1
|
Chagaleti BK, Reddy MBR, Saravanan V, B S, D P, Senthil Kumar P, Kathiravan MK. An overview of mechanism and chemical inhibitors of shikimate kinase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14582-14598. [PMID: 36974959 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease other than HIV/AIDS and it is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. Resistance development in the bacteria occurs because of genetic alterations, and the molecular insights suggest that the accumulation of mutation in the individual drug target genes is the primary mechanism of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Chorismate is an essential structural fragment for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and synthesized biochemically by a number of bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, utilizing the shikimate pathway. This shikimate kinase is the newer possible target for the generation of novel antitubercular drug because this pathway is expressed only in mycobacterium and not in Mammals. The discovery and development of shikimate kinase inhibitors provide an opportunity for the development of novel selective medications. Multiple shikimate kinase inhibitors have been identified via insilico virtual screening and related protein-ligand interactions along with their in-vitro studies. These inhibitors bind to the active site in a similar fashion to shikimate. In the current review, we present an overview of the biology and chemistry of the shikimate kinase protein and its inhibitors, with special emphasis on the various active scaffold against the enzyme. A variety of chemically diversified synthetic scaffolds including Benzothiazoles, Oxadiazoles, Thiobarbiturates, Naphthoquinones, Thiazoleacetonitriles, Hybridized Pyrazolone derivatives, Orthologous biological macromolecule derivatives, Manzamine Alkaloids derivatives, Dipeptide inhibitor, and Chalcones are discussed in detail. These derivatives bind to the specific target appropriately proving their potential ability through different binding interactions and effectively explored as an effective and selective Sk inhibitor.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Kumar Chagaleti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M B Rahul Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Saravanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanthakumar B
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priya D
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M K Kathiravan
- 209, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, Dept of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roose TR, Preschel HD, Mayo Tejedor H, Roozee JC, Hamlin TA, Maes BUW, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Iron-Catalysed Carbene Transfer to Isocyanides as a Platform for Heterocycle Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203074. [PMID: 36305372 PMCID: PMC10108253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An iron-catalysed carbene transfer reaction of diazo compounds to isocyanides has been developed. The resulting ketenimines are trapped in situ with various bisnucleophiles to access a range of densely functionalized heterocycles (pyrimidinones, dihydropyrazolones, 1H-tetrazoles) in a one-pot process. The electron-rich Hieber anion ([Fe(CO)3 NO]- ) facilitates efficient catalytic carbene transfer from acceptor-type α-diazo carbonyl compounds to isocyanides, providing a cost-efficient and benign alternative to similar noble metal-catalysed processes. Based on DFT calculations a plausible reaction mechanism for activation of the α-diazo carbonyl carbene precursor and ketenimine formation is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Roose
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Daniel Preschel
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Mayo Tejedor
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper C Roozee
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano V A Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 KD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Branković J, Milovanović VM, Petrović ZD, Simijonović D, Petrović VP. Pyrazolone-type compounds (part II): in vitro and in silico evaluation of antioxidant potential; structure-activity relationship. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2884-2895. [PMID: 36756409 PMCID: PMC9846718 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrazolone class comprises a variety of hybrid compounds displaying diverse biological actions. Although studied for decades, these compounds are still of interest due to their facile chemical transformations. In our previous work, we presented the synthetic route of functionalised pyrazolone derivatives. The presence of pyrazolone structural motif in many drugs, such as edaravone, prompted us to investigate the antioxidant features of the selected compounds. In this paper, we provide an extensive in vitro and in silico description of the antioxidant properties of selected pyrazolone analogues. The obtained in vitro results revealed their great antiradical potency against the DPPH radical (IC50 values in the 2.6-7.8 μM range), where the best results were obtained for analogues bearing a catechol moiety. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to assess their antioxidant capacity from the thermodynamic aspect. Here, good agreement with in vitro results was achieved. DFT was employed for the prediction of the most preferable radical scavenging pathway, also. In polar solvents, the SPLET mechanism is a favourable scavenging route, whereas in nonpolar solvents the HAT is slightly predominant. Furthermore, antioxidant mechanisms were studied in the presence of relevant reactive oxygen species. The obtained values of the reaction enthalpies with the selected radicals revealed that HAT is slightly prevailing in polar solvents, while the SPLET mechanism is dominant in nonpolar solvents. Regarding the well-known antioxidant features of the drug edaravone, these findings represent valuable data for this pyrazolone class and could be used as the basis for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovica Branković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry R. Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Vesna M. Milovanović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCara Dušana 3432000 ČačakSerbia
| | - Zorica D. Petrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of ChemistryR. Domanovića 1234000 KragujevacSerbia
| | - Dušica Simijonović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies, Department of ScienceJovana Cvijića bb34000 KragujevacSerbia
| | - Vladimir P. Petrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of ChemistryR. Domanovića 1234000 KragujevacSerbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Synthetic and computational efforts towards the development of peptidomimetics and small-molecule SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116301. [PMID: 34332853 PMCID: PMC8254399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a severe febrile respiratory disease caused by the beta genus of human coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV. Last year, 2019-n-CoV (COVID-19) was a global threat for everyone caused by the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. 3CLpro, chymotrypsin-like protease, is a major cysteine protease that substantially contributes throughout the viral life cycle of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. It is a prospective target for the development of SARS-CoV inhibitors by applying a repurposing strategy. This review focuses on a detailed overview of the chemical synthesis and computational chemistry perspectives of peptidomimetic inhibitors (PIs) and small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) targeting viral proteinase discovered from 2004 to 2020. The PIs and SMIs are one of the primary therapeutic inventions for SARS-CoV. The journey of different analogues towards the evolution of SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitors and complete synthetic preparation of nineteen derivatives of PIs and ten derivatives of SMIs and their computational chemistry perspectives were reviewed. From each class of derivatives, we have identified and highlighted the most compelling PIs and SMIs for SARS-CoV 3CLpro. The protein-ligand interaction of 29 inhibitors were also studied that involved with the 3CLpro inhibition, and the frequent amino acid residues of the protease were also analyzed that are responsible for the interactions with the inhibitors. This work will provide an initiative to encourage further research for the development of effective and drug-like 3CLpro inhibitors against coronaviruses in the near future.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gouda MA, Qurban J. Recent progress in the chemical reactivity of 3-Amino-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one derivatives (part II). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1941115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla, Taibah University, KSA, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Jihan Qurban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gouda MA, Qurban J. Recent progress on the synthetic routes of 5-amino-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one derivatives and their reactivity Part (I). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1885717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Jihan Qurban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahul Reddy MB, Krishnasamy SK, Kathiravan MK. Identification of novel scaffold using ligand and structure based approach targeting shikimate kinase. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104083. [PMID: 32745735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. It causes ill-health among millions of people each year and rank as the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Shikimate kinase is one of the major enzymes targeted for TB. Most approaches to overcome TB were based on synthesis and screening of a known compounds to obtain a few representatives with desired potency. In this study, we have applied a virtual screening approach which combines ligand- and structure-based approaches to screen a large library of compounds as a starting point for the identification of new scaffolds for the development of shikimate kinase inhibitors. The combined approach has identified 2 new scaffolds as potential inhibitors of shikimate kinase. To prove the approach, few of the molecules and their derivatives, a total of 17 compounds, were synthesized. The compounds were tested for biological activity and shows moderate activity against shikimate kinase. The shikimate kinase enzyme inhibition study reveals that the compounds showed inhibition (IC50) at concentrations of 50 µg/mL (Compounds 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 34) and 25 µg/mL (14, 19, 23, 31, 33).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Rahul Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | | | - M K Kathiravan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu 603203, India; 209, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Z, Zhang YS, Wei Y, Shi M. Metal-Free Synthesis of Polysubstituted Imidazolinone Through Cyclization of Amidines with 2-Substituted Acrylates. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Yan-Shun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Z, Dai X, Li C, Wang X, Tian J, Feng Y, Xie J, Ma C, Nie Z, Fan P, Qian M, He X, Wu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X. Pyrazolone structural motif in medicinal chemistry: Retrospect and prospect. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111893. [PMID: 31761383 PMCID: PMC7115706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pyrazolone structural motif is a critical element of drugs aimed at different biological end-points. Medicinal chemistry researches have synthesized drug-like pyrazolone candidates with several medicinal features including antimicrobial, antitumor, CNS (central nervous system) effect, anti-inflammatory activities and so on. Meanwhile, SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship) investigations have drawn attentions among medicinal chemists, along with a plenty of analogues have been derived for multiple targets. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the biological activity and SAR for pyrazolone analogues, wishing to give an overall retrospect and prospect on the pyrazolone derivatives. The pyrazolone structural motif is a critical element of drugs aimed at different biological end-points. The pyrazolone analogues have been carried out to drug-like candidates with broad range of medicinal properties. This review wishes to give an overall retrospect and prospect on the pyrazolone derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xufen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jiale Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Cong Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhuang Nie
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Peinan Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mingcheng Qian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xirui He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Sorbonne Université, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Timo GO, Reis RSSVD, Melo AFD, Costa TVL, Magalhães PDO, Homem-de-Mello M. Predictive Power of In Silico Approach to Evaluate Chemicals against M. tuberculosis: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E135. [PMID: 31527425 PMCID: PMC6789803 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an endemic bacterium worldwide that causes tuberculosis (TB) and involves long-term treatment that is not always effective. In this context, several studies are trying to develop and evaluate new substances active against Mtb. In silico techniques are often used to predict the effects on some known target. We used a systematic approach to find and evaluate manuscripts that applied an in silico technique to find antimycobacterial molecules and tried to prove its predictive potential by testing them in vitro or in vivo. After searching three different databases and applying exclusion criteria, we were able to retrieve 46 documents. We found that they all follow a similar screening procedure, but few studies exploited equal targets, exploring the interaction of multiple ligands to 29 distinct enzymes. The following in vitro/vivo analysis showed that, although the virtual assays were able to decrease the number of molecules tested, saving time and money, virtual screening procedures still need to develop the correlation to more favorable in vitro outcomes. We find that the in silico approach has a good predictive power for in vitro results, but call for more studies to evaluate its clinical predictive possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Oliveira Timo
- InSiliTox, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Françozo de Melo
- InSiliTox, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Pérola de Oliveira Magalhães
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Homem-de-Mello
- InSiliTox, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Candeias NR, Assoah B, Simeonov SP. Production and Synthetic Modifications of Shikimic Acid. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10458-10550. [PMID: 30350584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is a natural product of industrial importance utilized as a precursor of the antiviral Tamiflu. It is nowadays produced in multihundred ton amounts from the extraction of star anise ( Illicium verum) or by fermentation processes. Apart from the production of Tamiflu, shikimic acid has gathered particular notoriety as its useful carbon backbone and inherent chirality provide extensive use as a versatile chiral precursor in organic synthesis. This review provides an overview of the main synthetic and microbial methods for production of shikimic acid and highlights selected methods for isolation from available plant sources. Furthermore, we have attempted to demonstrate the synthetic utility of shikimic acid by covering the most important synthetic modifications and related applications, namely, synthesis of Tamiflu and derivatives, synthetic manipulations of the main functional groups, and its use as biorenewable material and in total synthesis. Given its rich chemistry and availability, shikimic acid is undoubtedly a promising platform molecule for further exploration. Therefore, in the end, we outline some challenges and promising future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Candeias
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Benedicta Assoah
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Svilen P Simeonov
- Laboratory Organic Synthesis and Stereochemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Acad. G. Bontchev str. Bl. 9 , 1113 Sofia , Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Novel Polyaminocarboxylate Compound To Treat Murine Pulmonary Aspergillosis by Interfering with Zinc Metabolism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02510-17. [PMID: 29632009 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02510-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus can cause pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients and is associated with a high mortality rate due to a lack of reliable treatment options. This opportunistic pathogen requires zinc in order to grow and cause disease. Novel compounds that interfere with fungal zinc metabolism may therefore be of therapeutic interest. We screened chemical libraries containing 59,223 small molecules using a resazurin assay that compared their effects on an A. fumigatus wild-type strain grown under zinc-limiting conditions and on a zinc transporter knockout strain grown under zinc-replete conditions to identify compounds affecting zinc metabolism. After a first screen, 116 molecules were selected whose inhibitory effects on fungal growth were further tested by using luminescence assays and hyphal length measurements to confirm their activity, as well as by toxicity assays on HeLa cells and mice. Six compounds were selected following a rescreening, of which two were pyrazolones, two were porphyrins, and two were polyaminocarboxylates. All three groups showed good in vitro activity, but only one of the polyaminocarboxylates was able to significantly improve the survival of immunosuppressed mice suffering from pulmonary aspergillosis. This two-tier screening approach led us to the identification of a novel small molecule with in vivo fungicidal effects and low murine toxicity that may lead to the development of new treatment options for fungal infections by administration of this compound either as a monotherapy or as part of a combination therapy.
Collapse
|