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Cao L, Wu Y, Gong Y, Zhou Q. Small molecule modulators of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR): Structure, classification, and mechanisms. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116120. [PMID: 38194776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The advent of small molecule modulators targeting the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has revolutionized the treatment of persons with cystic fibrosis (CF) (pwCF). Presently, these small molecule CFTR modulators have gained approval for usage in approximately 90 % of adult pwCF. Ongoing drug development endeavors are focused on optimizing the therapeutic benefits while mitigating potential adverse effects associated with this treatment approach. Based on their mode of interaction with CFTR, these drugs can be classified into two distinct categories: specific CFTR modulators and non-specific CFTR modulators. Specific CFTR modulators encompass potentiators and correctors, whereas non-specific CFTR modulators encompass activators, proteostasis modulators, stabilizers, reader-through agents, and amplifiers. Currently, four small molecule modulators, all classified as potentiators and correctors, have obtained marketing approval. Furthermore, numerous novel small molecule modulators, exhibiting diverse mechanisms of action, are currently undergoing development. This review aims to explore the classification, mechanisms of action, molecular structures, developmental processes, and interrelationships among small molecule CFTR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Cao
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Huakang Road 136, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 211800, PR China
| | - Yanchun Gong
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Huakang Road 136, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 211800, PR China.
| | - Qingfa Zhou
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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Ensinck MM, Carlon MS. One Size Does Not Fit All: The Past, Present and Future of Cystic Fibrosis Causal Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121868. [PMID: 35740997 PMCID: PMC9220995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common monogenic disorder, caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Over the last 30 years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of CF and the development of treatments that target the underlying defects in CF. Currently, a highly effective CFTR modulator treatment (Kalydeco™/Trikafta™) is available for 90% of people with CF. In this review, we will give an extensive overview of past and ongoing efforts in the development of therapies targeting the molecular defects in CF. We will discuss strategies targeting the CFTR protein (i.e., CFTR modulators such as correctors and potentiators), its cellular environment (i.e., proteostasis modulation, stabilization at the plasma membrane), the CFTR mRNA (i.e., amplifiers, nonsense mediated mRNA decay suppressors, translational readthrough inducing drugs) or the CFTR gene (gene therapies). Finally, we will focus on how these efforts can be applied to the 15% of people with CF for whom no causal therapy is available yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M. Ensinck
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium;
| | - Marianne S. Carlon
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Bolognino I, Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Martínez AL, Altomare CD, Loza MI, Sablone S, Cellamare S, Catto M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dantrolene-Like Hydrazide and Hydrazone Analogues as Multitarget Agents for Neurodegenerative Diseases. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2807-2816. [PMID: 34047061 PMCID: PMC8518391 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dantrolene, a drug used for the management of malignant hyperthermia, had been recently evaluated for prospective repurposing as multitarget agent for neurodegenerative syndromes, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, twenty-one dantrolene-like hydrazide and hydrazone analogues were synthesized with the aim of exploring structure-activity relationships (SARs) for the inhibition of human monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), two well-established target enzymes for anti-AD drugs. With few exceptions, the newly synthesized compounds exhibited selectivity toward MAO B over either MAO A or AChE, with the secondary aldimine 9 and phenylhydrazone 20 attaining IC50 values of 0.68 and 0.81 μM, respectively. While no general SAR trend was observed with lipophilicity descriptors, a molecular simplification strategy allowed the main pharmacophore features to be identified, which are responsible for the inhibitory activity toward MAO B. Finally, further in vitro investigations revealed cell protection from oxidative insult and activation of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier as concomitant biological activities responsible for neuroprotection by hits 9 and 20 and other promising compounds in the examined series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bolognino
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroVia E. Orabona 470125BariItaly
- Department of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of BergamoViale G. Marconi 524044DalmineItaly
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- Institute of BiomembranesBioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)National Research Council (CNR)Via Amendola 122/O70126BariItaly
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- Institute of BiomembranesBioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)National Research Council (CNR)Via Amendola 122/O70126BariItaly
| | - Antón L. Martínez
- BioFarma Research GroupCenter for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)University of Santiago de CompostelaAv. Barcelona, Campus Vida15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Cosimo D. Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroVia E. Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - María I. Loza
- BioFarma Research GroupCenter for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)University of Santiago de CompostelaAv. Barcelona, Campus Vida15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Sara Sablone
- Section of Legal MedicineInterdisciplinary Department of MedicineBari Policlinico HospitalUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroPiazza Giulio Cesare 1170124BariItaly
| | - Saverio Cellamare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroVia E. Orabona 470125BariItaly
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroVia E. Orabona 470125BariItaly
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Yuan T, Tang Q, Shan C, Ye X, Wang J, Zhao P, Wojtas L, Hadler N, Chen H, Shi X. Alkyne Trifunctionalization via Divergent Gold Catalysis: Combining π-Acid Activation, Vinyl-Gold Addition, and Redox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4074-4082. [PMID: 33661619 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the first example of alkyne trifunctionalization through simultaneous construction of C-C, C-O, and C-N bonds via gold catalysis. With the assistance of a γ-keto directing group, sequential gold-catalyzed alkyne hydration, vinyl-gold nucleophilic addition, and gold(III) reductive elimination were achieved in one pot. Diazonium salts were identified as both electrophiles (N source) and oxidants (C source). Vinyl-gold(III) intermediates were revealed as effective nucleophiles toward diazonium, facilitating nucleophilic addition and reductive elimination with high efficiency. The rather comprehensive reaction sequence was achieved with excellent yields (up to 95%) and broad scope (>50 examples) under mild conditions (room temperature or 40 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Chuan Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Xiaohan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Pengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nicholas Hadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Bouayad‐Gervais S, Scattolin T, Schoenebeck F. N-Trifluoromethyl Hydrazines, Indoles and Their Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11908-11912. [PMID: 32293088 PMCID: PMC7384184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the first efficient strategy to synthesize a broad range of unsymmetrical N-CF3 hydrazines, which served as platform to unlock numerous currently inaccessible derivatives, such as tri- and tetra-substituted N-CF3 hydrazines, hydrazones, sulfonyl hydrazines, and valuable N-CF3 indoles. These compounds proved to be remarkably robust, being compatible with acids, bases, and a wide range of synthetic manipulations. The feasibility of RN(CF3 )-NH2 to function as a directing group in C-H functionalization is also showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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Bouayad‐Gervais S, Scattolin T, Schoenebeck F. N
‐Trifluoromethyl Hydrazines, Indoles and Their Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bouayad‐Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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Polte C, Wedemeyer D, Oliver KE, Wagner J, Bijvelds MJC, Mahoney J, de Jonge HR, Sorscher EJ, Ignatova Z. Assessing cell-specific effects of genetic variations using tRNA microarrays. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:549. [PMID: 31307398 PMCID: PMC6632033 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background By definition, effect of synonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) on protein folding and function are neutral, as they alter the codon and not the encoded amino acid. Recent examples indicate tissue-specific and transfer RNA (tRNA)-dependent effects of some genetic variations arguing against neutrality of synonymous SNVs for protein biogenesis. Results We performed systematic analysis of tRNA abunandance across in various models used in cystic fibrosis (CF) research and drug development, including Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells, patient-derived primary human bronchial epithelia (HBE) from lung biopsies, primary human nasal epithelia (HNE) from nasal curettage, intestinal organoids, and airway progenitor-directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These were compared to an immortalized CF bronchial cell model (CFBE41o−) and two widely used laboratory cell lines, HeLa and HEK293. We discovered that specific synonymous SNVs exhibited differential effects which correlated with variable concentrations of cognate tRNAs. Conclusions Our results highlight ways in which the presence of synonymous SNVs may alter local kinetics of mRNA translation; and thus, impact protein biogenesis and function. This effect is likely to influence results from mechansistic analysis and/or drug screeining efforts, and establishes importance of cereful model system selection based on genetic variation profile. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5864-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Polte
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wedemeyer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn E Oliver
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Johannes Wagner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Mahoney
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation CFFT Lab, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Sorscher
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zoya Ignatova
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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de Wilde G, Gees M, Musch S, Verdonck K, Jans M, Wesse AS, Singh AK, Hwang TC, Christophe T, Pizzonero M, Van der Plas S, Desroy N, Cowart M, Stouten P, Nelles L, Conrath K. Identification of GLPG/ABBV-2737, a Novel Class of Corrector, Which Exerts Functional Synergy With Other CFTR Modulators. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:514. [PMID: 31143125 PMCID: PMC6521598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del) in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) causes a severe defect in folding and trafficking of the chloride channel resulting in its absence at the plasma membrane of epithelial cells leading to cystic fibrosis. Progress in the understanding of the disease increased over the past decades and led to the awareness that combinations of mechanistically different CFTR modulators are required to obtain meaningful clinical benefit. Today, there remains an unmet need for identification and development of more effective CFTR modulator combinations to improve existing therapies for patients carrying the F508del mutation. Here, we describe the identification of a novel F508del corrector using functional assays. We provide experimental evidence that the clinical candidate GLPG/ABBV-2737 represents a novel class of corrector exerting activity both on its own and in combination with VX809 or GLPG/ABBV-2222.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tzyh-Chang Hwang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Hanrahan JW, Matthes E, Carlile G, Thomas DY. Corrector combination therapies for F508del-CFTR. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 34:105-111. [PMID: 29080476 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
These are exciting times in the development of therapeutics for cystic fibrosis (CF). New correctors and potentiators of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are being developed in academic laboratories and pharmaceutical companies, and the field is just beginning to understand their mechanisms of action. Studies of CFTR modulators are also yielding insight into the general principles and strategies that can be used when developing pharmacological chaperones, a new class of drugs. Combining two or even three correctors with a potentiator is an especially promising approach which should lead to further improvements in efficacy and clinical benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hanrahan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada; CF Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Hospital Centre, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth Matthes
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada; CF Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Canada
| | - Graeme Carlile
- CF Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Canada
| | - David Y Thomas
- CF Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Canada
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The search for a common structural moiety among selected pharmacological correctors of the mutant CFTR chloride channel. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:1857-68. [PMID: 25495980 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The F508del mutation impairs the trafficking of CFTR from endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane and is responsible of a severe form of cystic fibrosis. Trafficking can be improved by small organic molecules called 'correctors'. MATERIALS & METHODS By different synthetic ways, we prepared 4-chloroanisole and 2-(4-chloroanisol-2-yl)aminothiazole derivatives. Such compounds were ineffective as correctors but we could find a sign of activity in an intermediate. In the meantime, we found a common pharmacophoric moiety present in four known correctors. RESULTS Following this structural indication, we synthesized a small set of new molecules endowed with a significant, even if not great, F508del-CFTR rescue activity. CONCLUSION The cited structural feature seems interesting in the search of new correctors. To corroborate this observation, later on we found a new pyrazine derivative (Novartis) endowed with a potent activity as corrector and having the cited common design.
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