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Yang HT, Wang G, Zhu PC, Xiao ZY. Silencing EIF3A ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension through HDAC1 and PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2023; 426:113555. [PMID: 36921705 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling caused by the excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is the hallmark feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit A (EIF3A) exhibited proliferative activity in multiple cell types. The present study investigated the role of EIF3A in the progression of PAH. A monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rat model was constructed, and adeno-associated virus type 1 (AAV1) carrying EIF3A shRNA was intratracheally delivered to PAH rats to block EIF3A expression. PASMCs were isolated from rats and treated with PDGF-BB to simulate PASMC proliferation, and shRNA for EIF3 was conducted to investigate the mechanism behind the role of EIF3A in PASMC function in vitro. EIF3A expression was upregulated in pulmonary arteries, and EIF3A inhibition effectively improved pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy and suppressed MCT-induced vascular remodeling in vivo. In addition, we found that genetic knockdown of EIF3A reduced PDGF-triggered proliferation and arrested cell cycle, accompanied by downregulated proliferation-related protein expression in PASMCs. Mechanistically, the histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)-mediated PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway was recognized as a primary mechanism in PAH progression. Silencing EIF3A decreased HDAC1 expression, and further inhibited the excessive proliferation of PASMCs by increasing the phosphatase and tension homolog (PTEN) expression and suppressing the AKT phosphorylation. Notably, HDAC1 expression reversed the effect of silencing EIF3A on PAH and PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. Collectively, silencing EIF3A improved PAH by decreasing PASMC proliferation through the HDAC1-mediated PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings suggest that targeting EIF3A may represent a potential approach for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Yang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Gengga Sangmao, Li Y, Wang W, Jin L, Yang Z, Yin S, Chen C, Yang H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Series of Pirfenidone Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shi X, Yu Z, Zhu C, Jiang L, Geng N, Fan X, Guan Z, Lu X. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of pirfenidone derivatives as anti-fibrosis agents in vitro. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:610-621. [PMID: 35694690 PMCID: PMC9132227 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFD) was the first approved drug by FDA for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the rapid metabolism of 5-methyl of PFD increases the risk of side...
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhenqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Chaoran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Nanqi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Xingting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhanghui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases Henan Province China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Henan Province Zhengzhou China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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4
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Jiang SL, Mo JL, Peng J, Lei L, Yin JY, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ, Hong WX. Targeting translation regulators improves cancer therapy. Genomics 2020; 113:1247-1256. [PMID: 33189778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of protein synthesis may be involved in multiple aspects of cancer, such as gene expression, signal transduction and drive specific cell biological responses, resulting in promoting cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. Study the molecular mechanisms about translational control may help us to find more effective anti-cancer drugs and develop novel therapeutic opportunities. Recently, the researchers had focused on targeting translational machinery to overcome cancer, and various small molecular inhibitors targeting translation factors or pathways have been tested in clinical trials and exhibited improving outcomes in several cancer types. There is no doubt that an insight into the class of translation regulation protein would provide new target for pharmacologic intervention and further provide opportunities to develop novel anti-tumor therapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarized the developments of translational control in cancer survival and progression et al, and highlighted the therapeutic approach targeted translation regulation to overcome the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Long Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jun-Luan Mo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Ji Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Lin Lei
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Wen-Xu Hong
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, PR China.
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Fahnhorst GW, Hoye TR. A Carbomethoxylated Polyvalerolactone from Malic Acid: Synthesis and Divergent Chemical Recycling. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:143-147. [PMID: 35610909 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of a novel substituted polyvalerolactone from the renewable monomer, 4-carbomethoxyvalerolactone (CMVL, two steps from malic acid). The polymerization proceeds to high equilibrium monomer conversion to give the semicrystalline carbomethoxylated polyester with low dispersity. The material displays a glass transition temperature of -18 °C and two melting temperatures at 68 and 86 °C. This polymer can be chemically recycled by either of two independent pathways. The first (red) cleanly returns CMVL by a backbiting depolymerization from the hydroxy terminus; the second (blue) uses a base to cleave the polyester in a retro-oxa-Michael fashion. This affords a methacrylate-like monomer that we have polymerized radically to a new polymethacrylate analogue. This is a rare example of a polymer that has been shown to have two independent chemical recycling pathways leading to two different classes of monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W. Fahnhorst
- Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Thomas R. Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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6
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Yin JY, Zhang JT, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. eIF3a: A new anticancer drug target in the eIF family. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:81-87. [PMID: 29031564 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
eIF3a is the largest subunit of eIF3, which is a key player in all steps of translation initiation. During the past years, eIF3a is recognized as a proto-oncogene, which is an important discovery in this field. It is widely reported to be correlated with cancer occurrence, metastasis, prognosis, and therapeutic response. Recently, the mechanisms of eIF3a action in the carcinogenesis are unveiled gradually. A number of cellular, physiological, and pathological processes involving eIF3a are identified. Most importantly, it is emerging as a new potential drug target in the eIF family, and some small molecule inhibitors are being developed. Thus, we perform a critical review of recent advances in understanding eIF3a physiological and pathological functions, with specific focus on its role in cancer and anticancer drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and IU Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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7
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Liu YM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current Status, Recent Progress, and Emerging Targets. J Med Chem 2016; 60:527-553. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College
of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College
of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College
of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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8
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Xu Q, Jiang X, Zhu W, Chen C, Hu G, Li Q. Synthesis, preliminary biological evaluation and 3D-QSAR study of novel 1,5-disubstituted-2(1H)-pyridone derivatives as potential anti-lung cancer agents. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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9
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Seixas RSGR, Ribeiro GC, Guieu S, Silva AMS. Sequential multicomponent synthesis of highly functionalized pyridin-2(1 H)-one derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo C. Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Samuel Guieu
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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10
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Wu YH, Li XW, Li WQ, Li XH, Li YJ, Hu GY, Liu ZQ, Li D. Fluorofenidone attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a (eIF3a) in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 773:42-50. [PMID: 26821114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorofenidone is a novel derivative of l-mimosine. It has remarkable anti-fibrotic properties. In this study, we established that fluorofenidone ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis (PF) both in vivo and in vitro by specifically inhibiting the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a (eIF3a). eIF3a plays an important role in the development and progression of PF. An animal model of PF was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (5mg/kg) in rats. Rats were orally administered with fluorofenidone (250, 500 mg/kg/d·[i.g.]) and pirfenidone (500 mg/kg/d·[i.g.]) for 28 days. Primary pulmonary fibroblasts were cultured to determine the effect of fluorofenidone on TGF-β1-induced (5 ng/ml) proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts. The expression/level of eIF3a, TGF-β1, α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III were analyzed by ELISA, real-time PCR, and western blot. The cell proliferation rate was determined by MTS assay. The results indicate that fluorofenidone significantly improves the pathological changes in lung tissues and reduces the deposition of collagen by inhibiting eIF3a in rats with bleomycin-induced PF. Moreover, in a culture of pulmonary fibroblasts, fluorofenidone decreased the up-regulation of TGF-β1-induced eIF3a by inhibiting the proliferation of cells and reducing the expression of α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III. These findings suggest that eIF3a is a new and special target of fluorofenidone, which could be potentially used in the development of a drug that treats PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Han Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian-Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen-Qun Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan-Jian Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gao-Yun Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dai Li
- National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Shen J, Yin JY, Li XP, Liu ZQ, Wang Y, Chen J, Qu J, Xu XJ, McLeod HL, He YJ, Xia K, Jia YW, Zhou HH. The prognostic value of altered eIF3a and its association with p27 in non-small cell lung cancers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96008. [PMID: 24789280 PMCID: PMC4005749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-expressed eukaryotic initiation factor 3a (eIF3a) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) contributed to cisplatin sensitivity. However, the role of eIF3a in oncogenesis was still controversial. This study was designed to investigate the prognostic impact of eIF3a and p27 in radically resected NSCLC patients. METHODS The expression levels of subcellular eIF3a and p27 were evaluated immunohistochemically in 537 radically resected NSCLC samples, and another cohort of 210 stage II NSCLC patients. Disease specific survival (DSS) and disease free survival (DFS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. RESULTS The subcellular expression of eIF3a was strongly correlated with status of p27 (Spearman rank coefficient correlation for cytoplasmic eIF3a and p27=0.653, for nuclear staining=0.716). Moreover, survival analysis revealed favorable prognostic impact of nuclear eIF3a, p27, and the combination high nuclear staining on NSCLC (Hazards Ratio=0.360, 95%CI=0.109-0.782, P=0.028). In addition, interaction research between biomarkers and chemotherapy status disclosed cisplatin-based regimen trend to prolong DSS of stage II NSCLC patients with high eIF3a-C (P=0.036)and low p27-N (P=0.031). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested altered eIF3a expression closely correlated with p27 status, and the association was of prognostic value for resected NSCLC. Altered expression of eIF3a and p27 predicted prognosis of NSCLC independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
| | - Jian Qu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
| | - Howard Lewis McLeod
- Personalized Medicine Institute, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yi-Jing He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Wei Jia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan 8, P. R. China
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