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Down-regulation of protease-activated receptor 2 ameliorated osteoarthritis in rats through regulation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222298. [PMID: 32134473 PMCID: PMC7098131 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been proved to be involved in the inflammatory response including osteoarthritis (OA). In the present study, we found that PAR2 antagonist could remarkably improve the pathological condition of OA rats in vivo. In addition, we also found that PAR2 antagonist could suppress the production of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and Cox-2), decrease the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-13, and restrain the levels of P62 proteins and aggravate the expression of LC3-II both in vivo and in vitro. Besides, in vitro, PAR2 antagonist could increase the proliferation and colony formation of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β. Moreover, PAR2 antagonist could decrease the expression of expressions of p-p38, p-IκBα and p-NF-κB in vitro. However, PAR2 agonist exhibited the opposite effects. Furthermore, SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, could remarkably promote the proliferation of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β, could alleviate the production of TNF-α and Cox-2, could down-regulate the protein expressions of MMP-1 and MMP-13, and could decrease the expression of P62 and increase the expressions of LC3-II of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β. Importantly, SB203580 could reverse the effects of PAR2 agonist on the functions of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β. Taken together, the present data suggest that down-regulation of PAR2 can ameliorate OA through inducing autophagy via regulation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro, and PAR2 can be considered as a potential candidate to treat OA.
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Han SL, Zhang YJ, Zhou M, Luan C, Wang P, Zhai L. Association of PAR-2 Gene Polymorphisms with the Inflammatory Response and Susceptibility to Knee Osteoarthritis in the Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:84-90. [PMID: 30688539 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) and the susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and synovial expression of inflammatory factors in the Chinese Han population. METHODS Three hundred fifty KOA patients (KOA group) and 345 healthy volunteers (control group) were recruited for the study. Five milliliters of venous blood was taken from each subject to detect the PAR-2 rs1529505, rs631465, and rs2242991 locus genotypes. The expression of PAR-2 mRNA in the synovial tissue and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1), MMP-9, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in the joint effusion were detected in 205 KOA patients who had undergone joint replacement surgery. RESULTS The PAR-2 rs1529505 T allele and the rs2242991 G allele carriers had a higher risk of KOA (p < 0.001). The severity of KOA in patients with the PAR-2 rs1529505 and rs2242991 mutations were higher than in the wild-type controls (p < 0.05). The expression levels of the PAR-2 mRNA in wild types, heterozygotes, and homozygotes of the rs1529505 and rs2242991 loci increased in turn (p < 0.001). The levels of MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-6, and IL-1β in the synovial fluid of the PAR-2 rs1529505 and rs2242991 locus mutants were distinctly higher than those with the wild-type alleles (p < 0.01). There was no correlation between the rs631465 SNP and susceptibility to KOA, severity of KOA, nor levels of PAR-2 mRNA, MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-6, and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS The PAR-2 SNPs rs1529505 and rs2242991 are associated with the susceptibility to KOA. KOA is more severe in patients harboring the T and G alleles of these two SNPs, respectively. The levels of inflammatory factors in synovial tissue and blood are higher than those in wild-type patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Liang Han
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yun-Jing Zhang
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Chong Luan
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Pan Wang
- 3 Pain Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Lifeng Zhai
- 4 Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
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Oikonomopoulou K, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD, Chandran V. Proteinases and their receptors in inflammatory arthritis: an overview. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:170-180. [PMID: 29416136 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases are enzymes with established roles in physiological and pathological processes such as digestion and the homeostasis, destruction and repair of tissues. Over the past few years, the hormone-like properties of circulating proteinases have become increasingly appreciated. Some proteolytic enzymes trigger cell signalling via proteinase-activated receptors, a family of G protein-coupled receptors that have been implicated in inflammation and pain in inflammatory arthritis. Proteinases can also regulate ion flux owing to the cross-sensitization of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V members 1 and 4, which are associated with mechanosensing and pain. In this Review, the idea that proteinases have the potential to orchestrate inflammatory signals by interacting with receptors on cells within the synovial microenvironment of an inflamed joint is revisited in three arthritic diseases: osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unanswered questions are highlighted and the therapeutic potential of modulating this proteinase-receptor axis for the management of disease in patients with these types of arthritis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lü Q, Gou Y, Tian F, Zhang L. [Research progress on protease-activated receptor 2 in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:1517-1522. [PMID: 29806398 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201705025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To review the research progress on protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods The relevant literature about the mechanism of PAR-2 in the occurrence and development of OA in recent years was extensively reviewed and comprehensively analyzed. Results Abnormal activation of PAR-2 plays an important role in responses to occurrence and development of OA. Through regulating production and releasing of a variety of cytokines (such as inflammatory factors, metabolic factors, pain factors, etc.), the PAR-2 can involve in pathophysiological progression of OA articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovial membrane, as well as occurrence and transmission of pain. Conclusion PAR-2 participation in the development of OA has been confirmed. However, since PAR-2 is complicated and widespread, it is necessary to study the specific role of PAR-2 and the interaction between various signal pathways in the progression of OA, and to elucidate the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of PAR-2 participating in the process of OA, in the hope of exploring the new targets for the effective control of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglie Lü
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei, 063000, P.R.China
| | - Yu Gou
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang Hebei, 050017, P.R.China
| | - Faming Tian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei, 063000,
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei, 063000,
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Yau MK, Lim J, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:471-83. [PMID: 26936077 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1154540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a self-activated G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several diseases, including inflammatory, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic diseases, cancers and others, making it an important prospective drug target. No known endogenous ligands are available for PAR2, so having potent exogenous agonists and antagonists can be helpful for studying physiological functions of PAR2. AREAS COVERED This review covers agonist-, antagonist-, antibody- and pepducin-based modulators of PAR2 reported in patent applications between 2010-2015, along with their available structure-activity relationships, biological activities and potential uses for studying PAR2. EXPERT OPINION In the last six years, substantial efforts were made towards developing PAR2 modulators, but most lack potency or selectivity or have poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Many PAR2 modulators were assessed by measuring Gαq protein-mediated calcium release in cells. This may be insufficient to fully characterize ligand function, since different ligands signal through PAR2 via multiple signaling pathways. It may be feasible to develop biased ligands as drugs that can selectively modulate one or more specific signaling pathways linking PAR2 to a specific diseased state. Accordingly, potent, orally bioavailable, pathway- and receptor-selective PAR2 modulators may be an achievable goal to realizing effective drugs that can treat PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Suen JY, Barry GD, Lohman RJ, Halili MA, Cotterell AJ, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Modulating human proteinase activated receptor 2 with a novel antagonist (GB88) and agonist (GB110). Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1413-23. [PMID: 21806599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many cells express proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on their plasma membrane. PAR2 is activated by proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin and tryptase that cleave the receptor N-terminus, inititating signalling to intracellular G proteins. Studies on PAR2 have relied heavily upon activating effects of proteases and peptide agonists that lack stability and bioavailability in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel small molecule agonist GB110 and an antagonist GB88 were characterized in vitro against trypsin, peptide agonists, PAR2 antibody, PAR1 agonists and flow cytometry,in seven cell lines using intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and examined in vivo against PAR2- and PAR1-induced rat paw oedema. KEY RESULTS GB110 is a potent non-peptidic agonist activating PAR2-mediated Ca(2+) release in HT29 cells (EC(50) ∼200 nM) and six other human cell lines, inducing PAR2 internalization. GB88 is a unique PAR2 antagonist, inhibiting PAR2 activated Ca(2+) release (IC(50) ∼2 µM) induced by native (trypsin) or synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists. GB88 was a competitive and surmountable antagonist of agonist 2f-LIGRLO-NH(2), a competitive but insurmountable antagonist of agonist GB110, and a non-competitive insurmountable antagonist of trypsin. GB88 was orally active and anti-inflammatory in vivo, inhibiting acute rat paw oedema elicited by agonist GB110 and proteolytic or peptide agonists of PAR2 but not by corresponding agonists of PAR1 or PAR4. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The novel PAR2 agonist and antagonist modulate intracellular Ca(2+) and rat paw oedema, providing novel molecular tools for examining PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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