Hemagglutination study of serum factors related to L.E. cell formation

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA): immunologic and clinical significance

The methods currently used for the detection of ANA have been analyzed, with emphasis on their practical application to the diagnosis of the CTD. The use of the indirect IF-ANA test was recommended as a screening procedure to detect ANA. The need to standardize the technique using a single substrate and fluorescent conjugates with uniform F/P ratios was stressed. Most importantly, the value of titrating ANA for the diagnosis of the CTD was discussed. ANA titers higher than 1/500 are usually very significant clinically, often found in spontaneous or drug-induced SLE and few other CTD. The immunologic aspects of ANA and their potential value as aids in the diagnosis and management of the CTD were discussed. Anti-nDNA antibodies have been found to have a high degree of specificity for SLE and high titers of these antibodies correlate well with low levels of serum complement and severity of kidney involvement. The spectrum of ANA in the sera from patients with SLE has been expanded with the finding of anti-Sm antibodies which, when detected by gel precipitation with prototype serum, have been found so far only in SLE. Some of these antibodies have been found to have prognostic significance. Patients with MCTD and a group of patients with SLE have high titers of serum ANA with specificity for an RNase-sensitive component of ENA. The group of SLE patients defined by the presence of these antibodies (anti-Mo) have a better prognosis and in general develop only mild nephritis or have no kidney involvement at all. High titers of pure antinucleolar antibodies probably are found almost exclusively in the sera of patients with scleroderma. Some ANA have organ specificity, and GS-ANA have been found in all patients with Felty's syndrome and in a large proportion of patients with RA. One of the great advances in the field has been the recognition that ANA can be induced in the human and in experimental animals by the use of a number of therapeutic agents. Some of these agents can also induce a clinical picture resembling spontaneous SLE, though kidney involvement does not occur or is extremely mild. It is interesting that the whole spectrum of ANA can be found in drug-induced LE except anti-nDNA antibodies which have been associated to the pathogenesis of immune complex nephritis in spontaneous SLE. There is no doubt that research on ANA has contributed a great deal to the understanding of the CTD and will continue to be a valuable tool for the clinician and the investigator.

Relationship between deoxyribonucleoprotein and deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus

A soluble preparation of nucleoprotein (sNP), a complex of native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histones, was isolated from calf thymus nuclei and labeled with [(125)I]iodide. Isotope-labeled antigen ([(125)I]sNP) was used in a primary binding radioimmunoassay method to detect antibodies to both sNP and native DNA. Sera with antibody to native DNA reacted with the DNA moiety of sNP and bound [(125)I] sNP, but this binding was completely inhibited by addition of unlabeled native DNA. Antibody to sNP which reacted with DNA-histone complex was not inhibited in the radioimmunoassay by addition of unlabeled DNA. Thus, antibodies to sNP and native DNA could be detected and differentiated by use of a single isotopically labeled antigen. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sera with binding to [(125)I]sNP was present in 21/36 (58%) patients. The majority (18/21) had antibodies to sNP and native DNA present simultaneously, one had antibody only to sNP and two had antibody only to DNA. In contrast, patients with other connective tissue diseases rarely showed binding to [(125)I]sNP. Serial studies on SLE patients showed that high serum binding to [(125)I]sNP paralleled renal disease activity as reflected by the degree of proteinuria. A fall in binding was observed with subsidence of renal disease and reappearance of increased binding coincided with exacerbation. In these patients, antibodies to sNP and DNA appeared or disappeared pari passu suggesting that in addition to the previously demonstrated role of antibody to native DNA, antibody to sNP might also be implicated in the pathogenesis of immunologically-mediated tissue lesions such as SLE nephritis.