence that preadministration of apocynin and lipoic acid at subthreshold levels for neuroprotection enhanced the neuroprotective capacity when injected in combination. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to determine whether a co-drug consisting of lipoic acid and apocynin functional groups bound by a covalent bond, named UPEI-100, is capable of similar efficacy using a rodent model of stroke. Male rats were anesthetized with Inactin (100 mg/kg iv), and the middle cerebral artery was occluded for 6 h or allowed to reperfuse for 5.5 h following a 30-min occlusion (ischemia/reperfusion, I/R). Preadministration of UPEI-100 dose-dependently decreased infarct volume in the I/R model ( P < 0.05), but not in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Using the optimal dose, we then injected UPEI-100 during the stroke or at several time points during reperfusion, and significant neuroprotection was observed when UPEI-100 was administered up to 90 min following the start of reperfusion ( P < 0.05). A time course for this neuroprotective effect showed that UPEI-100 resulted in a decrease in infarct volume following 2 h of reperfusion compared with vehicle. The time course of this neuroprotective effect was also used to study several mediators along the antioxidant pathway and showed that UPEI-100 increased the level of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and oxidized glutathione and decreased a marker of lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress (HNE-His adduct formation). Taken together, the data suggest that UPEI-100 may utilize similar pathways to those observed for the two parent compounds; however, it may also act through a different mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J. Connell
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada; and
| | - Monique C. Saleh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada; and
| | - Bobby V. Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada; and
- InVasc Therapeutics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Tarek M. Saleh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada; and
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Zara S, Rapino M, Sozio P, Di Stefano A, Nasuti C, Cataldi A. Ibuprofen and lipoic acid codrug 1 control Alzheimer's disease progression by down-regulating protein kinase C ε-mediated metalloproteinase 2 and 9 levels in β-amyloid infused Alzheimer's disease rat model. Brain Res 2011; 1412:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011; 23:356-63. [PMID: 21566469 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3283481706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zara S, Di Stefano A, Nasuti C, Rapino M, Patruno A, Pesce M, Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Cataldi A. NOS-mediated morphological and molecular modifications in rats infused with Aβ (1-40), as a model of Alzheimer's disease, in response to a new lipophilic molecular combination codrug-1. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pinnen F, Sozio P, Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Mollica A, Iannitelli A, D′Aurizio E, Cataldi A, Zara S, Nasuti C, Di Stefano A. Ibuprofen and Glutathione Conjugate as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 344:139-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Das N, Dhanawat M, Dash B, Nagarwal R, Shrivastava S. Codrug: An efficient approach for drug optimization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:571-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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CNS delivery of L-dopa by a new hybrid glutathione-methionine peptidomimetic prodrug. Amino Acids 2010; 42:261-9. [PMID: 21080012 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated primarily with loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the nigrostriatal system. With the aim of increasing the bioavailability of L: -dopa (LD) after oral administration and of overcoming the pro-oxidant effect associated with LD therapy, we designed a peptidomimetic LD prodrug (1) able to release the active agent by enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis. The physicochemical properties, as well as the chemical and enzymatic stabilities of the new compound, were evaluated in order to check both its stability in aqueous medium and its sensitivity towards enzymatic cleavage, providing the parent LD drug, in rat and human plasma. The radical scavenging activities of prodrug 1 was tested by using both the DPPH-HPLC and the DMSO competition methods. The results indicate that the replacement of cysteine GSH portion by methionine confers resistance to oxidative degradation in gastric fluid. Prodrug 1 demonstrated to induce sustained delivery of DA in rat striatal tissue with respect to equimolar LD dosages. These results are of significance for prospective therapeutic application of prodrug 1 in pathological events associated with free radical damage and decreasing DA concentration in the brain.
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Di Stefano A, Sozio P, Cerasa L, Iannitelli A, Cataldi A, Zara S, Giorgioni G, Nasuti C. Ibuprofen and Lipoic Acid Diamide as Co-Drug with Neuroprotective Activity: Pharmacological Properties and Effects in β-Amyloid (1–40) Infused Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:589-99. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both oxidative stress and inflammation are elevated in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients, but their pathogenic significance still remains unclear. Current evidence support the hypothesis that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antioxidant therapy might protect against the development of Alzheimer's disease, and ibuprofen has the strongest epidemiological support. In the present work our attention was focused on (R)-α-lipoic acid considered as a potential neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer's disease therapy. In particular, we investigated a new co-drug (1) obtained by joining (R)-α-lipoic acid and ibuprofen via a diamide bond, for evaluating its potential to antagonize the deleterious structural and cognitive effects of β-amyloid (1–40) in an infused Alzheimer's disease rat model. Our results indicated that infusion of β-amyloid (1–40) impairs memory performance through a progressive cognitive deterioration; however, ibuprofen and co-drug 1 seemed to protect against behavioural detriment induced by simultaneous administration of β-amyloid (1–40) protein. The obtained data were supported by the histochemical findings of the present study: β-amyloid protein was less expressed in 1-treated than in ibuprofen and (R)-α-lipoic acid alone-treated cerebral cortex. Taken together, the present findings suggest that co-drug 1 treatment may protect against the cognitive dysfunction induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of β-amyloid (1–40) in rats. Thus, co-drug 1 could prove useful as a tool for controlling Alzheimer's disease-induced cerebral amyloid deposits and behavioural deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A. Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Biomorfologia, Università “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti
| | - S. Zara
- Dipartimento di Biomorfologia, Università “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti
| | - G. Giorgioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, Camerino
| | - C. Nasuti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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