Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Pyrazoline Derivatives Bearing a Dithiocarbamate Moiety as New Cholinesterase Inhibitors

A Comprehensive Review on Potential Molecular Drug Targets for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an onset and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that has been linked to various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Recent research has revealed several potential targets for drug development, such as the prevention of Aβ production and removal, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, and keeping neurons alive. Drugs that target numerous ADrelated variables have been developed, and early results are encouraging. This review provides a concise map of the different receptor signaling pathways associated with Alzheimer's Disease, as well as insight into drug design based on these pathways. It discusses the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, aging, Aβ turnover, thiol groups, and mitochondrial activities, and their role in the disease. It also reviews the potential drug targets, in vivo active agents, and docking studies done in AD and provides prospects for future drug development. This review intends to provide more clarity on the molecular processes that occur in Alzheimer's patient's brains, which can be of use in diagnosing and preventing the condition.

Design and Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazines or Pyrimidines Containing Dithiocarbamate Moiety as PI3Kα Selective Inhibitors

Recent studies have shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a vital role in cell division, and it has become a therapeutic target for many cancers. In this paper, some new 1,3,5-triazine or pyrimidine skeleton derivatives containing dithiocarbamate were designed and synthesized based on the reasonable drug design strategy from the previously effective compound 2-(difluoromethyl)-1-[4,6-di(4-morpholinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole (ZSTK-474), in order to get effective selective PI3Kα inhibitors that have not been reported in the literature. In addition, the inhibitory activities of these compounds on PI3Kα and two tumor cell lines in vitro (HCT-116, U87-MG) were evaluated. The representative compound 13 showed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.2 nM for PI3Kα and an exciting kinase selectivity. Compound 13 displayed strong efficacy in HCT-116 and U87-MG cell lines with IC50 values of 0.83 and 1.25 μM, respectively. In addition, compound 13 induced obvious tumor regression in the U87-MG cell line xenografts mouse model, with no obvious signs of toxicity after intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Compound 13 can be an effective selective inhibitor of PI3Kα, and it provides patients with an opportunity to avoid the side effects related to the wider inhibition of the class I PI3K family.

Proteomic Profiling of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Response to Phenacylideneoxindol Derivative: Unveiling Molecular Targets and Pathways

BACKGROUND

The treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a challenge, and the discovery of new antifungal compounds is crucial. The phenacylideneoxindoles exhibited promising antifungal activity against Paracoccidioides spp., but their mode of action remains unknown.

METHODS

Through proteomic analysis, we investigated the effects of (E)-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one on P. brasiliensis. In addition, we investigated the metabolic alterations of P. brasiliensis in response to the compound. Furthermore, the effects of the compound on the membrane, ethanol production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were verified.

RESULTS

We identified differentially regulated proteins that revealed significant metabolic reorganization, including an increase in ethanol production, suggesting the activation of alcoholic fermentation and alterations in the rigidity of fungal cell membrane with an increase of the ergosterol content and formation of ROS.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings enhance our understanding of the mode of action and response of P. brasiliensis to the investigated promising antifungal compound, emphasizing its potential as a candidate for the treatment of PCM.

Peripherally, non-peripherally and axially pyrazoline-fused phthalocyanines: synthesis, aggregation behaviour, fluorescence, singlet oxygen generation, and photodegradation studies

Pyrazoline-fused peripheral zinc phthalocyanine (HY-ZnPcP) showed the highest singlet oxygen generation in DMSO, and it is thought to be a photosensitizer candidate for photodynamic therapy.

Pyrazoline Containing Compounds as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders

Pyrazolines are a significant class of heterocyclic compounds with essential biological activities. They are quite stable, which has inspired medicinal chemists to experiment with the ring's structure in many different ways to create a variety of pharmacological activities. The structures of numerous commercially available therapeutic agents contain a pyrazoline ring. Pyrazolines are well-known for their ability to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The neurodegenerative diseases that affect huge populations globally include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and psychiatric disorders. The neuroprotective properties of pyrazolines published since 2003 are covered in the current review. Structure-activity relationships (SARs), molecular docking simulation, anticholinesterase (anti-AChE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO A/B) inhibitory actions are all covered in this article. Pyrazolines were discovered to have beneficial effects in the management of AD and were revealed to be inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. They were discovered to be efficient against PD and also targeted MAO B and COMT. It was discovered that the pyrazolines block MAO A to treat psychiatric diseases. Pyrazolines are significant heteroaromatic scaffolds with a variety of biological functions. They were discovered to be remarkably stable and serve as an indispensable anchor for the development of new drugs. By blocking AChE and MAOs, they may be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The discussion outlined here is an essential and helpful resource for medicinal chemists who are investigating and applying pyrazolines in neurodegenerative research initiatives as well as to expedite future research programs on neurodegenerative disorders.

Inhibitory potential of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur containing heterocyclic scaffolds against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase

Heterocycles are the key structures in organic chemistry owing to their immense applications in the biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical fields. Heterocyclic compounds perform various noteworthy functions in nature, medication, innovation etc. Most frequently, pure nitrogen heterocycles or various positional combinations of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms in five or six-membered rings can be found. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes is a popular strategy for the management of numerous mental diseases. In this context, cholinesterase inhibitors are utilized to relieve the symptoms of neurological illnesses like dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present review focuses on various heterocyclic scaffolds and their role in designing and developing new potential AChE and BChE inhibitors to treat AD. Moreover, a detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) has been established for the future discovery of novel drugs for the treatment of AD. Most of the heterocyclic motifs have been used in the design of new potent cholinesterase inhibitors. In this regard, this review is an endeavor to summarize the biological and chemical studies over the past decade (2010-2022) describing the pursuit of new N, O and S containing heterocycles which can offer a rich supply of promising AChE and BChE inhibitory activities.

A medicinal chemist's perspective towards structure activity relationship of heterocycle based anti-cancer agents

AIM

To describe structure activity relationship of heterocyclic derivatives with multi-targeted anticancer activity.

OBJECTIVES

With the following goals in mind, this review tries to describe significant recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of heterocycle-based compounds: (1) To shed light on recent literature focused on heterocyclic derivatives' anticancer potential; (2) To discuss recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of heterocyclic derivatives, as well as their biological implications for cancer eradication; (3) To summarise the comprehensive correlation of structure activity relationship (SAR) with pharmacological outcomes in cancer therapy.

BACKGROUND

Cancer remains one of the major serious health issues devastating the world today. Cancer is a complex disease in which improperly altered cells proliferate at an uncontrolled, rapid, and severe rate. Variables such as poor dietary habits, high stress, age, and smoking, can all contribute to the development of cancer. Cancer can affect almost any organ or tissue, although the brain, breast, liver, and colon are the most frequently affected organs. From several years, surgical operations and irradiation are in use along with chemotherapy as a primary treatment of cancer but still effective treatment of cancer remains a huge challenge. Chemotherapy is now one of the most effective strategies to eradicate cancer, although it has been shown to have a number of cytotoxic and unfavourable effects on normal cells. Despite all of these cancer treatments, there are several other targets for anticancer drugs. Cancer can be effectively eradicated by focusing on these targets, which include both cell-specific and receptor-specific targets such as tyrosine kinase receptors (TKIs). Heterocyclic scaffolds also have a variety of applications in drug development and are a common moiety in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and textile industries.

METHODS

The association between structural activity relationship data of many powerful compounds and their anticancer potential in vitro and in vivo has been studied. SAR of powerful heterocyclic compounds can also be generated using molecular docking simulations, as reported vastly in literature.

CONCLUSIONS

Heterocycles have a wide range of applications, from natural compounds to synthesised derivatives with powerful anticancer properties. To avoid cytotoxicity or unfavourable effects on normal mammalian cells due to a lack of selectivity towards the target site, as well as to reduce the occurrence of drug resistance, safer anticancer lead compounds with higher potency and lower cytotoxicity are needed. This review emphasizes on design and development of heterocyclic lead compounds with promising anticancer potential.

Synthesis of New Bis-pyrazolines Endowed with Potent Antifungal Activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger

Background:

Due to the increasing number of cases of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), there is an urgent need to identify potent antifungal agents capable of combating IFIs. Pyrazolines are one such class of therapeutically active agents that could be considered to fulfill this need.

Objective:

In this context, this paper aims to identify two new series of bis-pyrazolines endowed with potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.

Methods:

Two new series of bis-pyrazolines (4a-i, 5a-e) were synthesized through an efficient and versatile synthetic procedure. The compounds were screened for their antifungal effects on C. albicans and A. niger using a broth microdilution method. Their cytotoxic effects on NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were determined using MTT assay. Molecular docking studies were performed in the active site of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) to shed light on their antifungal effects using Schrödinger’s Maestro molecular modeling package.

Results:

5,5'-(1,4-Phenylene)bis[1-(2-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetyl)-3-(2-thienyl)-4,5- dihydro-1H-pyrazole] (4a) and 5,5'-(1,4-phenylene)bis[1-(2-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinylthiocarbamoyl) thio)acetyl)-3-(2-thienyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole] (5a) were found as the most promising antifungal agents in this series. Compounds 4a and 5a showed pronounced antifungal activity against C. albicans (MIC= 0.016 mg/mL) and A. niger (MIC= 0.008 mg/mL). Based on MTT assay, their antifungal effects were selective (IC50 > 0.500 mg/mL for NIH/3T3 cell line). Molecular docking studies suggested that compounds 5a-e might show their anticandidal effects via CYP51 inhibition in regard to their stronger interactions in the active site of CYP51.

Conclusion:

Compounds 4a and 5a stand out as potential antifungal agents for the management of IFIs caused by C. albicans and A. niger.

An insight into medicinal attributes of dithiocarbamates: Bird's eye view

Dithiocarbamates are considered as an important motif owing to its extensive biological applications in medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of this framework can easily be achieved via a one-pot reaction of primary/secondary amines, CS₂, and alkyl halides under catalyst-free conditions or sometimes in the presence of a base. By virtue of its colossal pharmacological scope, it has been an evolving subject of interest for many researchers around the world. The present review aims to highlight various synthetic approaches for dithiocarbamates with the major emphasis on medicinal attributes of these architectures as leads in the drug discovery of small molecules such as HDAC inhibitor, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) down-regulator, kinase inhibitor (focal adhesion kinase, pyruvate kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase), carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, DNA intercalators, and apoptosis-inducing agents. Moreover, recent medicinal advancements in the synthesis of dithiocarbamate derivatives as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-Alzheimer, antitubercular, anti-glaucoma, anti-cholinergic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory activities have been elaborated with notable examples.

Recent advancements in the development of bioactive pyrazoline derivatives

Pyrazolines remain privileged heterocycles in drug discovery. 2-Pyrazoline scaffold has been proven as a ubiquitous motif which is present in a number of pharmacologically important drug molecules such as antipyrine, ramifenazone, ibipinabant, axitinib etc. They have been widely explored by the scientific community and are reported to possess wide spectrum of biological activities. For combating unprecedented diseases and worldwide increasing drug resistance, 2-pyrazoline has been tackled as a fascinating pharmacophore to generate new molecules with improved potency and lesser toxicity along with desired pharmacokinetic profile. This review aims to summarizes various recent advancements in the medicinal chemistry of pyrazoline based compounds with the following objectives: (1) To represent inclusive data on pyrazoline based marketed drugs as well as therapeutic candidates undergoing preclinical and clinical developments; (2) To discuss recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of pyrazoline derivatives with their numerous biological significances for the eradication of various diseases; (3) Summarizes structure-activity relationships (SAR) including in silico and mechanistic studies to afford ideas for the design and development of novel compounds with desired therapeutic implications.

Synthesis, In vitro and In silico Evaluation of a Series of Pyrazolines as New Anticholinesterase Agents

Background:

Pyrazolines, electron-rich nitrogen carriers, are of great importance due to their potential applications for the treatment of many diseases including inflammation, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.

Objectives:

The purpose of this work was to synthesize new pyrazoline derivatives and evaluate their anticholinesterase effects.

Methods:

1-Aryl-5-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles (1-7) were synthesized via the treatment of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]prop-2- en-1-one with arylhydrazine hydrochloride derivatives in acetic acid, whereas 1-aryl-5-[4- (morpholin-4-yl)phenyl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles (8-14) were obtained by the treatment of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one with arylhydrazine hydrochloride derivatives in acetic acid. Their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were determined using a modification of Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. In silico docking and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) studies were performed using Schrödinger’s Maestro molecular modeling package.

Results:

In general, piperidine derivatives were found to be more effective than morpholine derivatives on cholinesterases (ChEs). 1-Phenyl-5-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (1) and 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-5-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-3-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (7) were identified as the most effective AChE inhibitors in this series with 40.92% and 38.98%, respectively. Compounds 1 and 7 were docked into the active site of human AChE (PDB code: 4EY7). Both the compounds were found to be capable of forming π-π stacking interactions with Trp286. Based on in silico ADME studies, these compounds are expected to have reasonable oral bioavailability.

Conclusion:

In the view of this work, the structural modification of the identified agents is going on for the generation of new anticholinesterase agents with enhanced efficacy.

New chalcone-type compounds and 2-pyrazoline derivatives: synthesis and caspase-dependent anticancer activity

Aim: There is a continuous and urgent need for new anticancer agents with novel structures and target selectivity. Methods & results: The anticancer activity of the prepared compounds was assessed against human lung (A549) and stomach (AGS) cancer cell lines and evaluated in the noncancer human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cell line. 2-Pyrazolines were devoid of toxicity in all cell lines used, chalcones bearing a β-(benz)imidazole moiety being toxic toward AGS cell line. Mechanistic studies showed that these compounds trigger loss of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, while eliciting morphological traits compatible with regulated cell death, which was ultimately shown to derive from caspase activation, specifically caspase-3. Conclusion: Chalcones 1-3 have been identified as new and promising anticancer agents toward the AGS cell line.

Synthesis and Evaluation of a New Series of Thiazolyl-pyrazoline Derivatives as Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Objectives

In recent years, the design of anticholinesterase agents based on molecular hybridization of pharmacologically active scaffolds has attracted a great deal of interest in medicinal chemistry. For this purpose, we aimed to design and synthesize anticholinesterase agents based on the molecular hybridization of thiazole and pyrazoline scaffolds.

Materials and Methods

New thiazolyl-pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized via the ring closure reaction of 3-(2-furyl)-5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole with 2-bromo-1-arylethanone derivatives. The compounds were investigated for their inhibitory effects on AChE and BuChE using a modification of Ellman's spectrophotometric method. As a part of this study, the compliance of the compounds to Lipinski's rule of five was evaluated. The physicochemical parameters (log P, TPSA, nrotb, molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, molecular volume) were calculated using Molinspiration software.

Results

2-[5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2-furyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)thiazole was found to be the most effective AChE inhibitor (38.5±2.85%), whereas 2-[5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2-furyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole was found as the most potent BuChE inhibitor (43.02±2.71%) in this series. These compounds only violated one parameter of Lipinski's rule of five. On the basis of Lipinski's rule, they were expected to have reasonable oral bioavailability.

Conclusion

In the view of this study, the structural modification of the identified compounds is on-going for the generation of new cholinesterase inhibitors with enhanced efficacy.

New Benzodioxole-based Pyrazoline Derivatives: Synthesis and Anticandidal, In silico ADME, Molecular Docking Studies

Background:

Azoles are commonly used in the treatment and prevention of fungal infections. They suppress fungal growth by acting on the heme group of lanosterol 14α-demethylase enzyme (CYP51), thus blocking the biosynthesis of ergosterol. </P><P> Objectives: Due to the importance of pyrazolines in the field of antifungal drug design, we aimed to design and synthesize new pyrazoline-based anticandidal agents.

Methods:

New pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of 1-(chloroacetyl)-3-(2- thienyl)-5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-pyrazoline with aryl thiols. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal effects on Candida species. Docking studies were performed to predict the affinity of the most effective anticandidal agents to substrate binding site of CYP51. Furthermore, MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxic effects of the compounds on NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. A computational study for the prediction of ADME properties of all compounds was also carried out.

Results:

Compounds 5, 8, 10 and 12 were found as the most potent anticandidal agents against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata in this series with the same MIC values of ketoconazole and they also exhibited low toxicity against NIH/3T3 cells. Docking results indicated that all these compounds showed good binding affinity into the active site of CYP51. In particular, chloro substituted compounds 8 and 12 bind to CYP51 through direct coordination with the heme group. According to in silico studies, compound 8 only violated one parameter of Lipinski’s rule of five, making it a potential orally bioavailable agent.

Conclusion:

Compound 8 was defined as a promising candidate for further in vitro and in vivo studies.

Synthesis and evaluation of new benzodioxole-based dithiocarbamate derivatives as potential anticancer agents and hCA-I and hCA-II inhibitors

In the current work, new benzodioxole-based dithiocarbamate derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-chloroacetamide with appropriate sodium salts of N,N-disubstituted dithiocarbamic acids. These derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma and C6 rat glioma cell lines. N-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-piperazinylthiocarbamoylthio]acetamide (10) can be identified as the most promising anticancer agent against C6 cell line due to its notable inhibitory effect on C6 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 23.33 ± 7.63 μg/mL when compared with cisplatin (IC₅₀ = 19.00 ± 5.29 μg/mL). On the other hand, compound 10 did not show any significant cytotoxic activity against A549 cell line. The compounds were also tested for their in vitro inhibitory effects on hCA-I and hCA-II. Generally, the tested compounds were more effective on CAs than acetazolamide, the reference agent. Among these compounds, N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[(morpholinyl)thiocarbamoylthio]acetamide (3) and N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[(thiomorpholinyl)thiocarbamoylthio]acetamide (4) were found to be the most effective compounds on hCA-I with IC₅₀ values of 0.346 nM and 0.288 nM, and hCA-II with IC₅₀ values of 0.287 nM and 0.338 nM, respectively.

Discovery of novel heteroarylmethylcarbamodithioates as potent anticancer agents: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship analysis and biological evaluation

A series of new analogs based on the structure of lead compound 10 were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-cancer activities against four selected human cancer cell lines (HL-60, Bel-7402, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-468). Several synthesized compounds exhibited improved anti-cancer activities comparing with lead compound 10. Among them, 1,3,4-oxadiazole analogs 17o showed highest bioactivity with IC50 values of 1.23, 0.58 and 4.29 μM against Bel-7402, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-468 cells, respectively. It is noteworthy that 17o has potent anti-proliferation activity toward a panel of cancer cells with relatively less cytotoxicity to nonmalignant cells. The further mechanistic study showed that it induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through disrupting spindle assembly in mitotic progression, indicating these synthesized dithiocarbamates represented a novel series of anti-cancer compounds targeting mitosis.

Synthesis and Evaluation of New Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents

New pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on AsPC-1 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, U87 and U251 human glioblastoma cell lines. 1-[((5-(4-Methylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetyl]-3-(2-thienyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrazoline (11) was found to be the most effective anticancer agent against AsPC-1 and U251 cell lines, with IC50 values of 16.8 µM and 11.9 µM, respectively. Tumor selectivity of compound 11 was clearly seen between Jurkat human leukemic T-cell line and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Due to its promising anticancer activity, compound 11 was chosen for apoptosis/necrosis evaluation and DNA-cleavage analysis in U251 cells. Compound 11-treated U251 cells exhibited apoptotic phenotype at low concentration (1.5 µM). DNA-cleaving efficiency of this ligand was more significant than cisplatin and was clearly enhanced by Fe(II)-H₂O₂-ascorbic acid systems. This result pointed out the relationship between the DNA cleavage and the cell death.

Molecular drug targets and therapies for Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by normal memory loss and cognitive impairment in humans. Many drug targets and disease-modulating therapies are available for treatment of AD, but none of these are effective enough in reducing problems associated with recognition and memory. Potential drug targets so far reported for AD are β-secretase, Γ-secretase, amyloid beta (Aβ) and Aβ fibrils, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Herbal remedies (antioxidants) and natural metal-chelators have shown a very significant role in reducing the risk of AD, as well as lowering the effect of Aβ in AD patients. Researchers are working in the direction of antisense and stem cell-based therapies for a cure for AD, which mainly depends on the clearance of misfolded protein deposits — including Aβ, tau, and alpha-synuclein. Computational approaches for inhibitor designing, interaction analysis, principal descriptors and an absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) study could speed up the process of drug development with higher efficacy and less chance of failure. This paper reviews the known drugs, drug targets, and existing and future therapies for the treatment of AD.