Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Five-Membered trans,trans-Configured Nitrodiols by Double Henry Reaction of 1,4-Dialdehydes

Unique B-1 cells specific for both N-pyrrolated proteins and DNA evolve with apolipoprotein E deficiency

Lysine N-pyrrolation, a posttranslational modification, which converts lysine residues to N^ε-pyrrole-L-lysine, imparts electronegative properties to proteins, causing them to mimic DNA. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been identified as a soluble receptor for pyrrolated proteins (pyrP), and accelerated lysine N-pyrrolation has been observed in apoE-deficient (apoE^−/−) hyperlipidemic mice. However, the impact of pyrP accumulation consequent to apoE deficiency on the innate immune response remains unclear. Here, we investigated B-1a cells known to produce germline-encoded immunoglobulin M (IgM) from mice deficient in apoE and identified a particular cell population that specifically produces IgM antibodies against pyrP and DNA. We demonstrated an expansion of B-1a cells involved in IgM production in the peritoneal cavity of apoE^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice, consistent with a progressive increase of IgM response in the mouse sera. We found that pyrP exhibited preferential binding to B-1a cells and facilitated the production of IgM. B cell receptor analysis of pyrP-specific B-1a cells showed restricted usage of gene segments selected from the germline gene set; most sequences contained high levels of non-templated-nucleotide additions (N-additions) that could contribute to junctional diversity of B cell receptors. Finally, we report that a subset of monoclonal IgM antibodies against pyrP/DNA established from the apoE^−/− mice also contained abundant N-additions. These results suggest that the accumulation of pyrP due to apoE deficiency may influence clonal diversity in the pyrP-specific B cell repertoire. The discovery of these unique B-1a cells for pyrP/DNA provides a key link connecting covalent protein modification, lipoprotein metabolism, and innate immunity.