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Zhu R, Wang Y, Ouyang Z, Hao W, Zhou F, Lin Y, Cheng Y, Zhou R, Hu W. Targeting regulated chondrocyte death in osteoarthritis therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115707. [PMID: 37506921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In vivo articular cartilage degeneration is an essential hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA), involving chondrocyte senescence, extracellular matrix degradation, chondrocyte death, cartilage loss, and bone erosion. Among them, chondrocyte death is one of the major factors leading to cartilage degeneration. Many studies have reported that various cell death modes, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy, play a key role in OA chondrocyte death. Currently, there is insufficient understanding of OA pathogenesis, and there remains a lack of treatment methods to prevent OA and inhibit its progression. Studies suggest that OA prevention and treatment are mainly directed to arrest premature or excessive chondrocyte death. In this review, we a) discuss the forms of death of chondrocytes and the associations between them, b) summarize the critical factors in chondrocyte death, c) discuss the vital role of chondrocyte death in OA, d) and, explore new approaches for targeting the regulation of chondrocyte death in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendi Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ziwei Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wenjuan Hao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fuli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuanzhi Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
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2
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Sobah ML, Liongue C, Ward AC. SOCS Proteins in Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, and Immune-Related Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:727987. [PMID: 34604264 PMCID: PMC8481645 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.727987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine signaling represents one of the cornerstones of the immune system, mediating the complex responses required to facilitate appropriate immune cell development and function that supports robust immunity. It is crucial that these signals be tightly regulated, with dysregulation underpinning immune defects, including excessive inflammation, as well as contributing to various immune-related malignancies. A specialized family of proteins called suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) participate in negative feedback regulation of cytokine signaling, ensuring it is appropriately restrained. The eight SOCS proteins identified regulate cytokine and other signaling pathways in unique ways. SOCS1–3 and CISH are most closely involved in the regulation of immune-related signaling, influencing processes such polarization of lymphocytes and the activation of myeloid cells by controlling signaling downstream of essential cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ. SOCS protein perturbation disrupts these processes resulting in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions as well as malignancies. As a consequence, SOCS proteins are garnering increased interest as a unique avenue to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institue of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institue of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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3
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Wiegertjes R, van de Loo FAJ, Blaney Davidson EN. A roadmap to target interleukin-6 in osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:2681-2694. [PMID: 32691066 PMCID: PMC7516110 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint inflammation is present in the majority of OA patients and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, are actively involved in disease progression. Increased levels of IL-6 in serum or synovial fluid from OA patients correlate with disease incidence and severity, with IL-6 playing a pivotal role in the development of cartilage pathology, e.g. via induction of matrix-degrading enzymes. However, IL-6 also increases expression of anti-catabolic factors, suggesting a protective role. Until now, this dual role of IL-6 is incompletely understood and may be caused by differential effects of IL-6 classic vs trans-signalling. Here, we review current evidence regarding the role of IL-6 classic- and trans-signalling in local joint pathology of cartilage, synovium and bone. Furthermore, we discuss targeting of IL-6 in experimental OA models and provide future perspective for OA treatment by evaluating currently available IL-6 targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Wiegertjes
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Li T, Wu S, Li S, Bai X, Luo H, Zuo X. SOCS3 participates in cholinergic pathway regulation of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:287-294. [PMID: 28914550 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1380633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the cholinergic inflammatory pathway can attenuate collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and inhibit synovitis by Janus kinase (JAK) 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein can also regulate the inflammatory processes and activate JAK/STAT signal transduction, but its involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been demonstrated. This study investigated the effect of SOCS on cholinergic pathway regulation of synovitis in the fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of RA and CIA mice. The effects of nicotine on SOCS1 and SOCS3 protein expression in FLSs were assayed by western blotting before and after transfection with a small interfering RNA oligonucleotide (SOCS3-siRNA or control-siRNA). Interleukin-6 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of SOCS3-siRNA and control-siRNA transfected FLS culture supernatants. Histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemical staining of SOCS3 were performed in joint tissue sections of control, CIA model, vagotomy, and nicotine-treated DBA/1 mice. Nicotine increased SOCS3 expression in the FLSs of RA. The inhibitory effect of nicotine on inflammatory factors was abolished by siRNA knockdown of SOCS3 protein expression. Nicotine increased the expression of SOCS3 protein in the synovium and reduced synovitis and bone erosion in CIA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- a Department of Rheumatology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Wu
- a Department of Rheumatology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Li
- a Department of Rheumatology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Bai
- a Department of Rheumatology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- a Department of Rheumatology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- a Department of Rheumatology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan People's Republic of China
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5
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van den Bosch MH, Blom AB, van de Loo FA, Koenders MI, Lafeber FP, van den Berg WB, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PL. Brief Report: Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression by Synovial Wnt Signaling and Association With Disease Progression in Early Symptomatic Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1978-1983. [PMID: 28678406 DOI: 10.1002/art.40206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased Wnt signaling in chondrocytes is associated with development of osteoarthritis (OA). However, OA is considered a disease of the entire joint, where the synovium has been attributed an important role in disease pathogenesis and progression. This study was undertaken to determine whether Wnt signaling in synovial tissue could contribute to pathologic development of OA through the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and to assess the relationship of synovial expression of Frizzled (FZD) receptors and the Wnt inhibitor FRZB to MMP expression and disease progression in patients with early OA in the Dutch Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) study cohort. METHODS In mouse knee joints, human WNT8A and mouse Wnt16 were overexpressed using adenoviral vectors, and expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for MMPs in the synovium was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or Luminex assay. In human synovial tissue from a subgroup of patients with early OA with knee pain enrolled in the CHECK cohort, levels of Wnt family members were assessed for linkage to MMP expression and disease progression. In addition, MMP production in human synovium from patients with end-stage OA was determined after stimulation of Wnt signaling with WNT3A or inhibition with FRZB or DKK1 in the synovium. RESULTS Overexpression of WNT8A and Wnt16 in mouse knee joints induced MMP expression in vivo. Expression of MMPs relevant to human OA in the synovium from CHECK study participants significantly correlated with expression of FZD1, FZD10, and FRZB mRNA. Moreover, increased FZD1 mRNA expression and decreased FRZB mRNA expression were observed in CHECK study patients who experienced disease progression compared to those who were nonprogressors. Stimulation of human OA synovium with WNT3A induced the production of various MMPs, whereas inhibition of Wnt signaling with FRZB or DKK1 reduced the production of MMPs. CONCLUSION Wnt signaling in the synovium may potently induce progression of OA via increased production of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Gui T, He BS, Gan Q, Yang C. Enhanced SOCS3 in osteoarthiritis may limit both proliferation and inflammation. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:107-114. [PMID: 28296552 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1278792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is characterized by localized inflammatory and secondary proliferative changes. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is elevated during OA development. We investigated the effects of this protein on human chondrocyte survival in OA and the inflammatory response together with the mechanisms of these effects. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down the expression of SOCS3 in interleukin(IL)-1β-induced primary human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. We found that siRNA-mediated SOCS3 knock-down in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes increased production of IL-1β-induced prostaglandin E2, cell growth, transcript level and nuclear translocation of cyclin D1. Silencing of SOCS3 resulted in altered expression of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase (COX2). Our findings indicate that enhanced SOCS3 could have contradictory influences on OA development. SOCS3 might protect damaged joints by its anti-inflammatory effect and by inhibition of over-augmented cartilage tissue repair, which could exhibit inhibitory properties for joint inflammation, abnormal chondrocyte clustering and osteophyte formation in OA. On the other hand, SOCS3 might reduce chondrocyte growth response, which would delay repair of subchondral cancellous bone damage in OA owing to its anti-proliferation effect. The anti-inflammation and growth inhibition effects exhibited by enhanced SOCS3 in OA appear to be related to its capacity to down-regulate expression levels of NF-κB and COX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gui
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Hubei Woman and Child Hospital , Wuhan , China
| | - B S He
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Hubei Woman and Child Hospital , Wuhan , China
| | - Q Gan
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Hubei Woman and Child Hospital , Wuhan , China
| | - C Yang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Hubei Woman and Child Hospital , Wuhan , China
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7
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Koskinen-Kolasa A, Vuolteenaho K, Korhonen R, Moilanen T, Moilanen E. Catabolic and proinflammatory effects of leptin in chondrocytes are regulated by suppressor of cytokine signaling-3. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:215. [PMID: 27716333 PMCID: PMC5048607 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies provide evidence that adipokine leptin increases production of catabolic and proinflammatory factors in chondrocytes and serves as a link between obesity and osteoarthritis (OA). However, the magnitude of the response to leptin treatment varies greatly between chondrocytes from different donor patients. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) in the leptin-induced responses in OA cartilage. METHODS Cartilage and synovial fluid samples from 97 patients with OA undergoing knee replacement surgery were collected. Cartilage samples were cultured with leptin (10 μg/ml), and the levels of proinflammatory and catabolic factors in synovial fluid and in the cartilage culture media, and SOCS-3 expression in the cartilage were measured. The role of SOCS-3 in leptin signaling was further studied in H4 murine chondrocytes by downregulating SOCS-3 with siRNA. RESULTS Leptin-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were higher in the cartilage samples with low SOCS-3 expression. Accordingly, downregulation of SOCS-3 by siRNA in H4 chondrocytes led to enhanced leptin-induced expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, IL-6 and iNOS. Synovial fluid leptin was associated positively, and cartilage SOCS-3 negatively with synovial fluid levels of MMPs in a multivariate model in obese (body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2) but not in non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m2) patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results show, for the first time, that SOCS-3 regulates leptin-induced responses in cartilage, and could thus be a future drug target in the treatment or prevention of OA, especially in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koskinen-Kolasa
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Vuolteenaho
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riku Korhonen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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8
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Wang S, Duan C, Liu H, Shao W, Wu C, Han J, Guo X. The roles of selenium, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in the pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck disease. Biomarkers 2016; 21:409-15. [PMID: 27099071 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1141990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to verify the levels of IGFBP2 and SOCS3 in cartilage and chondrocytes of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) patients and the effects of different selenium concentrations on the protein expression levels. Chondrocytes were cultured with sodium selenite in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to verify the protein expressions. IGFBP2 and SOCS3 were up-regulated in KBD chondrocytes and decreased with increasing selenium concentrations. IGFBP2 expressed highest in the middle zone of KBD cartilage, SOCS3 expressed higher in the middle and deep zone. IGFBP2 and SOCS3 may be the biomarkers for KBD diagnosis and evaluating the effect of selenium supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Chen Duan
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Wanzhen Shao
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Jing Han
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and
| | - Xiong Guo
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
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9
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van den Bosch MH, Blom AB, Schelbergen RFP, Vogl T, Roth JP, Slöetjes AW, van den Berg WB, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PLEM. Induction of Canonical Wnt Signaling by the Alarmins S100A8/A9 in Murine Knee Joints: Implications for Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 68:152-63. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjen B. Blom
- Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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10
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Wei G. Bioinformatics analysis of microRNA comprehensive regulatory network in congenital microtia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:1727-31. [PMID: 26282502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed to reveal the involvement of miRNAs in the progression of microtia by bioinformatics analyses. METHODS The data in this study came from the paper of Li et al. who analyzed the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling between congenital microtia and normal controls. Based on the 11 identified differentially expressed miRNAs, we predicted the target genes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and transcription factors (TFs). Then we constructed the miRNAs-centered comprehensive regulatory network. In addition, we performed functional enrichment analysis to analyze the functions of target genes. RESULTS From the miRNAs comprehensive regulatory network, we found that has-miR-203 regulated a large number of target genes and lncRNAs, including suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1). The has-miR-185, has-miR-451 and has-miR-200c were regulated by a host of TFs including signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2. Additionally, the target genes of hsa-miR-486-5p were mainly enriched in 17 Gene Ontology terms and target genes of has-miRNA-203 were enriched in 6 pathways. CONCLUSIONS The expression of has-miR-203, has-miR-200c and has-miR-451 were significantly different in microtia. Target gene of SOCS3, TFs of STAT1 and STAT2, and lncRNA of MALAT1 may play important roles in the development of the external ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Wei
- Burn and Plastic Surgery Department, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, China.
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11
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van den Bosch MH, Blom AB, Sloetjes AW, Koenders MI, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB, van Lent PL, van der Kraan PM. Induction of Canonical Wnt Signaling by Synovial Overexpression of Selected Wnts Leads to Protease Activity and Early Osteoarthritis-Like Cartilage Damage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1970-80. [PMID: 25976248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteins from the Wnt signaling pathway are very important for joint development. Curiously, osteoarthritis (OA) is thought to be a recapitulation of developmental processes. Various members of the Wnt signaling pathway are overexpressed in the synovium during experimental OA. Here, we investigated the potency of specific Wnt proteins, when expressed in the synovium, to induce OA pathology. We overexpressed Wnt5a, Wnt8a, Wnt16, and WISP1 in the synovium using adenoviral vectors. We determined whether overexpression resulted in OA pathology by histology, and we measured whether Wnt signaling led to increased protease activity in the joint. Synovial overexpression of Wnt8a and Wnt16 led to canonical Wnt signaling in the cartilage, whereas overexpression of Wnt5a did not. Canonical Wnt signaling increased protease activity and induced cartilage damage shortly after overexpression. Specific blocking of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway with Dickkopf-1 reduced the Wnt-signaling-induced cartilage damage. By contrast, the noncanonical signaling Wnt5a did not cause cartilage lesions. Overexpression of WISP1, a downstream protein of canonical Wnt signaling, resulted in increased cartilage damage. In conclusion, our data show that canonical Wnts and WISP1, which we found overexpressed in the synovium during experimental OA, may conduce to OA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Annet W Sloetjes
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons A van de Loo
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L van Lent
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Cheleschi S, Cantarini L, Pascarelli NA, Collodel G, Lucherini OM, Galeazzi M, Fioravanti A. Possible chondroprotective effect of canakinumab: an in vitro study on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Cytokine 2014; 71:165-72. [PMID: 25461395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Canakinumab is a human IgGκ monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the activity of interleukin (IL)-1β blocking interaction with IL-1β receptors. Our study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of canakinumab on human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes cultivated in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Articular cartilage was obtained from the femoral heads of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Chondrocytes were incubated with two concentrations (1μg/ml and 10μg/ml) of canakinumab alone or with TNF-α (10ng/ml) for 48h. We evaluated cell viability, release of proteoglycans (PG) and nitric oxide (NO) in culture medium, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and metalloproteinanes (MMP)-1,3,13 gene expression, apoptosis, necrosis and morphological feature by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Canakinumab alone did not have cytotoxic effect. Cell viability was reduced significantly (p<0.001) by TNF-α and restored by canakinumab at both concentrations used. TNF-α determined a significant decrease of PG (p<0.001) and an increase of NO (p<0.001) and MMP-1,3,13 gene expression. Canakinumab significantly increased the PG levels and decreased (1μg/ml, p<0.01; 10μg/ml, p<0.01) NO levels in cells cultured with TNF-α. The NO data were confirmed by the immunocytochemistry assay for iNOS. A significant reduction of MMP-1,3,13 gene expression was induced by canakinumab. Our experiments confirmed the pro-apoptotic effect of TNF-α and demonstrated a protective role of canakinumab. The results concerning biochemical data were further confirmed by the morphological findings obtained by TEM. We showed that canakinumab counteracts the negative effects of TNF-α on OA chondrocyte cultures and may have a potential chondroprotective role in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cheleschi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Giulia Collodel
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Orso Maria Lucherini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Mauro Galeazzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena, Italy.
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Choi YS, Park JK, Kang EH, Lee YK, Kim TK, Chung JH, Zimmerer JM, Carson WE, Song YW, Lee YJ. Cytokine signaling-1 suppressor is inducible by IL-1beta and inhibits the catabolic effects of IL-1beta in chondrocytes: its implication in the paradoxical joint-protective role of IL-1beta. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R191. [PMID: 24238405 PMCID: PMC3979110 DOI: 10.1186/ar4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although IL-1β is believed to be crucial in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), the IL-1β blockade brings no therapeutic benefit in human OA and results in OA aggravation in several animal models. We explored the role of a cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) suppressor as a regulatory modulator of IL-1β signaling in chondrocytes. METHODS Cartilage samples were obtained from patients with knee OA and those without OA who underwent surgery for femur-neck fracture. SOCS1 expression in cartilage was assessed with immunohistochemistry. IL-1β-induced SOCS1 expression in chondrocytes was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot. The effect of SOCS1 on IL-1β signaling pathways and the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanase-1 was investigated in SOCS1-overexpressing or -knockdown chondrocytes. RESULTS SOCS1 expression was significantly increased in OA cartilage, especially in areas of severe damage (P < 0.01). IL-1β stimulated SOCS1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent pattern (P < 0.01). The IL-1β-induced production of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase-1, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) was affected by SOCS1 overexpression or knockdown in both SW1353 cells and primary human articular chondrocytes (all P values < 0.05). The inhibitory effects of SOCS1 were mediated by blocking p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and by downregulating transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SOCS1 is induced by IL1-β in OA chondrocytes and suppresses the IL-1β-induced synthesis of matrix-degrading enzymes by inhibiting IL-1β signaling at multiple levels. It suggests that the IL-1β-inducible SOCS1 acts as a negative regulator of the IL-1β response in OA cartilage.
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Liu X, Croker BA, Campbell IK, Gauci SJ, Alexander WS, Tonkin BA, Walsh NC, Linossi EM, Nicholson SE, Lawlor KE, Wicks IP. Key role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in regulating gp130 cytokine-induced signaling and limiting chondrocyte responses during murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2391-402. [PMID: 24839265 DOI: 10.1002/art.38701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of the gp130 cytokine family on murine articular cartilage and to explore a potential regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in murine chondrocytes. METHODS In wild-type (WT) mouse chondrocytes, baseline receptor expression levels and gp130 cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling were determined by flow cytometry, and expression of SOCS-3 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The role of endogenous SOCS-3 was examined in cartilage explants and chondrocytes from mice with conditional deletion of Socs3 driven by the Col2a1 promoter in vitro (Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) ) and from mice during CD4+ T cell-dependent inflammatory monarthritis. Bone erosions in the murine joints were analyzed by micro-computed tomography. RESULTS On chondrocytes from WT mice, gp130 and the oncostatin M (OSM) receptor were strongly expressed, whereas the transmembrane interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor was expressed at much lower levels. Compared to other gp130 cytokines, OSM was the most potent activator of the JAK/STAT pathway and of SOCS-3 induction. Treatment of Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mouse cartilage explants and chondrocytes with gp130 cytokines prolonged JAK/STAT signaling, enhanced cartilage degradation, increased the expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and RANKL, and elevated the production of IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, CXCL1, and CCL2. Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mice developed exacerbated inflammation and joint damage in response to gp130 cytokine injections, and these histopathologic features were also observed in mice with inflammatory monarthritis. CONCLUSION The results of this study highlight a key role for SOCS-3 in regulating chondrocyte responses during inflammatory arthritis. Within the gp130 cytokine family, OSM is a potent stimulus of chondrocyte responses, while IL-6 probably signals via trans-signaling. The gp130 cytokine-driven production of RANKL in chondrocytes may link chondrocyte activation and bone remodeling during inflammatory arthritis. Thus, these findings suggest that the inhibition of OSM might reduce the development and severity of structural joint damage during inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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van den Bosch MH, Blom AB, van Lent PL, van Beuningen HM, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Canonical Wnt signaling skews TGF-β signaling in chondrocytes towards signaling via ALK1 and Smad 1/5/8. Cell Signal 2014; 26:951-8. [PMID: 24463008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Wnt signaling and TGF-β signaling have been implicated in the regulation of the phenotype of many cell types including chondrocytes, the only cell type present in the articular cartilage. A changed chondrocyte phenotype, resulting in chondrocyte hypertrophy, is one of the main hallmarks of osteoarthritis. TGF-β signaling via activin-like kinase (ALK)5, resulting in Smad 2/3 phosphorylation, inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy. In contrast, TGF-β signaling via ALK1, leading to Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation, has been shown to induce chondrocyte hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated the capability of Wnt3a and WISP1, a protein downstream in canonical Wnt signaling, to skew TGF-β signaling in chondrocytes from the protective Smad 2/3 towards the Smad 1/5/8 pathway. RESULTS Stimulation with Wnt3a, either alone or in combination with its downstream protein WISP1, decreased TGF-β-induced C-terminal phosphorylation of Smad 2/3. In addition, both Wnt3a and WISP1 increased Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation at the C-terminal domain in both murine and human chondrocytes. DKK-1, a selective inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling, abolished these effects. TGF-β signaling via Smad 2/3, measured by the functional CAGA12-Luc reporter construct activity, was decreased by stimulation with Wnt3a in accordance with the decrease in Smad 2/3 phosphorylation found on Western blot. Furthermore, in vivo overexpression of the canonical Wnt8a decreased Smad 2/3 phosphorylation and increased Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that canonical Wnt signaling is able to skew TGF-β signaling towards dominant signaling via the ALK1/Smad 1/5/8 pathway, which reportedly leads to chondrocyte hypertrophy. In this way canonical Wnts and WISP1, which we found to be increased during experimental osteoarthritis, may contribute to osteoarthritis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter L van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk M van Beuningen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gao A, Van Dyke TE. Role of suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 in bone inflammatory responses. Front Immunol 2014; 4:506. [PMID: 24454312 PMCID: PMC3887271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a potent regulator of cytokine signaling in macrophages and T cells. In recent studies, evidence has been provided for SOCS3 activation in all major bone cells including osteoclasts, chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and osteoblasts. The investigation of SOCS3 function in bone remodeling systems implicates SOCS3 as a key signaling molecule in bone cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of SOCS3 have been demonstrated in different types of bone cells. This review provides an overview of the important role of SOCS3 in inflammatory responses of various bone cells and in bone inflammatory disorders such as periodontal disease and arthritis. Understanding the roles of SOCS3 in inflammatory diseases of bone and joints such as arthritis, osteomyelitis, and periodontal diseases is critical to revealing insights into signaling pathways that can be manipulated in potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Gao
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge, MA , USA
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Yu CR, Kim SH, Mahdi RM, Egwuagu CE. SOCS3 deletion in T lymphocytes suppresses development of chronic ocular inflammation via upregulation of CTLA-4 and expansion of regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5036-43. [PMID: 24101549 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative-feedback regulators of the JAK/STAT pathway, and SOCS3 contributes to host immunity by regulating the intensity and duration of cytokine signals and inflammatory responses. Mice with Socs3 deletion in myeloid cells exhibit enhanced STAT3 signaling, expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells, and develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Interestingly, development of the unique IL-17/IFN-γ double-producing (Th17/IFN-γ and Tc17/IFN-γ) subsets that exhibit strong cytotoxic activities and are associated with pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases has recently been shown to depend on epigenetic suppression of SOCS3 expression, further suggesting involvement of SOCS3 in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. In this study, we generated mice with Socs3 deletion in the CD4 T cell compartment (CD4-SOCS3 knockout [KO]) to determine in vivo effects of the loss of Socs3 in the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In contrast to the exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in myeloid-specific SOCS3-deleted mice, CD4-SOCS3KO mice were protected from acute and chronic uveitis. Protection from EAU correlated with enhanced expression of CTLA-4 and expansion of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells with augmented suppressive activities. We further show that SOCS3 interacts with CTLA-4 and negatively regulates CTLA-4 levels in T cells, providing a mechanistic explanation for the expansion of regulatory T cells in CD4-SOCS3 during EAU. Contrary to in vitro epigenetic studies, Th17/IFN-γ and Tc17/IFN-γ populations were markedly reduced in CD4-SOCS3KO, suggesting that SOCS3 promotes expansion of the Th17/IFN-γ subset associated with development of severe uveitis. Thus, SOCS3 is a potential therapeutic target in uveitis and other autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Petrou M, Niemeyer P, Stoddart MJ, Grad S, Bernstein A, Mayr HO, Bode G, Sudkamp N, Alini M, Salzmann GM. Mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis: composite growth factor-bioreactor synergism for human stem cell chondrogenesis. Regen Med 2013; 8:157-70. [PMID: 23477396 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis can be accomplished by using a tailored mechanical-biochemical stimulus. To achieve this requires parallel suppression of hypertrophy and osteogenesis. MATERIALS & METHODS We compared the effects of isolated bioreactor stimulation, isolated growth factor (TGF-β1 or IGF-1) application and their combined stimulation on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured within 3D scaffolds. Free-swelling cell-matrix constructs underwent identical growth factor stimulation for control. RESULTS Mechanical stimulation provoked stronger chondrogenic differentiation than free-swelling culture. Chondrogenesis by the addition of TGF-β1 was enhanced compared with single physical stimulation. There were no such effects under the influence of IGF-1 alone. Composite application of multiaxial mechanical stimulation plus TGF-β1 and IGF-1 not only triggered the strongest chondrogenesis overall, but also the strongest hypertrophy and osteogenesis. CONCLUSION Bioreactor-induced chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells can be effectively enhanced by growth factor addition, while the partially effective suppression of unwanted signs of endochondral ossification requires further scientific input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Petrou
- Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 49, 79095 Freiburg, Germany
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van de Loo FAJ, Veenbergen S, van den Brand B, Bennink MB, Blaney-Davidson E, Arntz OJ, van Beuningen HM, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Enhanced suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in arthritic cartilage dysregulates human chondrocyte function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3313-23. [PMID: 22576756 DOI: 10.1002/art.34529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in human articular chondrocytes and its functional consequences. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from the cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis (OA), patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and trauma patients and from the healthy cartilage of patients with a femoral neck fracture. The human chondrocyte cell line G6 and primary bovine chondrocytes were used in validation experiments. SOCS-3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and SOCS-3 protein levels were determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. To ascertain the role of SOCS-3 in the chondrocyte response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the expression of SOCS3 was either reduced by small interfering RNA or enhanced by viral transduction. RESULTS The expression of SOCS-3 mRNA (but not that of SOCS-1 mRNA) was significantly enhanced in chondrocytes obtained from OA cartilage (mean ± SD ΔC(t) 3.4 ± 1.0) and RA cartilage (ΔC(t) 3.4 ± 1.4) compared with cartilage obtained from patients with femoral neck fracture (ΔC(t) 5.3 ± 1.2). The expression of SOCS3 correlated significantly with that of other genes known to be expressed in arthritic chondrocytes, such as MMP13 (r = 0.743), ADAMTS4 (r = 0.779), and ADAMTS5 (r = 0.647), and an inverse relationship was observed with COL2A1 (r = -0.561). Up-regulation of SOCS-3 by IL-1 in G6 chondrocytes and its spontaneous expression in OA chondrocytes were reduced by mithramycin, a specific inhibitor of transcription factor Sp-1. Overexpression of SOCS-3 in bovine chondrocytes reduced IL-1- and LPS-induced nitric oxide production and insulin-like growth factor 1-induced proteoglycan synthesis. Interestingly, a similar impairment of function was observed in OA chondrocytes, which was partially restored by SOCS-3 gene knockdown. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that both SOCS-3 mRNA and SOCS-3 protein are expressed in human arthritic chondrocytes and affect cellular responses involved in cartilage pathology.
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van Buul GM, Villafuertes E, Bos PK, Waarsing JH, Kops N, Narcisi R, Weinans H, Verhaar JAN, Bernsen MR, van Osch GJVM. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete factors that inhibit inflammatory processes in short-term osteoarthritic synovium and cartilage explant culture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1186-96. [PMID: 22771777 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for osteoarthritis (OA) therapies, although their mechanism of action remains unclear. MSCs have recently been discovered to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. We studied the paracrine effects of MSCs on OA cartilage and synovial explants in vitro. DESIGN MSC-conditioned medium was prepared by stimulating primary human MSCs with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and (50ng/ml each). Human synovium and cartilage explants were cultured in MSC-conditioned medium or in control medium, containing the same amount of added TNFα and IFNγ but not incubated with MSCs. Explants were analyzed for gene expression and the production of nitric oxide (NO). The presence of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha (IκBa) was assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Synovial explants exposed to MSC-conditioned medium showed decreased gene expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1 and MMP13, while suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 was upregulated. In cartilage, expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was upregulated, whereas a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)5 and collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1) were downregulated. MSC-conditioned medium reduced NO production in cartilage explants and the presence of IκBa was increased in synoviocytes and chondrocytes treated with MSC-conditioned medium. CONCLUSIONS In an inflammatory environment, MSCs secrete factors which cause multiple anti-inflammatory effects and influence matrix turnover in synovium and cartilage explants. Thereby, the presented data encourage further study of MSCs as a treatment for joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M van Buul
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mueller MB, Tuan RS. Anabolic/Catabolic balance in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: identifying molecular targets. PM R 2011; 3:S3-11. [PMID: 21703577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative musculoskeletal disease. In healthy cartilage, a low turnover of extracellular matrix molecules occurs. Proper balance of anabolic and catabolic activities is thus crucial for the maintenance of cartilage tissue integrity and for the repair of molecular damages sustained during daily usage. In persons with degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis, this balance of anabolic and catabolic activities is compromised, and the extent of tissue degradation predominates over the capacity of tissue repair. This mismatch eventually results in cartilage loss in persons with osteoarthritis. Tissue homeostasis is controlled by coordinated actions and crosstalk among a number of proanabolic and antianabolic and procatabolic and anticatabolic factors. In osteoarthritis, an elevation of antianabolic and catabolic factors occurs. Interestingly, anabolic activity is also increased, but this response fails to repair the tissue because of both quantitative and qualitative insufficiency. This review presents an overview of the anabolic and catabolic activities involved in cartilage degeneration and the interplay among different signaling and metabolic factors. Understanding the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for tissue degeneration is critical to identifying and developing means to efficiently block or reverse the pathobiological symptoms of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Mueller
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Regensburg Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Ongaro A, Pellati A, Masieri FF, Caruso A, Setti S, Cadossi R, Biscione R, Massari L, Fini M, De Mattei M. Chondroprotective effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on human cartilage explants. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 32:543-51. [PMID: 21412809 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on proteoglycan (PG) metabolism of human articular cartilage explants from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Human cartilage explants, recovered from lateral and medial femoral condyles, were classified according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) and graded based on Outerbridge scores. Explants cultured in the absence and presence of IL-1β were treated with PEMF (1.5 mT, 75 Hz) or IGF-I alone or in combination for 1 and 7 days. PG synthesis and release were determined. Results showed that explants derived from lateral and medial condyles scored OA grades I and III, respectively. In OA grade I explants, after 7 days exposure, PEMF and IGF-I significantly increased (35) S-sulfate incorporation 49% and 53%, respectively, compared to control, and counteracted the inhibitory effect of IL 1β (0.01 ng/ml). The combined exposure to PEMF and IGF-I was additive in all conditions. Similar results were obtained in OA grade III cartilage explants. In conclusion, PEMF and IGF-I augment cartilage explant anabolic activities, increase PG synthesis, and counteract the catabolic activity of IL-1β in OA grades I and III. We hypothesize that both IGF-I and PEMF have chondroprotective effects on human articular cartilage, particularly in early stages of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ongaro
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Vandooren B, Yeremenko N, Noordenbos T, Bras J, Tak PP, Baeten D. Mediators of structural remodeling in peripheral spondylarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:3534-45. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Vandooren B, Noordenbos T, Ambarus C, Krausz S, Cantaert T, Yeremenko N, Boumans M, Lutter R, Tak PP, Baeten D. Absence of a classically activated macrophage cytokine signature in peripheral spondylarthritis, including psoriatic arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:966-75. [PMID: 19333931 DOI: 10.1002/art.24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral spondylarthritis (SpA) is characterized by macrophages that express CD163, a marker of alternative activation (M2). The purpose of this study was to assess whether this differential infiltration with macrophage subsets was associated with a different local inflammatory milieu in SpA as compared with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The effect of SpA and RA synovial fluid (SF) on macrophage polarization was tested in vitro on normal peripheral blood monocytes. SF levels of classically activated macrophage (M1)-derived and alternatively activated macrophage (M2)-derived mediators were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and multiparameter Luminex bead assay in 47 patients with non-psoriatic SpA, 55 with RA, and 15 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Paired synovial biopsy samples were analyzed histologically. RESULTS SF from SpA patients promoted preferential expression of the M2 markers CD163 and CD200R in vitro, even if SF levels of the prototypical M2-polarizing factors (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-13, and IL-10) were not increased as compared with those in RA SF. Despite a similar degree of overall joint inflammation in SpA and RA, SpA synovitis displayed strongly reduced SF levels of M1-derived, but not M2-derived, mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), IL-1beta, IL-12p70, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10. SF levels of M1-derived mediators correlated well with peripheral joint inflammation in RA, but neither these mediators nor IL-1alpha and IL-17 did so in SpA. Of interest, the SF cytokine profile in PsA, a more destructive subtype of SpA, was similar to that in non-psoriatic SpA. CONCLUSION The local inflammatory milieu is clearly different in SpA as compared with RA peripheral arthritis. Synovitis in SpA, including that in PsA, is characterized by a selective decrease in M1-derived proinflammatory mediators, such as TNFalpha and IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Vandooren
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
As the cellular component of articular cartilage, chondrocytes are responsible for maintaining in a low-turnover state the unique composition and organization of the matrix that was determined during embryonic and postnatal development. In joint diseases, cartilage homeostasis is disrupted by mechanisms that are driven by combinations of biological mediators that vary according to the disease process, including contributions from other joint tissues. In osteoarthritis (OA), biomechanical stimuli predominate with up-regulation of both catabolic and anabolic cytokines and recapitulation of developmental phenotypes, whereas in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammation and catabolism drive cartilage loss. In vitro studies in chondrocytes have elucidated signaling pathways and transcription factors that orchestrate specific functions that promote cartilage damage in both OA and RA. Thus, understanding how the adult articular chondrocyte functions within its unique environment will aid in the development of rational strategies to protect cartilage from damage resulting from joint disease. This review will cover current knowledge about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms that regulate cartilage homeostasis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, Affiliated with Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Blom AB, Brockbank SM, van Lent PL, van Beuningen HM, Geurts J, Takahashi N, van der Kraan PM, van de Loo FA, Schreurs BW, Clements K, Newham P, van den Berg WB. Involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in experimental and human osteoarthritis: prominent role of Wnt-induced signaling protein 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:501-12. [PMID: 19180479 DOI: 10.1002/art.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt signaling pathway proteins are involved in embryonic development of cartilage and bone, and, interestingly, developmental processes appear to be recapitulated in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. The present study was undertaken to characterize the expression pattern of Wnt and Fz genes during experimental OA and to determine the function of selected genes in experimental and human OA. METHODS Longitudinal expression analysis was performed in 2 models of OA. Levels of messenger RNA for genes from the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway were determined in synovium and cartilage, and the results were validated using immunohistochemistry. Effects of selected genes were assessed in vitro using recombinant protein, and in vivo by adenoviral overexpression. RESULTS Wnt-induced signaling protein 1 (WISP-1) expression was strongly increased in the synovium and cartilage of mice with experimental OA. Wnt-16 and Wnt-2B were also markedly up-regulated during the course of disease. Interestingly, increased WISP-1 expression was also found in human OA cartilage and synovium. Stimulation of macrophages and chondrocytes with recombinant WISP-1 resulted in interleukin-1-independent induction of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanase. Adenoviral overexpression of WISP-1 in murine knee joints induced MMP and aggrecanase expression and resulted in cartilage damage. CONCLUSION This study included a comprehensive characterization of Wnt and Frizzled gene expression in experimental and human OA articular joint tissue. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that WISP-1 expression is a feature of experimental and human OA and that WISP-1 regulates chondrocyte and macrophage MMP and aggrecanase expression and is capable of inducing articular cartilage damage in models of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen B Blom
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Himpe E, Kooijman R. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signal transduction and the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Biofactors 2009; 35:76-81. [PMID: 19319849 DOI: 10.1002/biof.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor IGF-I is an important fetal and postnatal growth factor, which is also involved in tissue homeostasis via regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. To understand the role of IGF-I in the pathophysiology of a variety of disorders, including growth disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, a detailed knowledge of IGF-I signal transduction is required. This knowledge may also contribute to the development of new therapies directed at the IGF-I receptor or other signaling molecules. In this review, we will address IGF-I receptor signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway in IGF-I signaling and the role of cytokine-induced inhibitors of signaling (CIS) and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS). It appears that, in addition to the canonical IGF-I signaling pathways through extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt, IGF-I also signals through the JAK/STAT pathway. Activation of this pathway may lead to induction of SOCS molecules, well-known feedback inhibitors of the JAK/STAT pathway, which also suppress of IGF-I-induced JAK/STAT signaling. Furthermore, other IGF-I-induced signaling pathways may also be modulated by SOCS. It is conceivable that the effect of these classical inhibitors of cytokine signaling directly affect IGF-I receptor signaling, because they are able to associate to the intracellular part of the IGF-I receptor. These observations indicate that CIS and SOCS molecules are key to cross-talk between IGF-I receptor signaling and signaling through receptors belonging to the hematopoietic/cytokine receptor superfamily. Theoretically, dysregulation of CIS or SOCS may affect IGF-I-mediated effects on body growth, cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Himpe
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Veenbergen S, Bennink MB, de Hooge ASK, Arntz OJ, Smeets RL, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ. Splenic suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 transgene expression affects T cell responses and prevents development of collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:3742-52. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Martel-Pelletier J, Boileau C, Pelletier JP, Roughley PJ. Cartilage in normal and osteoarthritis conditions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008; 22:351-84. [PMID: 18455690 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The preservation of articular cartilage depends on keeping the cartilage architecture intact. Cartilage strength and function depend on both the properties of the tissue and on their structural parameters. The main structural macromolecules are collagen and proteoglycans (aggrecan). During life, cartilage matrix turnover is mediated by a multitude of complex autocrine and paracrine anabolic and catabolic factors. These act on the chondrocytes and can lead to repair, remodeling or catabolic processes like those that occur in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is characterized by degradation and loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, and, at the clinical stage of the disease, inflammation of the synovial membrane. The alterations in osteoarthritic cartilage are numerous and involve morphologic and metabolic changes in chondrocytes, as well as biochemical and structural alterations in the extracellular matrix macromolecules.
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Karsdal MA, Madsen SH, Christiansen C, Henriksen K, Fosang AJ, Sondergaard BC. Cartilage degradation is fully reversible in the presence of aggrecanase but not matrix metalloproteinase activity. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R63. [PMID: 18513402 PMCID: PMC2483454 DOI: 10.1186/ar2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physiological and pathophysiological cartilage turnover may coexist in articular cartilage. The distinct enzymatic processes leading to irreversible cartilage damage, compared with those needed for continuous self-repair and regeneration, remain to be identified. We investigated the capacity of repair of chondrocytes by analyzing their ability to initiate an anabolic response subsequent to three different levels of catabolic stimulation. Methods Cartilage degradation was induced by oncostatin M and tumour necrosis factor in articular cartilage explants for 7, 11, or 17 days. The catabolic period was followed by 2 weeks of anabolic stimulation (insulin growth factor-I). Cartilage formation was assessed by collagen type II formation (PIINP). Cartilage degradation was measured by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mediated type II collagen degradation (CTX-II), and MMP and aggrecanase mediated aggrecan degradation by detecting the 342FFGVG and 374ARGSV neoepitopes. Proteoglycan turnover, content, and localization were assessed by Alcian blue. Results Catabolic stimulation resulted in increased levels of cartilage degradation, with maximal levels of 374ARGSV (20-fold induction), CTX-II (150-fold induction), and 342FFGVG (30-fold induction) (P < 0.01). Highly distinct protease activities were found with aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation at early stages, whereas MMP-mediated aggrecan and collagen degradation occurred during later stages. Anabolic treatment increased proteoglycan content at all time points (maximally, 250%; P < 0.001). By histology, we found a complete replenishment of glycosaminoglycan at early time points and pericellular localization at an intermediate time point. In contrast, only significantly increased collagen type II formation (200%; P < 0.01) was observed at early time points. Conclusion Cartilage degradation was completely reversible in the presence of high levels of aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation. After induction of MMP-mediated aggrecan and collagen type II degradation, the chondrocytes had impaired repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the inflammatory joint diseases in a heterogeneous group of disorders that share features of destruction of the extracellular matrices of articular cartilage and bone. The underlying disturbance in immune regulation that is responsible for the localized joint pathology results in the release of inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid and synovium that directly and indirectly influence cartilage homeostasis. Analysis of the breakdown products of the matrix components of joint cartilage in body fluids and quantitative imaging techniques have been used to assess the effects of the inflammatory joint disease on the local remodeling of joint structures. The role of the chondrocyte itself in cartilage destruction in the human rheumatoid joint has been difficult to address but has been inferred from studies in vitro and in animal models. This review covers current knowledge about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms that account for the disruption of the integrity of the cartilage matrix in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Otero
- Research Division of the Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University, Caspary Research Building, 535 E. 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Increased workload fully activates the blunted IRS-1/PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in atrophied uremic muscle. Kidney Int 2008; 73:848-55. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Goldring MB. Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and new approaches to treating cartilage diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20:1003-25. [PMID: 16980220 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that involves degeneration of articular cartilage, limited intraarticular inflammation manifested by synovitis and changes in the subchondral bone. The aetiology of OA is largely unknown, but since it may involve multiple factors, including mechanical, biochemical and genetic factors, it has been difficult to identify unique targets for therapy. Chondrocytes, which are the unique cellular component of adult articular cartilage, are capable of responding to structural changes in the surrounding cartilage matrix. Since the initial stages of OA involve increased cell proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins, proteinases and cytokines in the cartilage, laboratory investigations have focused on the chondrocyte as a target for therapeutic intervention. The capacity of the adult articular chondrocyte to regenerate the normal cartilage matrix architecture is limited, however, and the damage becomes irreversible unless the destructive process is interrupted. Current pharmacological interventions that address chronic pain are insufficient and no proven disease-modifying therapy is available. Identification of methods for early diagnosis is of key importance, since therapeutic interventions aimed at blocking or reversing structural damage will be more effective when there is the possibility of preserving normal homeostasis. At later stages, cartilage tissue engineering with or without gene therapy with anabolic factors will also require therapy to inhibit inflammation and block damage to newly repaired cartilage. This review will focus on experimental approaches currently under study that may lead to elucidation of effective strategies for therapy in OA, with emphasis on mediators that affect the function of chondrocytes and interactions with surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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