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Page CE, Smale S, Carty SM, Amos N, Lauder SN, Goodfellow RM, Richards PJ, Jones SA, Topley N, Williams AS. Interferon-gamma inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase production by synovial fibroblasts and protects articular cartilage in early arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R49. [PMID: 20307272 PMCID: PMC2888198 DOI: 10.1186/ar2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The first few months after symptom onset represents a pathologically distinct phase in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We used relevant experimental models to define the pathological role of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) during early inflammatory arthritis. Methods We studied IFN-γ's capacity to modulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced degenerative responses using RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), a bovine articular cartilage explant (BACE)/RA-FLS co-culture model and an experimental inflammatory arthritis model (murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA)). Results IFN-γ modulated IL-1β driven matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) synthesis resulting in the down-regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 production in vitro. IFN-γ did not affect IL-1β induced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) production by RA FLS but skewed the MMP/TIMP-1 balance sufficiently to attenuate glycosaminoglycan-depletion in our BACE model. IFN-γ reduced IL-1β expression in the arthritic joint and prevented cartilage degeneration on Day 3 of AIA. Conclusions Early therapeutic intervention with IFN-γ may be critical to orchestrate tissue-protective responses during inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Page
- Section of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XW, UK
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Sandler EA, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW. A dose titration of triamcinolone acetonide on insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage explants. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:58-63. [PMID: 14756373 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044864615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Previous in vitro pilot studies have defined a potentially beneficial effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on interleukin-1 (IL-1)-conditioned equine cartilage. Furthermore, an optimal dose for IGF-1 treatment alone has been documented previously using the same test system as in the current project. OBJECTIVES To perform a dose titration of TA on IL-1-conditioned equine articular cartilage explants in the presence of an optimised IGF-1 dose, in order to optimise a triamcinolone concentration for use in combination with IGF-1 for future investigations. METHODS Cartilage explants were harvested from the distal femur of a normal horse. The effect of a clinically relevant TA dose range was evaluated in the presence of IL-1 and IGF-1 through measurement of proteoglycan (PG) matrix metabolism (synthesis and degradation). RESULTS TA and IGF-1 in combination inhibited the IL-1-induced release of PG matrix components (glycosaminoglycan or GAG) from the articular cartilage, as well as producing a significant increase in GAG synthesis. CONCLUSIONS This experiment provided proof of principle that a combination treatment appears to be able to combat the IL-1-induced matrix depletion, while enhancing anabolic metabolism within the articular cartilage. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The use of IGF-1 in conjunction with TA in vivo has the potential to provide beneficial anabolic effects not seen with TA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Sandler
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Iwamoto T, Okamoto H, Kobayashi S, Ikari K, Toyama Y, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N, Momohara S. A role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4)/CCL13 from chondrocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS J 2007; 274:4904-12. [PMID: 17824960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of monocyte chemoattractant (MCP)-4/CCL13 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MCP-4 was highly expressed in cartilage from RA patients. Interferon-gamma significantly stimulated MCP-4/CCL13 production in human chondrocytes, and this effect was enhanced in combination with interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. MCP-4/CCL13 induces the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in fibroblast-like synoviocytes and activates cell proliferation, and PD98059 completely inhibits these effects. These data suggest that interferon-gamma in combination with interleukin-1beta/tumor necrosis factor-alpha activates the production of MCP-4/CCL13 from chondrocytes in RA joints, and that secreted MCP-4/CCL13 enhances fibroblast-like synoviocyte proliferation by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Iwamoto
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
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Ahmad R, Qureshi HY, El Mabrouk M, Sylvester J, Ahmad M, Zafarullah M. Inhibition of interleukin 1-induced matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in human chondrocytes by interferon gamma. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:782-9. [PMID: 17179173 PMCID: PMC1954643 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite well-documented immunomodulation by interferon gamma (IFNgamma), its role and mechanism of regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) gene expression in human chondrocytes is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability and mechanism of IFNgamma to suppress interleukin 1 (IL1)-induced MMP13 expression in articular chondrocytes. METHODS Human chondrocytes were treated with IFNgamma or IL1beta alone or in combination. MMP13 mRNA was analysed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. MMP13 protein, phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase levels were measured by western blotting. MMP13 promoter luciferase, cytomegalovirus cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CBP)/p300 plasmids and STAT1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were transfected by the calcium phosphate method. IFNgamma receptor was also neutralised. Activator protein (AP) 1 activity was monitored by the TransAM transcription factor kit. STAT1-CBP/p300 interaction was studied by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS IFNgamma potently suppressed IL1-induced expression of MMP13 and promoter activity. Blockade with neutralising IFNgamma R1 antibody revealed that MMP13 inhibition by IFNgamma is mediated by the IFN receptor. IFNgamma-stimulated activation of STAT1 was directly correlated with MMP13 suppression. Knockdown of the STAT1 gene by specific siRNA or its inhibition with fludarabine partially restored the IL1beta induction of MMP13 expression and promoter activity. IFNgamma did not alter AP1 binding ability but promoted physical interaction of STAT1 and CBP/p300 coactivator. p300 overexpression reversed IFNgamma inhibition of endogenous MMP13 mRNA expression and exogenous MMP13 promoter activity. CONCLUSION IFNgamma, through its receptor, activates STAT1, which binds with CBP/p300 coactivator, sequesters it from the cell system, and thus inhibits transcriptional induction of the MMP13 gene in chondrocytes. IFNgamma and its signalling pathways could be targeted therapeutically for diminishing IL1-induced cartilage degradation by MMP13 in patients with arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- K-5255 Mailloux, Hôpital Notre-Dame du CHUM, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4M1.
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Marini S, Fasciglione GF, Monteleone G, Maiotti M, Tarantino U, Coletta M. A correlation between knee cartilage degradation observed by arthroscopy and synovial proteinases activities. Clin Biochem 2003; 36:295-304. [PMID: 12810159 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(03)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel study has been carried out to characterize the amount and activity levels of metalloproteinases (i.e., MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 and MMP-13) and of their inhibitors (i.e., TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in synovial fluid from patients (n = 56) with different degrees of either chondral lesions or knee arthritis identified and classified by arthroscopy. DESIGN AND METHODS Zymographies, Western blotting and ELISA tests have been used to correlate the disease stage, as determined by arthroscopy, and both the amount and the activation state of different MMPs and of their inhibitors. RESULTS Analysis of data obtained demonstrates that the degree of cartilage degradation, as seen by arthroscopy, is strictly related to the activity of some synovial MMPs, in particular MMP-2 and MMP-13 and on reduced inhibitory effect of MMP-2 by TIMP-2; in addition, a serine protease weighing about 125 kDa appears only in patients with severe cartilage degradation, i.e., with knee arthritis. CONCLUSIONS On the whole, this is the first study in which an analysis of synovial MMPs/other proteinases activity and TIMPs has been strictly related to arthroscopy results in patients with different degrees of osteoarthritis. Results indicate that an imbalance between specific MMP activities and the amount of TIMPs and of its inhibitory efficiency is crucial for the disease evolution and it is related to the disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Science, University of Rome TorVergata, Rome, Italy
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Hui W, Rowan AD, Cawston T. Insulin-like growth factor 1 blocks collagen release and down regulates matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3, -8, and -13 mRNA expression in bovine nasal cartilage stimulated with oncostatin M in combination with interleukin 1alpha. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60:254-61. [PMID: 11171688 PMCID: PMC1753584 DOI: 10.1136/ard.60.3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) on the release of collagen, and the production and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) induced by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1alpha (IL1alpha) in combination with oncostatin M (OSM) from bovine nasal cartilage and primary human articular chondrocytes. METHODS Human articular chondrocytes and bovine nasal cartilage were cultured with and without IGF1 in the presence of IL1alpha or IL1alpha + OSM. The release of collagen was measured by an assay for hydroxyproline. Collagenase activity was determined with the diffuse fibril assay using 3H acetylated collagen. The expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-13, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) mRNA was analysed by northern blot. RESULTS IGF1 can partially inhibit the release of collagen induced by IL1alpha or IL1alpha + OSM from bovine nasal cartilage. This was accompanied by a reduced secretion and activation of collagenase by bovine nasal cartilage. IGF1 can also down regulate IL1alpha or IL1alpha + OSM induced MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-13 mRNA expression in human articular chondrocytes and bovine chondrocytes. It had no significant effect on the production and expression of TIMP-1 mRNA in chondrocytes. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time that IGF1 can partially block the release of collagen from cartilage and suggests that down regulation of collagenases by IGF1 may be an important mechanism in preventing cartilage resorption initiated by proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hui
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Henrotin YE, Zheng SX, Labasse AH, Deby GP, Crielaard JM, Reginster JY. Modulation of human chondrocyte metabolism by recombinant human interferon. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000; 8:474-82. [PMID: 11069732 DOI: 10.1053/joca.1999.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interferon gamma (IFN gamma) is found to be elevated in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, suggesting its implication in joint disease pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of IFN gamma on the production of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), prostaglandin E(2)(PGE(2)), proteoglycans (PG), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and stromelysin by non-stimulated and IL-1 beta-treated human chondrocytes. The role played by NO in the responses of chondrocytes to IFN gamma was also examined by incubation of chondrocytes with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a competitive inhibitor of NO synthase. METHODS Enzymatically isolated human chondrocytes were cultured for 48 h in the absence or presence of IL-1 beta, IFN gamma or N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) added solely or in combination. The productions of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra and stromelysin were measured by enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassays (EASIA). PG and PGE(2)were quantified by specific radioimmunoassays (RIA). Nitrite concentrations in the culture supernatants were determined by a spectrophotometric method based upon the Griess reaction. RESULTS As expected, IL-1 beta highly stimulated NO, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, PGE(2)and stromelysin synthesis, but dramatically decreased PG production. NO, IL-6, IL-1ra and PGE(2)production by non-stimulated chondrocytes was dose-dependently increased by IFN gamma while PG production was inhibited. In the absence of IL-1 beta, IL-10 was undetectable in the culture supernatants. At the doses of 10 and 100 U/ml, IFN gamma markedly inhibited the constitutive and IL-1 beta-stimulated IL-8, IL-10 and stromelysin productions. Interestingly, IFN gamma synergized with IL-1 beta to increase NO, IL-6, IL-1ra and to depress PG production. As previously reported, the inhibition of NO synthesis by the competitive inhibitor L-NMMA led to enhancement of IL-6, IL-8 and PGE(2)production by IL-1 beta treated chondrocytes, but did not significantly modify IL-10, PG and MMP-3 productions. Inhibition of NO synthase significantly inhibited the stimulating effect of IFN gamma on IL-6 and IL-1ra but did not affect the inhibitory effect of IFN gamma on IL-8, PG or stromelysin production. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IFN gamma and IL-1 synergistically stimulate the production of IL-6, IL-1ra, NO and PGE(2)and inhibit PG synthesis. By contrast, IL-1 beta and IFN gamma have opposite effects on IL-8, IL-10 and stromelysin productions. These effects are not reversed by L-NMMA, suggesting that NO is not the principal mediator involved in responses of chondrocytes to IFN gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospital, CHUSart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Frisbie DD, Sandler EA, Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW. Metabolic and mitogenic activities of insulin-like growth factor-1 in interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:436-41. [PMID: 10772110 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine response of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha)-conditioned equine articular cartilage explants to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Sample Population-Cartilage from the trochlea and condyles of the femur of a clinically normal 4-year-old horse. PROCEDURE Effects of IGF-1 (0 to 500 ng/ml) after addition of IL-1alpha were evaluated by assessing matrix responses, using a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay, matrix 35SO4 GAG incorporation, and release of GAG. Mitogenic response was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA and fluorometric assay of total DNA concentration. RESULTS Human recombinant IL-1alpha (40 ng/ml) increased the amount of labeled GAG released and decreased labeled and total GAG remaining in explants, and IL-1alpha decreased mitogenic response. Addition of IGF-1 counteracted effects seen with IL-1alpha alone. In general, IGF-1 decreased total and labeled GAG released into the medium, compared with IL-1alpha-treated explants (positive-control sample). Values for these variables did not differ significantly from those for negative-control explants. A significant increase in total and newly synthesized GAG in the explants at termination of the experiment was observed with 500 ng of IGF-1/ml. Labeled GAG remaining in explants was greater with treatment at 50 ng of IGF-1/ml, compared with treatment with IL-1alpha alone. Concentrations of 200 ng of IGF-1/ml abolished actions of IL-1alpha and restored DNA synthesis to values similar to those of negative-control explants. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IGF-1 at 500 ng/ml was best at overcoming detrimental effects associated with IL-1alpha in in vitro explants. These beneficial effects may be useful in horses with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Mäkelä M, Salo T, Larjava H. MMP-9 from TNF alpha-stimulated keratinocytes binds to cell membranes and type I collagen: a cause for extended matrix degradation in inflammation? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 253:325-35. [PMID: 9878537 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated keratinocytes synthesize increased amounts of matrix metalloproteinases during inflammation. Incubation of mucosal keratinocytes with TNFalpha (24 h) increased their expression of MMP-9 mRNA, which was followed by the corresponding increase in the expression of MMP-9 protein. This stimulation was dose dependent and continued for several days after the initial exposure to TNFalpha. In contrast, the expression of MMP-2 was not influenced by TNFalpha. IFNgamma caused a significant dose-dependent inhibition in the TNFalpha-stimulated expression of MMP-9. TNFalpha did not markedly influence keratinocyte growth, while INFgamma potently inhibited cell growth. Cytokine-stimulated keratinocytes secreted most MMP-2 and MMP-9 extracellularly into the culture medium, but MMP-9 was also found in the membrane extract of keratinocytes. Furthermore, wild-type and recombinant MMP-9 were bound to noncollageneous and nonintegrin components of the mucosal keratinocyte cell surface. MMP-9 was not, however, found in the extracellular matrix deposited by the keratinocytes in culture. Type I and IV collagens and gelatin but no other purified extracellular matrix nor basement membrane proteins (types I and IV collagen, laminin-1 and -5, fibronectin) were able to bind MMP-9 from the conditioned medium. Binding of MMP-9 from keratinocyte conditioned medium was demonstrated along the collagen fibers using immunoelectron microscopy. These phenomena may participate in extended matrix degradation in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mäkelä
- Department of Periodontology, University of Turku, Finland.
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Cawston TE, Curry VA, Summers CA, Clark IM, Riley GP, Life PF, Spaull JR, Goldring MB, Koshy PJ, Rowan AD, Shingleton WD. The role of oncostatin M in animal and human connective tissue collagen turnover and its localization within the rheumatoid joint. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:1760-71. [PMID: 9778217 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1760::aid-art8>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the interaction of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and oncostatin M (OSM) in promoting cartilage collagen destruction. METHODS Bovine, porcine, and human cartilage and human chondrocytes were studied in culture. The levels of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP-1]) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) were measured by bioassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of OSM in rheumatoid synovial fluid were measured by ELISA. RESULTS When combined with OSM, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha released proteoglycan and collagen from cartilage. OSM was the only member of the IL-6 family to have this effect. Human tendon also responded to IL-1alpha and OSM. OSM increased the production of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 but when combined with IL-1alpha, synergistically promoted MMP-1 production in human chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. High levels of OSM were found in human rheumatoid synovial fluids, and confocal microscopy showed that OSM was produced by macrophages in rheumatoid synovial tissue. CONCLUSION These results highlight an important new mechanism by which there is irreversible loss of collagen from cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cawston
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Homandberg GA, Hui F, Wen C, Purple C, Bewsey K, Koepp H, Huch K, Harris A. Fibronectin-fragment-induced cartilage chondrolysis is associated with release of catabolic cytokines. Biochem J 1997; 321 ( Pt 3):751-7. [PMID: 9032463 PMCID: PMC1218132 DOI: 10.1042/bj3210751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin fragments have both catabolic and anabolic activities toward articular cartilage explants in vitro. Whereas a 1 nM concentration of an N-terminal 29 kDa fibronectin fragment (Fn-f) increases the proteoglycan (PG) content of cartilage without induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 0.1-1 microM Fn-f temporarily suppresses PG synthesis and enhances MMP release. The higher concentrations cause an initially rapid PG depletion during the first week of culture, followed by much slower PG loss and gradually increasing rates of PG synthesis. To test for the involvement of mediators, human articular cartilage was cultured with Fn-f, and conditioned media were assayed for selected cytokines and factors. With 1 nM Fn-f, the release of the anabolic factors, insulin growth factor-I and transforming growth factor beta1, from cultured cartilage was enhanced by 50-100% during the entire 28-day culture period and this was associated with both supernormal rates of PG synthesis and PG content. However, the higher concentrations of Fn-f additionally enhanced release, by at least 10-fold, of the cytokines, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 while causing depletion of cartilage PG. Release of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta and interleukin 1alpha peaked at days 2, 3 and 9 during or slightly after the period of maximal PG depletion and decreased to control levels by days 7, 7 and 21 respectively, whereas release of interleukin 6 was enhanced throughout the culture period. Neutralizing antibodies to the catabolic cytokines reduced Fn-f-mediated MMP-3 release and suppression of PG synthesis. The temporal aspects of this interplay between catabolic and anabolic factors are consistent with the kinetics of Fn-f-mediated cartilage damage and attempted repair and may be relevant to cartilage damage and repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Homandberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3864, USA
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Geng Y, Valbracht J, Lotz M. Selective activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase subgroups c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase and p38 by IL-1 and TNF in human articular chondrocytes. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:2425-30. [PMID: 8941662 PMCID: PMC507695 DOI: 10.1172/jci119056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that tyrosine kinase activation is an important signal transduction event in the IL-1 response of chondrocytes. The present study identifies the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and ERK-2 as major tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in IL-1 stimulated chondrocytes. Kinase assays on immunoprecipitates with myelin basic protein as substrate showed that ERK-1 and ERK-2 activation was detectable within 5 min after IL-1 stimulation and decreased to baseline within 60 min. Analysis of other members of the MAP kinase family showed that chondrocytes also express c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK)-1, JNK-2, and p38 proteins. These kinases were time-dependently activated by IL-1. Among other chondrocyte activators tested, only TNF activated all three of the MAP kinase subgroups. JNK and p38 were not activated by any of the other cytokines and growth factors tested. However, ERK was also activated by PDGF, IGF-1, and IL-6. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, calcium ionophore, and cAMP analogues only increased ERK activity but had no significant effects on JNK or p38. These results suggest differential activation of MAP kinase subgroups by extracellular stimuli. ERK is activated in response to qualitatively diverse extracellular stimuli and various second messenger agonists. In contrast, JNK and p38 are only activated by IL-1 or TNF, suggesting that these kinases participate in the induction of the catabolic program in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Geng
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA
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Abstract
The primary agents responsible for cartilage and bone destruction in joint diseases are active proteinases degrading collagen and proteoglycan. All four main classes of proteolytic enzymes are involved in either the normal turnover of connective tissue or its pathological destruction. These proteinases are made by different cells found within the joints. Both extracellular and intracellular pathways exist, and individual enzymes can be inhibited by specific proteinaceous inhibitors that block their activity. Recent research has implicated the matrix metalloproteinases in many of the processes involved in joint diseases. Conventional treatments do little to affect the underlying disease processes, and recently, the use of proteinase inhibitors has been suggested as a new therapeutic approach. A large variety of different synthetic approaches have been used and highly effective metalloproteinase inhibitors have been designed, synthesised and tested. These metalloproteinase inhibitors can prevent the destruction of animal cartilage in model systems and slow the progression of human tumours. Future patient trials will test the effectiveness of these compounds in vivo for the treatment of joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cawston
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Smolen JS, Tohidast-Akrad M, Gal A, Kunaver M, Eberl G, Zenz P, Falus A, Steiner G. The role of T-lymphocytes and cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1996; 25:1-4. [PMID: 8774548 DOI: 10.3109/03009749609082660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review the involvement of T cells, in addition to that of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is discussed. The evidence for the pathogenetic importance of T cells is based upon their state of activation in the synovial membrane and the cytokines produced. These cytokines can be detected in synovial fluids as well as in the synovial membrane by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. However, cytokine production can be detected only in a minor fraction of the T cells which contrasts the number of non-T cells observed to synthesize cytokines. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that the small amount of lymphokines is sufficient to activate a cytokine cascade derived from other cells. The cytokine profile secreted is indicative for a T cell response that primarily involves Th1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Smolen
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Lainz Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Westermarck J, Häkkinen L, Fiers W, Kähäri VM. TNF-R55-specific form of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces collagenase gene expression by human skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105:197-202. [PMID: 7636301 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12317114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent inhibitor of connective tissue formation. The cellular effects of TNF-alpha are mediated by two distinct cell-surface receptors, TNF-R55 and TNF-R75, both present on various types of cells, including fibroblasts. In this study we wanted to elucidate the role of TNF-R55 as a mediator of the connective tissue effects of TNF-alpha by using a mutant, TNF-R55-specific form of human TNF-alpha. This mutant TNF-alpha markedly induced collagenase and stromelysin-1 gene expression in dermal fibroblasts, the maximal activation (up to 42-fold) being 65%-89% of that noted with wild-type human TNF-alpha. In addition, TNF-R55-specific TNF-alpha suppressed type I collagen mRNA levels as potently as wild-type TNF-alpha (by 60%). The enhancement of collagenase gene expression by TNF-R55-specific TNF-alpha was augmented by simultaneous treatment of normal and scleroderma skin fibroblasts with interferon-gamma, indicating specific enhancement of TNF-R55 signaling pathway by interferon-gamma. These results show that stimulation of the TNF-R55 signaling pathway is sufficient for the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha on extracellular matrix formation by dermal fibroblasts. It is conceivable that due to reduced systemic toxicity, TNF-R55-specific forms of human TNF-alpha may prove to be feasible in the therapy of fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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16
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Abstract
There may be a great potential in the use of diagnostic "markers" of osteoarthritis in synovial fluid to diagnose the disease in an earlier stage and perhaps assess the severity of the disease and monitor the effect of a treatment. In the present study, potential markers are characterized, discussed, and grouped according to the latest knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of osteoarthritis. They are grouped according to their origin as either cartilage degradation products, or related to the mechanisms of cartilage degradation, or related to chrondrocytic anabolic activity during disease, or related to genetic disorders. Also potential markers that have not yet been studied clinically or experimentally are discussed. Examples of the progress that has been made in human medicine approaching reliable diagnostic markers that should also be tried in veterinary medicine are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rørvik
- Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Oslo
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17
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Tamai K, Ishikawa H, Mauviel A, Uitto J. Interferon-gamma coordinately upregulates matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and MMP-3, but not tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMP), expression in cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:384-90. [PMID: 7861007 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12665857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMP) constitute a family of proteolytic enzymes degrading extracellular matrix components. Their activity is inhibited by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMP). Previous studies have demonstrated that various cytokines can modulate MMP and TIMP gene expression. In this study, we demonstrate that interferon-gamma coordinately upregulates MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) gene expression in cultured keratinocytes, as determined at the mRNA steady-state levels, and this effect is dependent on on-going protein synthesis. In contrast, there was no effect on TIMP-1 gene expression. Enhanced MMP-1 expression by IFN-gamma was also demonstrated at the protein level by Western analysis. Transient transfections with MMP-1 and MMP-3 promoter/reporter gene constructs revealed no response to IFN-gamma, whereas incubation of keratinocytes with this cytokine appeared to stabilize the MMP-1 mRNA, resulting in reduced turnover of the transcript. These data suggest that IFN-gamma enhances MMP gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The altered MMP expression by IFN-gamma without concomitant effect on TIMP gene expression potentially leads to imbalance between these proteases and their inhibitors, and enhanced proteolytic activity may play a role in the remodeling of cutaneous tissue involving inflammatory processes, such as wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamai
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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18
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Cawston T, Plumpton T, Curry V, Ellis A, Powell L. Role of TIMP and MMP inhibition in preventing connective tissue breakdown. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 732:75-83. [PMID: 7978853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Cawston
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Interleukin 10 suppression of monocyte prostaglandin H synthase-2. Mechanism of inhibition of prostaglandin-dependent matrix metalloproteinase production. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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20
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Taylor DJ. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) induces down-modulation and shedding of the p55 tumour necrosis factor receptor and inhibits TNF alpha's effect on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatol Int 1994; 14:21-5. [PMID: 7939136 DOI: 10.1007/bf00302667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) and rhIL-1 alpha each produced a rapid down-modulation of tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RSF) in vitro. This was associated with a staurosporine-resistant increase in p55 soluble TNFR levels, in culture media, suggesting that down-modulation was due to enhanced receptor shedding via a protein kinase C-independent mechanism. Pretreatment with rhIL-4 reduced the subsequent tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) stimulation of prostaglandin E (PGE) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) production by RSF. Thus, the potential anti-synovial monokine properties of rhIL-4 are not confined to inhibiting monokine production but also include the ability to interfere with their action on cells that constitute a substantial proportion of the rheumatoid synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Taylor
- University Department of Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester, West Didsbury, UK
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21
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Abstract
IL-1 and related cytokines have multiple biologic activities relevant to the rheumatic diseases. In addition to mediating inflammatory and immune responses, these proteins regulate many aspects of connective tissue metabolism. The cytokines interact in complex cascades: because of this, and various technical reasons, the exact role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases remains uncertain. However, considerable experimental data suggest that the abnormal regulation of cytokines contributes to such siseases as inflammatory arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis. Animal models of these diseases have contributed to understanding the role of cytokines in pathogenesis. Furthermore, drugs useful in treating these diseases affect cytokine pathways; some cytokines, their antagonists, or related substances have been used therapeutically to treat rheumatic diseases. The therapeutic use of these agents will likely increase as knowledge about the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Miller
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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22
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Abstract
Cytokines play an important regulatory role in the metabolism of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are found in plasma membranes, but predominantly in the extra-cellular matrix. In the latter they are quantitatively and qualitatively essential components. Especially in a tissue like cartilage without any blood vessels, the cells are dependent on cytokines for the communication among themselves in the extra-cellular matrix and also for communication with the 'outside world'. Various cytokines have been found to be able to penetrate the extra-cellular matrix and inhibit, respectively stimulate the proteoglycan synthesis. Also, the degradation of proteoglycans can be stimulated, respectively inhibited by several cytokines. In addition, some cytokines have been found which regulate the effects of the other cytokines. With respect to proteoglycan metabolism a complex cytokine network is emerging. Furthermore it is becoming increasingly clear that proteoglycans are connected to the cytokine network by their own bioactive functions. First, they possibly possess cytokine activities themselves. Second, they can function as receptors, protectors, inactivators and storage ligands for cytokines. So the proteoglycans are clearly involved in the feedback signalling from the extra-cellular matrix to the cells that are synthesizing this extra-cellular matrix. Together with agonistic or antagonistic cytokines they are involved in the regulation of proteoglycan turnover during balanced or unbalanced metabolism in normal, respectively pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Nietfeld
- University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hefti
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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24
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Pelletier JP, DiBattista JA, Roughley P, McCollum R, Martel-Pelletier J. CYTOKINES AND INFLAMMATION IN CARTILAGE DEGRADATION. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Cytokines play an important regulatory role in the metabolism of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are found in plasma membranes, but predominantly in the extra-cellular matrix. In the latter they are quantitatively and qualitatively essential components. Especially in a tissue like cartilage without any blood vessels, the cells are dependent on cytokines for the communication among themselves in the extra-cellular matrix and also for communication with the 'outside world'. Various cytokines have been found to be able to penetrate the extra-cellular matrix and inhibit, respectively stimulate the proteoglycan synthesis. Also, the degradation of proteoglycans can be stimulated, respectively inhibited by several cytokines. In addition, some cytokines have been found which regulate the effects of the other cytokines. With respect to proteoglycan metabolism a complex cytokine network is emerging. Furthermore it is becoming increasingly clear that proteoglycans are connected to the cytokine network by their own bioactive functions. First, they possibly possess cytokine activities themselves. Second, they can function as receptors, protectors, inactivators and storage ligands for cytokines. So the proteoglycans are clearly involved in the feedback signalling from the extra-cellular matrix to the cells that are synthesizing this extra-cellular matrix. Together with agonistic or antagonistic cytokines they are involved in the regulation of proteoglycan turnover during balanced or unbalanced metabolism in normal, respectively pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Nietfeld
- University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that mediate the degradation of extracellular matrix macromolecules, including interstitial and basement membrane collagens, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycan core protein. The enzymes are secreted or released in latent form and become activated in the pericellular environment by disruption of a Zn(++)-cysteine bond which blocks the reactivity of the active site. The major cell types in inflamed and healthy periodontal tissues (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages) are capable of responding to growth factors and cytokines, as well as to products released from the microbial flora by induction of transcription of 1 or more MMP genes. Cytokines that are likely to regulate expression of MMP genes in periodontal tissues include IL-1, TNF-alpha, and TGF-alpha. In addition, triggered PMN leukocytes which express only 2 MMP (PMN-CL and Mr 92K GL) release these enzymes from specific granule storage sites in response to a number of stimuli. The evidence that MMP are involved in tissue destruction in human periodontal diseases is still indirect and circumstantial. Cells isolated from normal and inflamed gingiva are capable of expressing a wide complement of MMP in culture and several MMP can be detected in cells of human gingiva in vivo. In addition, PMN-CL and Mr 92K GL are readily detected in gingival crevicular fluid from gingivitis and periodontitis patients. Osteoclastic bone resorption does not appear to directly involve MMP, but a body of evidence suggests that bone resorption is initiated by removal of the osteoid layer by osteoblasts by means of a collagenase-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Birkedal-Hansen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham
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27
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Birkedal-Hansen H, Moore WG, Bodden MK, Windsor LJ, Birkedal-Hansen B, DeCarlo A, Engler JA. Matrix metalloproteinases: a review. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1993; 4:197-250. [PMID: 8435466 DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2128] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of nine or more highly homologous Zn(++)-endopeptidases that collectively cleave most if not all of the constituents of the extracellular matrix. The present review discusses in detail the primary structures and the overlapping yet distinct substrate specificities of MMPs as well as the mode of activation of the unique MMP precursors. The regulation of MMP activity at the transcriptional level and at the extracellular level (precursor activation, inhibition of activated, mature enzymes) is also discussed. A final segment of the review details the current knowledge of the involvement of MMP in specific developmental or pathological conditions, including human periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Birkedal-Hansen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Alabama School of Dentistry, Birmingham 35294
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