Synthesis of new 7-amino-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one-peptide derivatives and their carbonic anhydrase enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities

Chemistry of heterocycles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A pathway to novel research in medicinal chemistry review

Nowadays, the scientific community has focused on dealing with different kinds of diseases by exploring the chemistry of various heterocycles as novel drugs. In this connection, medicinal chemists identified carbonic anhydrases (CA) as one of the biologically active targets for curing various diseases. The widespread distribution of these enzymes and the high degree of homology shared by the different isoforms offer substantial challenges to discovering potential drugs. Medicinal and synthetic organic chemists have been continuously involved in developing CA inhibitors. This review explored the chemistry of different heterocycles as CA inhibitors using the last 11 years of published research work. It provides a pathway for young researchers to further explore the chemistry of a variety of synthetic as well as natural heterocycles as CA inhibitors.

Exploring the potency of diazo-coumarin containing hybrid molecules: Selective inhibition of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII

This study introduces a series of ten hybrid molecules DK(1-10), which combine diazo and coumarin moieties along with diverse aromatic substitutions. The primary objective was to evaluate the inhibitory capabilities of these compounds against four prominent isoforms: the cytosolic hCA I and II, as well as the tumor-associated membrane-bound hCA IX and XII. Impressively, the majority of the tested compounds exhibited significant inhibition activity against the tumor-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII, with KI values ranging from 29.2 to 293.3 nM. Notably, compound DK-8 displayed particularly robust inhibitory activity against the tumor-associated membrane-bound isoforms, hCA IX and XII, yielding KI values of 32.5 and 29.2 nM, respectively. Additionally, another derivative, DK-9, containing a primary sulfonamide, exhibited notable inhibition against hCA XII with a KI value of 36.4 nM. This investigation aimed to explore the structure-activity relationships within these compounds, shedding light on how various substitutions and structural components influence their inhibitory potential. As a result, these compounds present promising candidates for further exploration in medicinal and pharmacological research. Their ability to selectively inhibit specific isoforms, particularly those associated with hypoxic tumors, suggests their potential as foundational compounds for the development of novel therapeutic agents.

1,3-Diaryl Triazenes Incorporating Disulfonamides Show Both Antiproliferative Activity and Effective Inhibition of Tumor-associated Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII

AIM

The aim of this study was to synthesize a library of novel di-sulfa drugs containing 1,3- diaryltriazene derivatives TS (1-13) by conjugation of diazonium salts of primary sulfonamides with sulfa drugs to investigate the cytotoxic effect of these new compounds in different cancer types and to determine their inhibitory activity against tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases IX and XII.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity of the obtained compounds was evaluated against four selected human carbonic anhydrase isoforms (hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX and hCA XII) by a stoppedflow CO2 hydrase assay. In addition, in vitro, cytotoxicity studies were applied by using A549 (lung cancer), BEAS-2B (normal lung), MCF-7 (breast cancer), MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer), CRL-4010 (normal breast epithelium), HT-29 (colon cancer), and HCT -116 (colon cancer) cell lines.

RESULTS

As a result of the inhibition data, the 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives were more active than their 3-aminobenzenesulfonamide counterparts. More specifically, compounds TS-1 and TS-2, both of which have primary sulfonamides on both sides of the triazene linker, showed the best inhibitory activity against hCA IX with Ki values of 19.5 and 13.7 nM and also against hCA XII with Ki values of 6.6 and 8.3 nM, respectively. In addition, in vitro cytotoxic activity on the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 showed that some derivatives of di-sulfa triazenes, such as TS-5 and TS-13, were more active than SLC-0111.

CONCLUSION

With the aim of developing more potent and isoform-selective CA inhibitors, these novel hybrid molecules containing sulfa drugs, triazene linkers, and the classical primary sulfonamide chemotype may be considered an interesting example of effective enzyme inhibitors and important anticancer agents.

Potent carbonic anhydrase I, II, IX and XII inhibition activity of novel primary benzenesulfonamides incorporating bis-ureido moieties

A novel series of twelve aromatic bis-ureido-substituted benzenesulfonamides was synthesised by conjugation of aromatic aminobenzenesulfonamides with aromatic bis-isocyanates. The obtained bis-ureido-substituted derivatives were tested against four selected human carbonic anhydrase isoforms (hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX and hCA XII). Most of the new compounds showed an effective inhibitory profile against isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII, also having some selectivity with respect to hCA I and hCA II. The inhibition constants of these compounds against isoforms hCA IX and XII were in the range of 6.73-835 and 5.02-429 nM, respectively. Since hCA IX and hCA XII are important drug targets for anti-cancer/anti-metastatic drugs, these effective inhibitors reported here may be considered of interest for cancer related studies in which these enzymes are involved.

Preparation, DFT calculations, docking studies, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of new pyrazole and pyridine derivatives

Seven novel pyrazole derivatives (4a-g) and four novel starting compounds incorporating substituted pyridine moieties were synthesized successfully. Cell viability assay for the tested compounds was performed, and the inhibitory concentrationlogarithmic 50 (LogIC₅₀ ) values of the compounds were calculated after a 24-h treatment. Four of the examined compounds (3d, 3g, 4f, and 4g) showed comparable cytotoxic activity against CaCo-2 compared to the standard drug docetaxel at 0.1 and 1 μM concentrations. Although the LogIC₅₀  of docetaxel was -0.678 μM for CaCo-2 cells at 24 h, the LogIC₅₀ values of compounds were -0.794, -0.567, -0.657, and -0.498 μM, respectively. Five of the compounds (2d, 2g, 3d, 3g, and 4e) showed comparable cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 at 0.1 μM concentration compared to docetaxel (p < 0.05). Docking studies revealed the compounds have a good affinity to the active site of the human topoisomerase II β enzyme. The antioxidant capacities of all compounds were determined using both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and metal chelation methods. Although the compounds did not show significant antioxidant activity, relatively effective are compounds 3c, 3d, and 3g, which are hydrazine derivatives with approximately 50% antioxidant activity of standard antioxidants at concentrations of 62.5 and 125 μg/ml.

Ureidosulfocoumarin Derivatives As Selective and Potent Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII Inhibitors

Owing to severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) and resistance exhibited by sulfonamide-based carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, non-classical or non-sulfonamide CA inhibitors are gaining increased attention by medicinal chemists. In this context, we report the design and synthesis of 30 new non-sulfonamide sulfocoumarin derivatives as CA inhibitors. They were investigated against hCA I and II (cytosolic isozymes) as well as hCA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated enzymes). All compounds showed prominent selectivity for the tumor-associated isoenzymes hCA IX and XII over the cytosolic isoenzymes hCA I and II. Among all synthesized compounds, 1-(2,2-dioxidobenzo[e][1,2]oxathiin-6-yl)-3-(o-tolyl)urea(5 j)and1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(8-methoxy-2,2-dioxidobenzo[e][1,2]oxathiin-6-yl)urea(5 q)were found to be more potent and to have better inhibition constant values against hCA IX than the standard acetazolamide (AAZ), with K_i values of 23.6 and 23.3 nM, respectively. All other compounds were found to be active under K_i =920 nM against hCA IX and XII.This study provides a new perspective for the future development of non-sulfonamide derivatives as selective CA inhibitors.