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Velot É, Sébillaud S, Bianchi A. Synovial Membrane Is a Major Producer of Extracellular Inorganic Pyrophosphate in Response to Hypoxia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:738. [PMID: 38931405 PMCID: PMC11206467 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate (CPPD) crystals are found in the synovial fluid of patients with articular chondrocalcinosis or sometimes with osteoarthritis. In inflammatory conditions, the synovial membrane (SM) is subjected to transient hypoxia, especially during movement. CPPD formation is supported by an increase in extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) levels, which are mainly controlled by the transporter Ank and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1). We demonstrated previously that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 increased ePPi production by inducing Ank and Enpp1 expression in chondrocytes. As the TGF-β1 level raises in synovial fluid under hypoxic conditions, we investigated whether hypoxia may transform SM as a major source of ePPi production. Synovial fibroblasts and SM explants were exposed to 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1 in normoxic or hypoxic (5% O2) culture conditions. Ank and Enpp1 expression were assessed by quantitative PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. ePPi was quantified in culture supernatants. RNA silencing was used to define the respective roles of Ank and Enpp1 in TGF-β1-induced ePPi generation. The molecular mechanisms involved in hypoxia were investigated using an Ank promoter reporter plasmid for transactivation studies, as well as gene overexpression and RNA silencing, the respective role of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-1 and HIF-2. Our results showed that TGF-β1 increased Ank, Enpp1, and therefore ePPi production in synovial fibroblasts and SM explants. Ank was the major contributor in ePPi production compared to ENPP1. Hypoxia increased ePPi levels on its own and enhanced the stimulating effect of TGF-β1. Hypoxic conditions enhanced Ank promoter transactivation in an HIF-1-dependent/HIF-2-independent fashion. We demonstrated that under hypoxia, SM is an important contributor to ePPi production in the joint through the induction of Enpp1 and Ank. These findings are of interest as a rationale for the beneficial effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on SM in crystal depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnaud Bianchi
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; (É.V.); (S.S.)
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2
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Torga T, Suutre S, Kisand K, Aunapuu M, Arend A. Expression of CILP-2 and DDR2 and ultrastructural changes in the articular cartilage of patients with knee osteoarthritis undergoing total knee arthroplasty: a pilot morphological study. Med Mol Morphol 2023; 56:46-57. [PMID: 36370214 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-022-00339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to correlate the immunohistochemical expression of cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 (CILP-2) and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), and the ultrastructural changes in the cartilage with the degree of articular cartilage damage in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Cartilage samples were obtained from twenty patients aged from 46 to 68 years undergoing total knee arthroplasty. In each patient, medial and lateral tibial plateau samples were analysed applying OARSI histopathology grading. Positive correlation was noted between the extent of CILP-2 staining intensity and OARSI grades. Abundant staining for CILP-2 was found in the superficial and middle layers and in the pericellular matrix (PCM) of the deep zone. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrated strong damage of chondrocytes, the organelles were often diminished or focally aggregated. As a characteristic finding, PCM was frequently expanded, which may reflect a pathogenic step in OA progression. In conclusion, CILP-2 may potentially be a relevant marker of OA progression as its expression correlated better with cartilage damage than the known marker of articular cartilage damage, DDR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Torga
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Siim Suutre
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalle Kisand
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marina Aunapuu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Arend
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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3
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Chang CC, Lee KL, Chan TS, Chung CC, Liang YC. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Downregulate Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Formation in Human Articular Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052604. [PMID: 35269745 PMCID: PMC8910507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) deposition disease (CPPD) is a form of CPP crystal-induced arthritis. A high concentration of extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) in synovial fluid is positively correlated with the formation of CPP crystals, and ePPi can be upregulated by ankylosis human (ANKH) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (ENPP1) and downregulated by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). However, there is currently no drug that eliminates CPP crystals. We explored the effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) trichostatin A (TSA) and vorinostat (SAHA) on CPP formation. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-treated human primary cultured articular chondrocytes (HC-a cells) were used to increase ePPi and CPP formation, which were determined by pyrophosphate assay and CPP crystal staining assay, respectively. Artificial substrates thymidine 5′-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester (p-NpTMP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) were used to estimate ENPP1 and TNAP activities, respectively. The HDACis TSA and SAHA significantly reduced mRNA and protein expressions of ANKH and ENPP1 but increased TNAP expression in a dose-dependent manner in HC-a cells. Further results demonstrated that TSA and SAHA decreased ENPP1 activity, increased TNAP activity, and limited levels of ePPi and CPP. As expected, both TSA and SAHA significantly increased the acetylation of histones 3 and 4 but failed to block Smad-2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-β1. These results suggest that HDACis prevented the formation of CPP by regulating ANKH, ENPP1, and TNAP expressions and can possibly be developed as a potential drug to treat or prevent CPPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ching Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lin Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (C.-C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Sian Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Chung
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (C.-C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Liang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (C.-C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Shepherd RF, Kerns JG, Ranganath LR, Gallagher JA, Taylor AM. "Lessons from Rare Forms of Osteoarthritis". Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:291-302. [PMID: 34417863 PMCID: PMC8403118 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent conditions in the world, particularly in the developed world with a significant increase in cases and their predicted impact as we move through the twenty-first century and this will be exacerbated by the covid pandemic. The degeneration of cartilage and bone as part of this condition is becoming better understood but there are still significant challenges in painting a complete picture to recognise all aspects of the condition and what treatment(s) are most appropriate in individual causes. OA encompasses many different types and this causes some of the challenges in fully understanding the condition. There have been examples through history where much has been learnt about common disease(s) from the study of rare or extreme phenotypes, particularly where Mendelian disorders are involved. The often early onset of symptoms combined with the rapid and aggressive pathogenesis of these diseases and their predictable outcomes give an often-under-explored resource. It is these "rarer forms of disease" that William Harvey referred to that offer novel insights into more common conditions through their more extreme presentations. In the case of OA, GWAS analyses demonstrate the multiple genes that are implicated in OA in the general population. In some of these rarer forms, single defective genes are responsible. The extreme phenotypes seen in conditions such as Camptodactyly Arthropathy-Coxa Vara-pericarditis Syndrome, Chondrodysplasias and Alkaptonuria all present potential opportunities for greater understanding of disease pathogenesis, novel therapeutic interventions and diagnostic imaging. This review examines some of the rarer presenting forms of OA and linked conditions, some of the novel discoveries made whilst studying them, and findings on imaging and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Shepherd
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jemma G Kerns
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8T, UK
| | - Adam M Taylor
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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Duan J, Zhang J, Yang H, Liu Q, Xie M, Zhang M, Chu Y, Zhou P, Yu S, Chen C, Wang M. Mineral deposition intervention through reduction of phosphorus intake suppresses osteoarthritic lesions in temporomandibular joint. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:1370-1381. [PMID: 34126199 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the suppressing impact of low phosphorus intake on osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint and the possible mechanisms of nuclear acid injury in the insulted chondrocytes. DESIGN Chondrocytes were loaded with fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) with or without low phosphorus medium. Seventy-two mice (sampled at 3-, 7- and 11-wk, n = 6) and forty-eight rats (sampled at 12-wks for different testing purpose, n = 6) were applied with unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) with or without low phosphorus diet. In the FFSS model, the Ca and P content, molecules related to nucleic acid degradation and the mineral-producing responses in chondrocytes were detected. The effect of culture dish stiffness on chondrocytes osteogenic differentiation was measured. In the UAC model, the content of Ca and P in serum were tested. The condylar cartilage ossification and stiffness were detected using micro-CT, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. RESULTS FFSS induced nucleic acid degradation, Pi accumulation and mineral-producing responses in the cultured chondrocytes, all were alleviated by low P medium. Stiffer dish bottoms promoted the osteogenic differentiation of the cultured chondrocytes. UAC stimulated cartilage degeneration and chondrocytes nucleic acid damage, increased PARP 1 and serum P content, and enhanced ossification and stiffening of the cartilage, all were suppressed by low phosphorus diet (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Nucleic acid damage takes a role in phosphorus production in osteoarthritic cartilage, contributing to the enhanced mineralization and stiffness of the cartilage that in turn promotes cartilage degradation, which can be alleviated by low phosphorus intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - H Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Q Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - M Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - M Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Y Chu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - P Zhou
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, No. 72, Xiang Ya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - S Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - C Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Liu L, He J, Liu C, Yang M, Fu J, Yi J, Ai X, Liu M, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, Huang B, Li C, Zhou Y, Feng C. Cartilage intermediate layer protein affects the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating the extracellular microenvironment (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:475-484. [PMID: 33416131 PMCID: PMC7797476 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), which is caused by multiple factors, affects the health of individuals and contributes to low back pain. The pathology of IDD is complicated, and changes in the extracellular microenvironment play an important role in promoting the process of degeneration. Cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) is a matrix protein that resides in the middle of human articular cartilage and is involved in numerous diseases that affect cartilage. However, there is no detailed review of the relationship between CILP and degenerative disc disease. Growing evidence has revealed the presence of CILP in the extracellular microenvironment of intervertebral discs (IVDs) and has suggested that there is a gradual increase in CILP in degenerative discs. Specifically, CILP plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM), an important component of the extracellular microenvironment. CILP can combine with transforming growth factor‑β or insulin‑like growth factor‑1 to regulate the ECM synthesis of IVDs and influence the balance of ECM metabolism, which leads to changes in the extracellular microenvironment to promote the process of IDD. It may be possible to show the correlation of CILP with IDD and to target CILP to interfere with IDD. For this purpose, in the present study, the current knowledge on CILP was summarized and a detailed description of CILP in discs was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libangxi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Jinyue He
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi'nan Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Minghui Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Jiawei Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Jiarong Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Xuezheng Ai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
| | - Chencheng Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University
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Yan JF, Qin WP, Xiao BC, Wan QQ, Tay FR, Niu LN, Jiao K. Pathological calcification in osteoarthritis: an outcome or a disease initiator? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:960-985. [PMID: 32207559 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the progression of osteoarthritis, pathological calcification in the affected joint is an important feature. The role of these crystallites in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial; it remains unclear whether they act as a disease initiator or are present as a result of joint damage. Recent studies reported that the molecular mechanisms regulating physiological calcification of skeletal tissues are similar to those regulating pathological or ectopic calcification of soft tissues. Pathological calcification takes place when the equilibrium is disrupted. Calcium phosphate crystallites are identified in most affected joints and the presence of these crystallites is closely correlated with the extent of joint destruction. These observations suggest that pathological calcification is most likely to be a disease initiator instead of an outcome of osteoarthritis progression. Inhibiting pathological crystallite deposition within joint tissues therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Yan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Pin Qin
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bo-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Endodontics, College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, 1430, John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA, 30912, U.S.A
| | - Li-Na Niu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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8
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Ultrashort Time to Echo Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition in Human Menisci. Invest Radiol 2020; 54:349-355. [PMID: 30688685 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In human menisci, we aimed to investigate whether calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) affects biomechanical and quantitative MR properties, and their zonal distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 9 cadaveric knees, sectioned triangular meniscus pieces were harvested. Samples were classified into "normal" or "CPPD" groups based upon visual inspection. Micro computed tomography scan verified CPPD. Using magnetic resonance imaging, ultrashort echo time (UTE) T2* and spin echo (SE) T2, quantitative values in 3 zones (red, red-white, and white) were determined. Using biomechanical test, indentation forces in the same zones were determined. Effects of CPPD and meniscal zone on indentation force and quantitative MR values were compared. RESULTS On UTE MRI scans, CPPD-affected menisci exhibited punctate dark regions, found mostly (92%) in avascular white and red-white zones. Indentation forces were significantly higher for CPPD samples in the red-white (all P < 0.02) and white (all P < 0.004) zones but not in the vascular red zone (all P > 0.2). Similarly, UTE T2* red zone values were similar between both groups (~6.6 milliseconds, P = 0.8), whereas in the red-white and white zones, CPPD samples had significantly lower values (~5.1 milliseconds, P = 0.005 to 0.007). In contrast, SE T2 values showed no difference with CPPD (P = 0.12 to 0.16). UTE T2*, but not SE T2, correlated significantly with indentation force (R = -0.29, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Dark CPP deposits were detectable on UTE images featuring high signal intensity from surrounding meniscal tissue. Preliminary results indicate that CPP deposits were almost exclusively found in the avascular zones. Compared with normal, CPPD menisci featured higher indentation stiffness and lower UTE T2* values in the affected zones.
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9
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Protein carbamylation exacerbates vascular calcification. Kidney Int 2018; 94:72-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Mitton-Fitzgerald E, Gohr CM, Bettendorf B, Rosenthal AK. The Role of ANK in Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:25. [PMID: 27032788 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The protein product of the progressive ankylosis gene, known as ANK, is a 492-amino acid multi-pass transmembrane protein. This protein is critical for the regulation of pyrophosphate, and gain of function ANK mutations is associated with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Much about the structure, function, and regulation of ANK remain unstudied. This review of the current literature examines recent contributions to our understanding of ANK. We focus on new work on the function, binding partners, and regulators of ANK. A more complete understanding of this important protein may help to identify future therapeutic targets for the treatment of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mitton-Fitzgerald
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA
| | - Claudia M Gohr
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA.
| | - Brittany Bettendorf
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA
| | - Ann K Rosenthal
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA
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11
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Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition (CPDD) disease has characteristic radiographic features including soft tissue calcification, joint space narrowing, bone sclerosis, subchondral cyst formation without osteophyte formation, and large intraosseous geodes. Triangular fibrocartilage calcification is frequently found and isolated scapho-trapezio-trapezoid (STT) arthritis is specific for CPDD. Distal radio-ulnar (DRUJ), isolated midcarpal joint and piso-triquetral joint involvement also occur. 127 patients were reviewed. Seventy-eight had symptomatic STT joint arthritis, for which 36 underwent surgery. Twenty-two patients had a SLAC wrist deformity for which ten underwent surgery. Eight patients had isolated midcarpal arthritis for which three midcarpal arthrodeses, two four-bone arthrodeses and two carpal tunnel releases were performed. Nineteen patients had a generalized arthritis and seven of the patients underwent surgery: fourcorner arthrodesis+scaphoidectomy (one case), carpal tunnel relaease (two cases) extensor synovectomy (two cases) and trigger finger release (two cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saffar
- Institut Français de Chirurgie de la Main, Paris, France.
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12
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Kahloune M, Libouton X, Omoumi P, Larbi A. Osteoarthritis and scapholunate instability in chondrocalcinosis. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:115-9. [PMID: 25577977 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kahloune
- Radiology Department, Saint-Luc University Hospitals, av. Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - X Libouton
- Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery Department, Saint Luc University Hospitals, av. Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Omoumi
- Radiology Department, Saint-Luc University Hospitals, av. Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Larbi
- Radiology Department, Saint-Luc University Hospitals, av. Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Revisiting spatial distribution and biochemical composition of calcium-containing crystals in human osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R103. [PMID: 24004678 PMCID: PMC3978672 DOI: 10.1186/ar4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calcium-containing (CaC) crystals, including basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP), are associated with destructive forms of osteoarthritis (OA). We assessed their distribution and biochemical and morphologic features in human knee OA cartilage. Methods We prospectively included 20 patients who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) for primary OA. CaC crystal characterization and identification involved Fourier-transform infra-red spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy of 8 to 10 cartilage zones of each knee, including medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaux and the intercondyle zone. Differential expression of genes involved in the mineralization process between cartilage with and without calcification was assessed in samples from 8 different patients by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry and histology studies were performed in 6 different patients. Results Mean (SEM) age and body mass index of patients at the time of TKR was 74.6 (1.7) years and 28.1 (1.6) kg/m², respectively. Preoperative X-rays showed joint calcifications (chondrocalcinosis) in 4 cases only. The medial femoro-tibial compartment was the most severely affected in all cases, and mean (SEM) Kellgren-Lawrence score was 3.8 (0.1). All 20 OA cartilages showed CaC crystals. The mineral content represented 7.7% (8.1%) of the cartilage weight. All patients showed BCP crystals, which were associated with CPP crystals for 8 joints. CaC crystals were present in all knee joint compartments and in a mean of 4.6 (1.7) of the 8 studied areas. Crystal content was similar between superficial and deep layers and between medial and femoral compartments. BCP samples showed spherical structures, typical of biological apatite, and CPP samples showed rod-shaped or cubic structures. The expression of several genes involved in mineralization, including human homolog of progressive ankylosis, plasma-cell-membrane glycoprotein 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, was upregulated in OA chondrocytes isolated from CaC crystal-containing cartilages. Conclusions CaC crystal deposition is a widespread phenomenon in human OA articular cartilage involving the entire knee cartilage including macroscopically normal and less weight-bearing zones. Cartilage calcification is associated with altered expression of genes involved in the mineralisation process.
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Xu HG, Zhang W, Zheng Q, Yu YF, Deng LF, Wang H, Liu P, Zhang M. Investigating conversion of endplate chondrocytes induced by intermittent cyclic mechanical unconfined compression in three-dimensional cultures. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2415. [PMID: 25308847 PMCID: PMC4194395 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation is known to regulate the calcification of endplate chondrocytes. The Ank protein has a strong influence on anti-calcification by transports intracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) to the extracellular matrix. It is known that TGF-β1 is able to induce Ank gene expression and protect chondrocyte calcification. Intermittent cyclic mechanical tension (ICMT) could induce calcification of endplate chondrocytes by decrease the expression of Ank gene. In this study, we investigated the relation of intermittent cyclic mechanical unconfined compression (ICMC) and Ank gene expression. We found that ICMC decreased the Ank gene expression in the endplate chondrocytes, and there was an decreased in the TGF-β1 expression after ICMC stimulation. The Ank gene expression significantly increased when treated by transforming growth factor alpha 1 (TGF-β1) in a dose-dependent manner and decreased when treated by SB431542 (ALK inhibitor) in a dose-dependent manner. Our results implicate that ICMC-induced downregulation of Ank gene expression may be regulated by TGF-β1 in end-plate chondrocytes.
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Fuerst M. [Chondrocalcinosis. Clinical impact of intra-articular calcium phosphate crystals]. Z Rheumatol 2014; 73:415-9. [PMID: 24924727 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-013-1340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals are known to cause acute attacks of pseudogout in joints but crystal deposition has also been reported to be associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Aside from CPPD crystals, basic calcium phosphates (BCPs), consisting of carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate and octacalcium phosphate, have been found in synovial fluid, synovium and cartilage of patients with OA. Although CPPD crystals have been found to be associated with OA and are an important factor in joint disease, this has also recently been associated with a genetic defect. However, according to the most recent findings, the association of BCP crystals, such as apatite with OA is much stronger, as their presence significantly correlates with the severity of cartilage degeneration. Identification of BCP crystals in OA joints remains problematic due to a lack of simple and reliable methods of detection. The clinical and pathological relevance of cartilage mineralization in patients with OA is not completely understood. It is well established that mineralization of articular cartilage is often found close to hypertrophic chondrocytes. A significant correlation between the expression of type X collagen, a marker for chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage mineralization was observed. In the process of endochondral ossification, the link between hypertrophy and matrix mineralization is particularly well described. Hypertrophic chondrocytes in OA cartilage and at the growth line share certain features, not only hypertrophy but also a capability to mineralize the matrix. Recent data indicate that chondrocyte hypertrophy is a key factor in articular cartilage mineralization strongly linked to OA and does not characterize a specific subset of OA patients, which has important consequences for therapeutic strategies for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fuerst
- Medbaltic, Eckernförder Str. 219, 24119, Kiel, Deutschland,
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Minashima T, Campbell KA, Hadley SR, Zhang Y, Kirsch T. The role of ANK interactions with MYBBP1a and SPHK1 in catabolic events of articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:852-61. [PMID: 24747173 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of progressive ankylosis protein (ANK)/Myb-binding protein 1a (MYBBP1a) and sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) interactions in catabolic events of articular chondrocytes. METHOD ANK/MYBBP1a and SPHK1 interactions were identified using yeast two-hybrid screening and co-immunoprecipitation. To determine the role of these interactions in catabolic events of articular chondrocytes, ank/ank and wild type (WT) mouse chondrocytes transfected with full-length or mutant ank expression vectors (EVs) or femoral heads were treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in the absence or presence of SPHK inhibitor. Catabolic marker mRNA levels were analyzed by real time PCR; proteoglycan loss using safranin O staining and MMP-13 immunostaining were determined in femoral head explants; NF-κB activity was determined by transfecting chondrocytes with an NF-κB-specific luciferase reporter and analyzing nuclear translocation of p65 by immunoblotting; MYBBP1a nuclear or cytoplasmic amounts were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. RESULTS The ANK N-terminal region interacted with SPHK1, whereas a cytoplasmic C-terminal loop interacted with MYBBP1a. Lack of ANK/MYBBP1a and SPHK1 interactions in ank/ank chondrocytes resulted in increased MYBBP1a nuclear amounts and decreased SPHK1 activity, and consequently decreased NF-κB activity, catabolic marker mRNA levels, proteoglycan loss, and MMP-13 immunostaining in IL-1β-treated articular chondrocytes or femoral heads. Transfection with full-length ank EV reduced nuclear MYBBP1a amounts and fully restored SPHK and NF-κB activities in IL-1β-treated ank/ank chondrocytes, whereas transfection with P5L or F376del mutant ank reduced nuclear MYBBP1a or increased SPHK activity, respectively, and consequently either transfection only partially restored NF-κB activity. CONCLUSION ANK/MYBBP1a and SPHK1 interactions stimulate catabolic events in IL-1β-mediated cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Minashima
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - K A Campbell
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - S R Hadley
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Y Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - T Kirsch
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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Uzuki M, Sawai T, Ryan LM, Rosenthal AK, Masuda I. Upregulation of ANK protein expression in joint tissue in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. J Rheumatol 2013; 41:65-74. [PMID: 24293574 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulation of excess extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate leads to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal formation in articular cartilage. CPPD crystal formation occurs near morphologically abnormal chondrocytes resembling hypertrophic chondrocytes. The ANK protein was recently implicated as an important factor in the transport of intracellular inorganic pyrophosphate across the cell membrane. We characterized ANK in joint tissues from patients with and without CPPD deposition and correlated the presence of ANK with markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy. METHODS Articular tissues were obtained from 24 patients with CPPD crystal deposition disease, 11 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) without crystals, and 6 controls. We determined the number of ANK-positive cells in joint tissues using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and correlated ANK positivity with markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy including Runx2, type X collagen, osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN). RESULTS ANK was detected in synoviocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. ANK was seen extracellularly only in the matrix of cartilage and meniscus. The number of ANK-positive cells was significantly higher in CPPD than in OA or normal joint tissues. The amount and intensity of ANK immunoreactivity reached maximum levels in the large chondrocytes around crystal deposits. ANK was similarly distributed to and significantly correlated with Runx2, type X collagen, OPN, and OCN. CONCLUSION ANK levels were higher in articular tissues from patients with CPPD deposition. ANK was concentrated around crystal deposits and correlated with markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy. These findings support a role for ANK in CPPD crystal formation in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Uzuki
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Leading Pathophysiology, Iwate Medical University, School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Rosenthal AK, Gohr CM, Mitton-Fitzgerald E, Lutz MK, Dubyak GR, Ryan LM. The progressive ankylosis gene product ANK regulates extracellular ATP levels in primary articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R154. [PMID: 24286344 PMCID: PMC3978574 DOI: 10.1186/ar4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular ATP (eATP) is released by articular chondrocytes under physiological and pathological conditions. High eATP levels cause pathologic calcification, damage cartilage, and mediate pain. We recently showed that stable over-expression of the progressive ankylosis gene product, ANK, increased chondrocyte eATP levels, but the mechanisms of this effect remained unexplored. The purpose of this work was to further investigate mechanisms of eATP efflux in primary articular chondrocytes and to better define the role of ANK in this process. Methods We measured eATP levels using a bioluminescence-based assay in adult porcine articular chondrocyte media with or without a 10 minute exposure to hypotonic stress. siRNAs for known ATP membrane transporters and pharmacologic inhibitors of ATP egress pathways were used to identify participants involved in chondrocyte eATP release. Results eATP levels increased after exposure to hypotonic media in a calcium-dependent manner in monolayer and 3-dimensional agarose gel cultures (p < 0.001). A potent transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) agonist mimicked the effects of hypotonic media. ANK siRNA suppressed basal (p < 0.01) and hypotonically-stressed (p < 0.001) ATP levels. This effect was not mediated by altered extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) levels, and was mimicked by the ANK inhibitor, probenecid (p < 0.001). The P2X7/4 receptor inhibitor Brilliant Blue G also suppressed eATP efflux induced by hypotonic media (p < 0.001), while ivermectin, a P2X4 receptor stimulant, increased eATP levels (p < 0.001). Pharmacologic inhibitors of hemichannels, maxianion channels and other volume-sensitive eATP efflux pathways did not suppress eATP levels. Conclusions These findings implicate ANK and P2X7/4 receptors in chondrocyte eATP efflux. Understanding the mechanisms of eATP efflux may result in novel therapies for calcium crystal arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Xu H, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhang X. Continuous cyclic mechanical tension increases ank expression in endplate chondrocytes through the TGF-β1 and p38 pathway. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e28. [PMID: 24085277 PMCID: PMC3794359 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal ANK protein has a strong influence on anti-calcification. It is known that TGF-β1 is also able to induce extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) elaboration via the TGF-β1-induced ank gene expression and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling acts as a downstream effector of TGF-β1. We hypothesized that the expression of the ank gene is regulated by mechanics through TGF-β1-p38 pathway. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of short-time mechanical tension-induced ank gene expression. We found that the continuous cyclic mechanical tension (CCMT) increased the ank gene expression in the endplate chondrocytes, and there was an increase in the TGF-β1 expression after CCMT stimulation. The ank gene expression significantly increased when treated by TGF-β1 in a dose-dependent manner and decreased when treated by SB431542 (ALK inhibitor) in a dose-dependent manner. Our study results indicate that CCMT-induced ank gene expressions may be regulated by TGF-β1 and p38 MAPK pathway.
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Xu HG, Li ZR, Wang H, Liu P, Xiang SN, Wang CD, Zhang XL. Intermittent cyclic mechanical tension-induced down-regulation of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 gene expression is mainly dependent on TGF-β1 in end-plate chondrocytes. Orthop Surg 2013; 5:40-5. [PMID: 23420746 DOI: 10.1111/os.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase-1(ENPP-1) expression and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) of end-plate chondrocytes after stimulation with intermittent cyclic mechanical tension (ICMT) by using an FX-4000T Flexercell Tension Plus unit. METHODS Rat end-plate chondrocytes were cultured and ICMT (strain at 0.5 Hz sinusoidal curve at 10% elongation) applied for 7 days for 4 h/day and cultured for a further 2 days. End-plate chondrocytes were also exposed to 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1. Then, using small interfering RNA technology, small interfering TGF-β1 (siTGF-β1) was transfected. Expression of ENPP-1 and TGF-β1 was measured by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. RESULTS Expression of both ENPP-1 and TGF-β1 was up-regulated after ICMT. Both RT-PCR and western blot showed that ENPP-1 expression decreases with siRNA TGF-β1 after 3% elongation 40 min, and cultured for an additional 2 days. CONCLUSION It was found that down-regulation of ENPP-1 gene expression induced by ICMT is likely dependent on TGF-β1 in end-plate chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-guang Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
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Takada K, Hirose J, Yamabe S, Uehara Y, Mizuta H. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates nitric oxide-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:315-319. [PMID: 24648941 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important mediators of chondrocyte apoptosis, which is a notable feature of cartilage degeneration. While apoptosis of chondrocytes is induced by p53, NO can also induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which may be involved in the process of NO-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. The aims of this study were to determine whether NO-induced ER stress (ERS) leads to apoptosis of chondrocytes and to investigate the temporal relationship between the expression of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), an ERS-associated apoptotic molecule, and the expression of p53 during apoptosis in NO-stimulated chondrocytes. Rat chondrocytes were stimulated by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of CHOP, glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and p53. Apoptosis of chondrocytes was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SNP-treated chondrocytes showed an increase in CHOP and GRP78 mRNA expression and underwent apoptosis. Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), an ERS inhibitor, reduced CHOP and GRP78, as well as SNP-stimulated apoptosis of chondrocytes, without affecting the SNP-dependent generation of NO. In addition, the blockade of CHOP following siRNA transfection reduced SNP-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes. The CHOP expression increased after apoptosis was detected in the SNP-treated chondrocytes, whereas the p53 expression increased prior to apoptosis. These data demonstrated that NO-induced ERS leads chondrocytes to apoptosis, although this effect appears to be limited to persistent impairment of NO stimulation. These findings may provide insight into the pathology of cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jun Hirose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yamabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yushuke Uehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Tsui FWL. Genetics and mechanisms of crystal deposition in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012; 14:155-60. [PMID: 22198832 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-011-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease (common in older adults) can be asymptomatic, associated with osteoarthritis, or can present as acute/chronic inflammatory arthritis. Due to the phenotypic complexity of CPPD, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recently made recommendations on terminology, diagnosis, and management based on available research evidence and expert consensus. There are no disease-modifying treatments for CPPD disease, and therapy remains nonspecific with the use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. For years, it has been known that inorganic phosphate and pyrophosphate regulate the formation of CPP or hydroxyapatite crystals. The discovery of ANKH (human homologue of progressive ankylosis) mutations in familial CPPD disease confirmed the importance of phosphate/pyrophosphate homeostasis in CPPD, with ANKH being a regulator of inorganic pyrophosphate transport. Despite progress in our understanding of the function of ANKH, much remains to be investigated. This review summarizes the genetic basis of this disease and focuses on the challenges of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence W L Tsui
- Toronto Western Hospital, Mc14-419, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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Intermittent Cyclic Mechanical Tension-Induced Calcification and downregulation of ankh gene expression of end plate chondrocytes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:1192-7. [PMID: 22695244 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e318244d989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Intermittent Cyclic Mechanical Tension (ICMT) was applied to end plate chondrocytes by using an FX-4000T Flexercell Tension Plus unit (Flexcell International Corporation, Hillsborough, NC). Changes of end plate chondrocytes were observed after ICMT stimulation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between mechanical stimulation and calcification of end plate chondrocytes. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous study showed that end plate calcification was related to mechanical stress, but there was no clear evidence to indicate whether or not mechanical stimulation could induce calcification of end plate chondrocytes in vitro. METHODS Rat end plate chondrocytes were cultured and ICMT (strain at 0.5 Hz sinusoidal curve at 10% elongation) was applied for 25 days, 4 hours a day and continued to culture for 5 days. End plate chondrocytes were incubated for 12 hours in the presence or absence of 10 ng/mL of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (prepared from a stock solution at 10 μg/mL in 2 mM citric acid containing 2 mg/mL bovine serum albumin) in MEM/F-12 containing a final concentration of 1% FCS. End plate chondrocytes calcification was stained by alizarin red S (AR-S). End plate chondrocytes viability was examined by LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Related gene expression was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS LIVE/DEAD assay verified that the nonloading (NC) group and the ICMT group end plate chondrocytes remained adherent, with no change in viability after the application of ICMT. Alizarin red staining showed that ICMT induced the calcification of end plate chondrocytes. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that mRNA expression of endogenous TGF-β1 decreased and mRNA expression of type I, type X, osteocalcin and osteopontin increased after ICMT. The ankh gene expression of both mRNA and protein levels decreased in the ICMT stimulation. The ankh gene expression of both mRNA and protein levels increased in TGF-β1 stimulation. Compared with NC group, the alkaline phosphatase activities significantly increased in ICMT group. CONCLUSION Our results directly showed that ICMT induced the calcification and downregulation of ankh gene expression of end plate chondrocytes, which may be caused by the endogenous TGF-β1.
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Costello JC, Rosenthal AK, Kurup IV, Masuda I, Medhora M, Ryan LM. Parallel regulation of extracellular ATP and inorganic pyrophosphate: roles of growth factors, transduction modulators, and ANK. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:139-46. [PMID: 20604715 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.491928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) is a key regulator of pathologic mineralization in articular cartilage. Articular chondrocytes generate ePPi by the transportation of intracellular PPi (iPPi) through transport mechanisms such as ANK or by the degradation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) by ectoenzymes. Although numerous modulators of ePPi have been characterized, little is known about eATP elaboration in cartilage. We sought to determine (1) whether eATP is coordinately regulated with ePPi and (2) whether ANK transports ATP. METHODS Primary articular chondrocytes were treated with factors known to modulate ePPi levels including growth factors (TGFβ1 and IGF-1), anion channel inhibitors, and chemicals that alter adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase C activities. Additional chondrocyte monolayers were infected with adenovirus containing functional (Ad-ANK) or mutated (Ad-ANK mutant) ANK sequences. eATP levels were measured with a bioluminescent assay. RESULTS TGFβ1 enhanced eATP accumulation by 33%, whereas IGF-1 decreased eATP accumulation by 63% and attenuated TGFβ1-induced eATP release by 72%. Forskolin and probenecid diminished eATP accumulation by 55% and 89%. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate increased eATP by 29%. Transfection of chondrocytes with Ad-ANK caused a 10-fold increase in eATP compared with control values. CONCLUSION Modulation of eATP by various factors paralleled their effects on ePPi production, suggesting a shared pathway of ePPi and eATP production and implicating ANK in eATP transport. As eATP directly contributes to pathologic mineralization in articular cartilage, understanding eATP regulation may lead to effective therapies for crystal-associated arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Costello
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295-1000, USA
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Takada K, Hirose J, Senba K, Yamabe S, Oike Y, Gotoh T, Mizuta H. Enhanced apoptotic and reduced protective response in chondrocytes following endoplasmic reticulum stress in osteoarthritic cartilage. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:232-42. [PMID: 21294793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to participate in many disease pathologies. Although recent reports have demonstrated that ER stress in chondrocytes is present in human osteoarthritis (OA), its role in the pathology of cartilage degeneration, such as chondrocyte apoptosis, remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expression of phosphorylated PERK (pPERK), ubiquitin (Ub), GRP78, CHOP, phosphorylated JNK (pJNK) and cleaved caspase-3 (C-CASP3) and the mRNA splicing of XBP1 (XBP1 splicing) in human OA cartilage by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Additionally, human chondrocytes were treated with several concentrations of tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer, to assess the impact of ER stress on the mRNA expression of CHOP, XBP1 splicing and apoptosis, as determined by real-time PCR, RT-PCR and ELISA analyses respectively. In human OA cartilage, the number of chondrocytes expressing pPERK, Ub, CHOP and pJNK positively correlated with cartilage degeneration and the number of C-CASP3-positive chondrocytes. XBP1 splicing and GRP78 expression in severe OA containing the greatest number of C-CASP3-positive chondrocytes were similar to the levels in mild OA, however, XBP1 splicing was higher in moderate OA than in mild and severe OA. Tunicamycin dose dependently increased CHOP expression and apoptosis of cultured chondrocytes. Although tunicamycin upregulated XBP1 splicing in cultured chondrocytes, its impact on XBP1 splicing was weakened at higher concentrations. In conclusion, the present results indicate that ER stress may contribute to chondrocyte apoptosis along with OA progression, which was closely associated with an enhanced apoptotic response and a reduced protective response by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takada
- Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Ea HK, Nguyen C, Bazin D, Bianchi A, Guicheux J, Reboul P, Daudon M, Lioté F. Articular cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis: insights into crystal-induced stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:10-8. [PMID: 20862682 DOI: 10.1002/art.27761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Korng Ea
- INSERM UMR-S 606, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité, and Université Paris Denis Diderot, Paris, France.
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Abhishek A, Doherty M. Pathophysiology of articular chondrocalcinosis--role of ANKH. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 7:96-104. [PMID: 21102543 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal deposition (CPPD) is associated with ageing and osteoarthritis, and with uncommon disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hemochromatosis and hypophosphatasia. Elevated levels of synovial fluid pyrophosphate promote CPP crystal formation. This extracellular pyrophosphate originates either from the breakdown of nucleotide triphosphates by plasma-cell membrane glycoprotein 1 (PC-1) or from pyrophosphate transport by the transmembrane protein progressive ankylosis protein homolog (ANK). Although the etiology of apparent sporadic CPPD is not well-established, mutations in the ANK human gene (ANKH) have been shown to cause familial CPPD. In this Review, the key regulators of pyrophosphate metabolism and factors that lead to high extracellular pyrophosphate levels are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms by which mutations in ANKH cause CPPD and the clinical phenotype of these mutations is discussed. Cartilage factors predisposing to CPPD and CPP-crystal-induced inflammation and current treatment options for the management of CPPD are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Abhishek
- Division of Academic Rheumatology, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG51PB, UK.
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Skubutyte R, Markova D, Freeman TA, Anderson DG, Dion AS, Williams CJ, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Hypoxia-inducible factor regulation of ANK expression in nucleus pulposus cells: possible implications in controlling dystrophic mineralization in the intervertebral disc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2707-15. [PMID: 20496369 DOI: 10.1002/art.27558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since nucleus pulposus cells reside under conditions of hypoxia, we determined if the expression of ANK, a pyrophosphate transporter, is regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) proteins. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to measure ANK expression in nucleus pulposus cells from rats and humans. Transfections were performed to determine the effect of HIF-1/2 on ANK promoter activity. RESULTS ANK was expressed in embryonic and mature rat discs. Oxygen-dependent changes in ANK expression in nucleus pulposus cells were minimal. However, silencing of HIF-1α and HIF-2α resulted in increased ANK expression and up-regulation of promoter activity. HIF-mediated suppression of ANK was validated by measuring promoter activity in HIF-1β-null embryonic fibroblasts. Under conditions of hypoxia, there was induction of promoter activity in the null cells as compared with the wild-type cells. Overexpression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in nucleus pulposus cells resulted in a significant suppression of ANK promoter activity. Since the ANK promoter contains 2 hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs), we performed site-directed mutagenesis and measured promoter activity. We found that HIF-1 can bind to either of the HREs and can suppress promoter activity; in contrast, HIF-2 was required to bind to both HREs in order to suppress activity. Finally, analysis of human nucleus pulposus tissue showed that while ANK was expressed in normal tissue, there was increased expression of ANK along with alkaline phosphatase in the degenerated state. CONCLUSION Both HIF-1 and HIF-2 serve as negative regulators of ANK expression in the disc. We propose that baseline expression of ANK in the disc serves to prevent mineral formation under physiologic conditions.
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Klein TJ, Malda J, Sah RL, Hutmacher DW. Tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 15:143-57. [PMID: 19203206 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage is a persistent and increasing problem with the aging population, and treatments to achieve biological repair or restoration remain a challenge. Cartilage tissue engineering approaches have been investigated for over 20 years, but have yet to achieve the consistency and effectiveness for widespread clinical use. One of the potential reasons for this is that the engineered tissues do not have or establish the normal zonal organization of cells and extracellular matrix that appears critical for normal tissue function. A number of approaches are being taken currently to engineer tissue that more closely mimics the organization of native articular cartilage. This review focuses on the zonal organization of native articular cartilage, strategies being used to develop such organization, the reorganization that occurs after culture or implantation, and future prospects for the tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Klein
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Kim HJ, Delaney JD, Kirsch T. The role of pyrophosphate/phosphate homeostasis in terminal differentiation and apoptosis of growth plate chondrocytes. Bone 2010; 47:657-65. [PMID: 20601283 PMCID: PMC2926124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular inorganic phosphate (P(i)) concentrations are the highest in the growth plate just before the onset of mineralization. The study reported here demonstrates that P(i) not only is required for hydroxyapatite mineral formation but also modulates terminal differentiation and apoptosis of growth plate chondrocytes. Extracellular P(i) stimulated terminal differentiation marker gene expression, including the progressive ankylosis gene (ank), alkaline phosphatase (APase), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), osteocalcin, and runx2, mineralization, and apoptosis of growth plate chondrocytes. The stimulatory effect of extracellular P(i) on terminal differentiation and apoptosis events of growth plate chondrocytes was dependent on the concentration, the expression levels of type III Na(+)/P(i) cotransporters, and ultimately P(i) uptake. A high extracellular P(i) concentration was required for the stimulation of apoptosis, whereas lower P(i) concentrations were required for the most effective stimulation of terminal differentiation events, including terminal differentiation marker gene expression and mineralization. Suppression of Pit-1 was sufficient to inhibit the stimulatory effects of extracellular P(i) on terminal differentiation events. On the other hand, increasing the local extracellular P(i) concentration by overexpressing ANK, a protein transporting intracellular PP(i) to the extracellular milieu where it is hydrolyzed to P(i) in the presence of APase, resulted in marked increases of hypertrophic and early terminal differentiation marker mRNA levels, including APase, runx2 and type X collagen, and slight increase of MMP-13 mRNA levels, but decreased osteocalcin mRNA level, a late terminal differentiation markers. In the presence of levamisole, a specific APase inhibitor to prevent hydrolysis of extracellular PP(i) to P(i), ANK overexpression of growth plate chondrocytes resulted in decreased mRNA levels of hypertrophic and terminal differentiation markers but increased MMP-13 mRNA levels. In conclusion, with extracellular PP(i) inhibiting and extracellular P(i) stimulating hypertrophic and terminal differentiation events, a precise regulation of PP(i)/P(i) homeostasis is required for the spatial and temporal control of terminal differentiation events of growth plate chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyon Jong Kim
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Hirose J. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of calcium deposition diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.09.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oxygen tension regulates the expression of ANK (progressive ankylosis) in an HIF-1-dependent manner in growth plate chondrocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24:1869-78. [PMID: 19419319 PMCID: PMC2765931 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The proximal promoter region of ANK, a gene that codes for a protein that regulates the transport of inorganic pyrophosphate, contains two hypoxia responsive elements (HREs); therefore, we studied the expression and function of ANK at different oxygen tensions. ATDC5 and N1511 clonal chondrocytic cells were cultured in either hypoxia (2% O(2)) or normoxia (21% O(2)). Transcript and protein levels of ANK were depressed in hypoxic conditions, as were levels of extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi). To determine whether HIF-1 was involved in the oxemic response, Hif-1alpha knockdown cells were exposed to varying oxygen conditions and ANK expression was assessed. Knockdown of Hif-1alpha resulted in low levels of expression of ANK in hypoxia and normoxia. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays explored the binding of Hif-1alpha to ANK HREs and showed that Hif-1alpha is able to bind to the HREs of ANK more avidly in normoxia than in hypoxia. Furthermore, functional studies of Hif-1alpha activity using luciferase reporter assays of wildtype and mutagenized HREs showed that only HRE-1 binds Hif-1alpha in normoxia. Expression of ANK in growth plate and articular cartilage was low in hypoxic regions of the tissues, and higher levels of ANK expression were observed in the synovium and meniscus in regions that have a normally higher oxygen tension. The data suggest that ANK expression and function in vitro and in vivo are repressed in hypoxic environments and that the effect is regulated by HIF-1.
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Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals are the most common types of pathologic crystals, followed by monosodium urate crystals and, in rare cases, calcium oxalate crystals. These crystals have been associated with a variety of quite different rheumatic syndromes. They are responsible for acute synovial inflammation and also contribute to cartilage degradation and bone lesions within the joint. Although understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in generating the pathologic effects of these crystals has increased, the role of BCP crystals in particular remains poorly understood. The clinical implication of articular deposits of calcium-containing crystals in osteoarthritis is unknown. This review provides an overview of the clinical and pathological changes of these four different types of crystals.
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Fuerst M, Lammers L, Schäfer F, Niggemeyer O, Steinhagen J, Lohmann CH, Rüther W. Investigation of calcium crystals in OA knees. Rheumatol Int 2009; 30:623-31. [PMID: 19639325 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For studies on matrix mineralization in osteoarthritis (OA), a clear analytical approach is necessary to identify and to quantify mineralization in the articular cartilage. The aim of this study is to develop an effective algorithm to quantify and to identify cartilage mineralization in the experimental setting. Four patients with OA of the knee undergoing total knee replacement and four control patients were included. Cartilage calcification was studied by digital contact radiography (DCR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) X-ray element analysis and Raman spectroscopy (RS). DCR revealed mineralization in all OA cartilage specimens. No mineralization was observed in the control cartilage. Patient I showed rhomboid shaped crystals with a mean Ca:P molar ratio of 1.04 indicated the presence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, while Patients II, III and IV presented carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA). RS also showed the presence of CPPD crystals in Patient I while Patients II, III and IV revealed spectra confirming the presence of HA crystals. In the corresponding chondrocyte cell culture analyzed with SEM, the presence of CPPD crystals in the culture of Patient I and HA crystals in the culture of Patient II, III and IV was confirmed. No mineralization was found in the cell culture of the controls. The differentiation between BCP and CPPD crystals plays an important role, and the techniques presented here provide an accurate differentiation of these two types of crystals. For quantification of articular cartilage mineralization, DCR is a simple and accurate method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fuerst
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic Bad Bramstedt, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and basic calcium phosphate crystals are the two most common calcium-containing crystals involved in rheumatic diseases. Recent literature concerning their role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS In some instances, these calcium crystals might worsen osteoarthritis cartilage destruction. Laboratory investigations have identified determinants of cartilage calcification, especially a better characterization of matrix vesicle content and a better understanding of the regulation of inorganic pyrophosphate and phosphate concentration. In-vitro studies have highlighted new pathogenic mechanisms of calcium crystal-induced cell activation. Several intracellular signalling pathways are activated by calcium crystals. Recent studies suggested the implication of the inflammasome complex and a pivotal role for IL-1 in pseudogout attacks and chondrocyte apoptosis in basic calcium phosphate crystal-related arthropathies. SUMMARY Animal models of osteoarthritis and in-vitro studies using calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and basic calcium phosphate crystals will improve our knowledge of these common crystals and could suggest new targets for drugs, as these common diseases are 'orphan' with respect to therapy.
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Thouverey C, Bechkoff G, Pikula S, Buchet R. Inorganic pyrophosphate as a regulator of hydroxyapatite or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate mineral deposition by matrix vesicles. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:64-72. [PMID: 18603452 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological mineralization is induced by unbalance between pro- and anti-mineralization factors. In calcifying osteoarthritic joints, articular chondrocytes undergo terminal differentiation similar to that in growth plate cartilage and release matrix vesicles (MVs) responsible for hydroxyapatite (HA) or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)) is a likely source of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) to sustain HA formation when hydrolyzed but also a potent inhibitor preventing apatite mineral deposition and growth. Moreover, an excess of PP(i) can lead to CPPD formation, a marker of pathological calcification in osteoarthritic joints. It was suggested that the P(i)/PP(i) ratio during biomineralization is a turning point between physiological and pathological mineralization. The aim of this work was to determine the conditions favoring either HA or CPPD formation initiated by MVs. METHODS MVs were isolated from 17-day-old chicken embryo growth plate cartilages and subjected to mineralization in the presence of various P(i)/PP(i) ratios. The mineralization kinetics and the chemical composition of minerals were determined, respectively, by light scattering and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS The formation of HA is optimal when the P(i)/PP(i) molar ratio is above 140, but is completely inhibited when the ratio decreases below 70. The retardation of any mineral formation is maximal at P(i)/PP(i) ratio around 30. CPPD is exclusively produced by MVs when the ratio is below 6, but it is inhibited for the ratio exceeding 25. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the P(i)/PP(i) ratio being a determinant factor leading to pathological mineralization or its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thouverey
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Wang J, Tsui HW, Beier F, Pritzker KPH, Inman RD, Tsui FWL. The ANKH ΔE490Mutation in Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease (CPPDD) affects tissue non-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) activities. Open Rheumatol J 2008; 2:23-30. [PMID: 19088867 PMCID: PMC2577949 DOI: 10.2174/1874312900802010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ANKH (human homolog of progressive ankylosis) regulates inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) transport. Dominant ANKH mutations were detected in at least five multiplex families with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPPD). The objective of this study is to assess the functional consequences of one CPPDD-associated ANKH mutation (ΔE490) in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Stable ATDC5 transfectants bearing myc-tagged constructs of wild-type ANKH, mutant ANKH (ΔE490) and neo controls were generated. Upon ITS (insulin, transferrin and selenium) induction, expression of chondrocyte markers including alkaline phosphatase activity in the various transfectants was assessed. The ANKH ΔE490- transfectants had low alkaline phosphatase activities throughout ITS treatment due to lower TNAP protein expression and the presence of intracellular low-molecular-weight inhibitors. Our results suggest that the interplay of ANKH and TNAP activities is tightly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wang
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Canada
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Cailotto F, Bianchi A, Sebillaud S, Venkatesan N, Moulin D, Jouzeau JY, Netter P. Inorganic pyrophosphate generation by transforming growth factor-beta-1 is mainly dependent on ANK induction by Ras/Raf-1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R122. [PMID: 18034874 PMCID: PMC2246241 DOI: 10.1186/ar2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
ANK is a multipass transmembrane protein transporter thought to play a role in the export of intracellular inorganic pyrophosphate and so to contribute to the pathophysiology of chondrocalcinosis. As transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-β1) was shown to favor calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition, we investigated the contribution of ANK to the production of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) by chondrocytes and the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of Ank expression by TGF-β1. Chondrocytes were exposed to 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1, and Ank expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. ePPi was quantified in cell supernatants. RNA silencing was used to define the respective roles of Ank and PC-1 in TGF-β1-induced ePPi generation. Finally, selective kinase inhibitors and dominant-negative/overexpression plasmid strategies were used to explore the contribution of several signaling pathways to Ank induction by TGF-β1. TGF-β1 strongly increased Ank expression at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as ePPi production. Using small interfering RNA technology, we showed that Ank contributed approximately 60% and PC-1 nearly 20% to TGF-β1-induced ePPi generation. Induction of Ank by TGF-β1 required activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway but not of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase or of protein kinase A. In line with the general protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C, Gö6976 (a Ca2+-dependent PKC inhibitor) diminished TGF-β1-induced Ank expression by 60%, whereas a 10% inhibition was observed with rottlerin (a PKCδ inhibitor). These data suggest a regulatory role for calcium in TGF-β1-induced Ank expression. Finally, we demonstrated that the stimulatory effect of TGF-β1 on Ank expression was inhibited by the suppression of the Ras/Raf-1 pathway, while being enhanced by their constitutive activation. Transient overexpression of Smad 7, an inhibitory Smad, failed to affect the inducing effect of TGF-β1 on Ank mRNA level. These data show that TGF-β1 increases ePPi levels, mainly by the induction of the Ank gene, which requires activation of Ras, Raf-1, ERK, and Ca2+-dependent PKC pathways in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Cailotto
- UMR 7561 CNRS-Nancy-Université, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Articulaires, France.
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Ariyoshi D, Imai K, Yamamoto S, Kuga Y, Miyazaki T. Subcutaneous tendon rupture of extensor tendons on bilateral wrists associated with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Mod Rheumatol 2007; 17:348-51. [PMID: 17694274 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-007-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease is a well-recognized inflammatory joint disorder. Extensor tendon rupture associated with CPPD deposition has rarely been described. We report herein the case of a 58-year-old woman who underwent reconstruction for subcutaneous extensor tendon ruptures of the extensor tendons for the ring and little fingers on both wrists associated with CPPD deposition. The significance of this case is the occurrence at an earlier age compared to previous papers and the appearance on bilateral wrists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Ariyoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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Reginato AM, Olsen BR. Genetics and experimental models of crystal-induced arthritis. Lessons learned from mice and men: is it crystal clear? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007; 19:134-45. [PMID: 17278928 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328040c00b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We examine the major genes in mice and humans involved in the pathogenesis of monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite crystal-induced arthritis. RECENT FINDINGS Several genetic causes of renal disease associated with hyperuricemia and gout provide insight into genes involved in renal urate handling. Mutations or polymorphisms in exons 4 and 5 and intron 4 of urate transporter 1 may be independent genetic markers of hyperuricemia and gout. Genetic analysis supports the role of ANKH mutations in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate-induced arthritis. ANKH gain-of-function mutations were confirmed by functional studies; however, the crystals formed in ATD5 cells were basic calcium phosphate, not calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, underlying the significance of chondrocyte differentiation state and the factors regulating normal and pathological mineralization. Animal models have implicated a general model of crystal-induced inflammation involving innate immunity through the NALP3 (Natch domain, leucine-rich repeat, and PYD-containing protein 3) inflammasome signaling through the interleukin-1 receptor and its signaling protein myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88. SUMMARY Genetic analysis has elucidated genes responsible for crystal formation and animal models have unveiled mechanisms in the development of crystal-induced arthritis. Future studies will hasten understanding of the pathology of crystal-induced arthritis and provide new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Reginato
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Zaka R, Stokes D, Dion AS, Kusnierz A, Han F, Williams CJ. P5L mutation in Ank results in an increase in extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate during proliferation and nonmineralizing hypertrophy in stably transduced ATDC5 cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R164. [PMID: 17067391 PMCID: PMC1794507 DOI: 10.1186/ar2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ank is a multipass transmembrane protein that regulates the cellular transport of inorganic pyrophosphate. In the progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse, a premature termination mutation at glutamic acid 440 results in a phenotype characterized by inappropriate deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals in skeletal tissues. Mutations in the amino terminus of ANKH, the human homolog of Ank, result in familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. It has been hypothesized that these mutations result in a gain-of-function with respect to the elaboration of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate. To explore this issue in a mineralization-competent system, we stably transduced ATDC5 cells with wild-type Ank as well as with familial chondrocalcinosis-causing Ank mutations. We evaluated the elaboration of inorganic pyrophosphate, the activity of pyrophosphate-modulating enzymes, and the mineralization in the transduced cells. Expression of transduced protein was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and by ELISA. Levels of inorganic pyrophosphate were measured, as were the activities of nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase. We also evaluated the expression of markers of chondrocyte maturation and the nature of the mineralization phase elaborated by transduced cells. The cell line expressing the proline to leucine mutation at position 5 (P5L) consistently displayed higher levels of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate and higher phosphodiesterase activity than the other transduced lines. During hypertrophy, however, extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate levels were modulated by alkaline phosphatase activity in this cell system, resulting in the deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals only in all transduced cell lines. Cells overexpressing wild-type Ank displayed a higher level of expression of type X collagen than cells transduced with mutant Ank. Other markers of hypertrophy and terminal differentiation, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and runx2, were not significantly different in cells expressing wild-type or mutant Ank in comparison with cells transduced with an empty vector or with untransduced cells. These results suggest that the P5L Ank mutant is capable of demonstrating a gain-of-function with respect to extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate elaboration, but this effect is modified by high levels of expression of alkaline phosphatase in ATDC5 cells during hypertrophy and terminal differentiation, resulting in the deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihana Zaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David Stokes
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Arnold S Dion
- College of Graduate Studies, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Anna Kusnierz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Charlene J Williams
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Abstract
Since the original recognition of these conditions in 1961, a great deal has been learned about the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and appropriate treatment of gout and pseudogout, and the role of crystals in osteoarthritis has been further defined. The variable manifestations of crystal-induced arthritis in elderly populations has led to a greater need for proper diagnosis and treatment strategies for these increasingly common forms of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wise
- Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, 417 North 11th Street, Box 980647, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Gurley KA, Reimer RJ, Kingsley DM. Biochemical and genetic analysis of ANK in arthritis and bone disease. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:1017-29. [PMID: 17186460 PMCID: PMC1698704 DOI: 10.1086/509881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the progressive ankylosis gene (Ank/ANKH) cause surprisingly different skeletal phenotypes in mice and humans. In mice, recessive loss-of-function mutations cause arthritis, ectopic crystal formation, and joint fusion throughout the body. In humans, some dominant mutations cause chondrocalcinosis, an adult-onset disease characterized by the deposition of ectopic joint crystals. Other dominant mutations cause craniometaphyseal dysplasia, a childhood disease characterized by sclerosis of the skull and abnormal modeling of the long bones, with little or no joint pathology. Ank encodes a multiple-pass transmembrane protein that regulates pyrophosphate levels inside and outside tissue culture cells in vitro, but its mechanism of action is not yet clear, and conflicting models have been proposed to explain the effects of the human mutations. Here, we test wild-type and mutant forms of ANK for radiolabeled pyrophosphate-transport activity in frog oocytes. We also reconstruct two human mutations in a bacterial artificial chromosome and test them in transgenic mice for rescue of the Ank null phenotype and for induction of new skeletal phenotypes. Wild-type ANK stimulates saturable transport of pyrophosphate ions across the plasma membrane, with half maximal rates attained at physiological levels of pyrophosphate. Chondrocalcinosis mutations retain apparently wild-type transport activity and can rescue the joint-fusion phenotype of Ank null mice. Craniometaphyseal dysplasia mutations do not transport pyrophosphate and cannot rescue the defects of Ank null mice. Furthermore, microcomputed tomography revealed previously unappreciated phenotypes in Ank null mice that are reminiscent of craniometaphyseal dysplasia. The combination of biochemical and genetic analyses presented here provides insight into how mutations in ANKH cause human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Gurley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Gurley KA, Chen H, Guenther C, Nguyen ET, Rountree RB, Schoor M, Kingsley DM. Mineral formation in joints caused by complete or joint-specific loss of ANK function. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1238-47. [PMID: 16869722 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To reveal the ANK complete loss of function phenotype in mice, we generated conditional and null alleles. Mice homozygous for the null allele exhibited widespread joint mineralization, similar in severity to animals harboring the original ank allele. A delayed yet similar phenotype was observed in mice with joint-specific loss of ANK function. INTRODUCTION The ANK pyrophosphate regulator was originally identified and proposed to play a key role in articular cartilage maintenance based on a single spontaneous mouse mutation (ank) that causes severe generalized arthritis. A number of human mutations have subsequently been reported in the human ortholog (ANKH), some of which produce skull and long bone defects with no apparent defects in joints or articular cartilage. None of the currently known mouse or human mutations clearly eliminate the function of the endogenous gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two new Ank alleles were generated using homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Joint range of motion assays and muCT studies were used to quantitatively assess phenotypic severity in wildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous mice carrying either the null (Anknull) or original (Ankank) allele. A Gdf5-Cre expressing line was crossed to mice harboring the conditional (Ankfloxp) allele to eliminate ANK function specifically in the joints. Histological stains and beta-galactosidase (LACZ) activity were used to determine the correlation between local loss of ANK function and defective joint phenotypes. RESULTS Anknull/Anknull mice develop severe ectopic postnatal crystal deposition in almost every joint of the body, leading to eventual joint fusion and loss of mobility. The severity of phenotype in these mice is indistinguishable from that of Ankank/Ankank mice. In addition, despite the widespread expression of Ank in many tissues, the specific deletion of Ank in joints also produces joint mineralization and ankylosis. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that ANK function is required locally in joints to inhibit mineral formation and that the Ank gene plays a key role in postnatal maintenance of joint mobility and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Gurley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physiological mineralization is necessary for the formation of skeletal tissues and for their appropriate functions during adulthood. Pathological or ectopic mineralization of soft tissues, including articular cartilage and cardiovascular tissues, leads to morbidity and mortality. Recent findings suggest that the mechanisms and factors regulating physiological mineralization may be identical or similar to those regulating ectopic mineralization. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the current knowledge of mechanisms and determinants that regulate physiological mineralization and how these determinants can be used to understand ectopic mineralization better. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have indicated that physiological and pathological mineralization are initiated by matrix vesicles, membrane-enclosed particles released from the plasma membrane of mineralization-competent cells. An understanding of how these vesicles initiate the physiological mineralization process may provide novel therapeutic strategies to prevent ectopic mineralization. In addition, other regulators (activators and inhibitors) of physiological mineralization have been identified and characterized, and evidence indicates that the same factors also contribute to the regulation of ectopic mineralization. Finally, programmed cell death (apoptosis) may be a contributor to physiological mineralization, and if occurring after tissue injury may induce ectopic mineralization and mineralization-related differentiation events in the injured area and surrounding areas. SUMMARY This review describes how the understanding of mechanisms and factors regulating physiological mineralization can be used to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent pathological or ectopic mineralization events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kirsch
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Among the myriad of players in the calcification of cartilage, ANK is a relatively new entrant. It is a multipass transmembrane protein that regulates the transport of inorganic pyrophosphate between the cell and the extracellular space. Mutations in ANK result in two distinct calcification disorders: craniometaphyseal dysplasia and familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent work on the role of ANK in physiological and pathological calcification of articular and growth plate cartilage. RECENT FINDINGS New information on the function of ANK suggests that the protein is part of a constellation of critical components that interact to regulate the elaboration of inorganic pyrophosphate. In addition to ANK, these components include alkaline phosphatase, the ectoenzyme PC-1, and osteopontin. ANK expression is also regulated by a variety of growth factors and cytokines that may further affect the transport of inorganic pyrophosphate and may be particularly relevant to the increased levels of expression of ANK in cartilage from chondrocalcinosis and osteoarthritis patients. SUMMARY Additional studies will be required to understand the contribution of ANK in shaping the fine balance of components necessary for crystal deposition in degenerating articular cartilage. Furthermore, the precise role of inherited mutations in ANK on the elaboration of inorganic pyrophosphate, and the ultimate deposition of either basic calcium phosphate or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihana Zaka
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Bevilacqua M. Calcium Deposition and Associated Chronic Diseases (Atherosclerosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis, and Others). Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2006; 32:413-26, viii. [PMID: 16716887 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix mineralization or calcification occurs in many pathologic conditions, including atherosclerosis, medial wall calcification, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, and chondrocalcinosis. Vascular wall calcification is the most common and involves two mechanisms: passive calcification resulting from breakdown of the protection system and active calcification resulting from transdifferentiation of mesenchymal cells in the vascular wall to bone. Although reports are conflicting, several matrix proteins are identified as protective factors against dystrophic calcification in nonosseous tissues. Serum matrix Gla protein may be a marker of osteometabolic syndromes that cause hyperostosis and plays a role in Milwaukee shoulder syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, L Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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