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De Stefano A, Rusciano I, Moretti V, Scavarda A, Green MJ, Wall S, Ratti S. Graphic medicine meets human anatomy: The potential role of comics in raising whole body donation awareness in Italy and beyond. A pilot study. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 16:209-223. [PMID: 36346170 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadaver dissection has always played a fundamental role in medical education. However, especially in Italy, the topic of body donation has remained partially unknown for years. The current study analyses graphic medicine as a new possible communication tool, evaluating and reflecting, with second-year students enrolled in the International School of Medicine and Surgery at the University of Bologna, about its potentialities for body donation awareness-raising in both the scientific community and the general population. For the first time in an Italian University, two graphic medicine workshops were organized focusing on human anatomy and body donation. Seminars were positively evaluated by students using a four items Likert-scale question: mean 3.54 (± SD 0.73) for the Likert question about the experiences of the workshops; 3.88 (± 0.33) for the Likert question regarding the use of graphic medicine in body donation awareness campaigns among the general population; 3.59 (± 0.65) for the Likert question regarding the use of graphic medicine in body donation awareness campaigns among the scientific community. Furthermore, the open-ended questions included in the anonymous questionnaire were analyzed using the constructivist grounded qualitative analysis, whence various themes emerged. Finally, five graphic medicine projects about body donation were created by students, proving their interest in testing this method to promote body donation, focusing the attention on different communicative aspects. Considering the results of this pilot study, the co-creative collaborative use of graphic medicine could be evaluated as an additional strategy to increase body donation awareness-raising in Italy and beyond, especially in the non-experts' community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Stefano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Centre, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Centre, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Moretti
- Department of Sociology and Business Law, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Scavarda
- Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Michael J Green
- Department of Humanities, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelley Wall
- Biomedical Communications Graduate Program, Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Anatomy Centre, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Guimarães DM, Valério-Gomes B, de Araújo RL, de Oliveira Cudischevitch C, Uziel D. Practical anatomy classes: An alternative to improve the learning of middle school students. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022. [PMID: 36565018 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anatomy is the branch discipline focused on studying organisms' physical structures and parts. Although technological advances are broadening the anatomy study, the practices of prosection and dissection of human cadavers and animals remain a primary teaching method. Despite the large body of research supporting its benefits, in some countries, cadaveric prosection and dissection of vertebrate animals in secondary education have been banned. In the current study, to prevent a lack of access to anatomical sciences education, the use of plastinated biological specimens was proposed for teaching practical biology in middle and high schools. The study was conducted in the 2014 academic year. Eighty-seven middle school students participated in the experiment. Groups consisted of: (i) theoretical classes only; (ii) theoretical class plus prosection with fresh specimens class; (iii) theoretical class plus expository with plastinated specimens classes. A post-test grade method was used to assess the impact of such tasks on the learning experience of each group. An ANOVA test and multiple regression model were used to analyze the effects of the variables of interest. Our study highlighted that students who underwent the plastination practical class had higher overall performance and a higher mean post-test grade than those in the pure theoretical group. A favorable effect of a positive self-knowledge assessment on the students' performance was found, supporting the self-efficacy model of human behavior. Thus, the current study provides further evidence to support the use of plastinated specimens as an effective teaching method in countries where dissection is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Valério-Gomes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lames de Araújo
- Department of Basic Education, National Institute for Deaf Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Uziel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Asghar A, Naaz S, Patra A, Ravi KS, Khanal L. Effectiveness of 3D-printed models prepared from radiological data for anatomy education: A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of 22 randomized, controlled, crossover trials. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:353. [PMID: 36567994 PMCID: PMC9768753 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_199_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many academicians suggested the supplementary use of 3D-printed models reconstructed from radiological images for optimal anatomy education. 3D-printed model is newer technology available to us. The purpose of this systematic review was to capture the usefulness or effectiveness of this newer technology in anatomy education. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for quantitative synthesis. The included studies were sub-grouped according to the interventions and participants. No restrictions were applied based on geographical location, language and publication years. Randomized, controlled trial, cross-sectional and cross-over designs were included. The effect size of each intervention in both participants was computed as a standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS Twenty-two randomized, controlled trials were included for quantitative estimation of effect size of knowledge acquisition as standardized mean difference in 1435 participants. The pooled effect size for 3D-printed model was 0.77 (0.45-1.09, 95% CI, P < 0.0001) with 86% heterogeneity. The accuracy score was measured in only three studies and estimated effect size was 2.81 (1.08-4.54, 95% CI, P = 0.001) with 92% heterogeneity. The satisfaction score was examined by questionnaire in 6 studies. The estimated effect size was 2.00 (0.69-3.32, 95% CI, P = 0.003) with significant heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The participants exposed to the 3D-printed model performed better than participants who used traditional methodologies. Thus, the 3D-printed model is a potential tool for anatomy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Asghar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Shagufta Naaz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Apurba Patra
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumar S. Ravi
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Laxman Khanal
- Department of Anatomy, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
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Cercenelli L, De Stefano A, Billi AM, Ruggeri A, Marcelli E, Marchetti C, Manzoli L, Ratti S, Badiali G. AEducaAR, Anatomical Education in Augmented Reality: A Pilot Experience of an Innovative Educational Tool Combining AR Technology and 3D Printing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031024. [PMID: 35162049 PMCID: PMC8834017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gross anatomy knowledge is an essential element for medical students in their education, and nowadays, cadaver-based instruction represents the main instructional tool able to provide three-dimensional (3D) and topographical comprehensions. The aim of the study was to develop and test a prototype of an innovative tool for medical education in human anatomy based on the combination of augmented reality (AR) technology and a tangible 3D printed model that can be explored and manipulated by trainees, thus favoring a three-dimensional and topographical learning approach. After development of the tool, called AEducaAR (Anatomical Education with Augmented Reality), it was tested and evaluated by 62 second-year degree medical students attending the human anatomy course at the International School of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Bologna. Students were divided into two groups: AEducaAR-based learning ("AEducaAR group") was compared to standard learning using human anatomy atlas ("Control group"). Both groups performed an objective test and an anonymous questionnaire. In the objective test, the results showed no significant difference between the two learning methods; instead, in the questionnaire, students showed enthusiasm and interest for the new tool and highlighted its training potentiality in open-ended comments. Therefore, the presented AEducaAR tool, once implemented, may contribute to enhancing students' motivation for learning, increasing long-term memory retention and 3D comprehension of anatomical structures. Moreover, this new tool might help medical students to approach to innovative medical devices and technologies useful in their future careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cercenelli
- eDIMES Lab-Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessia De Stefano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.S.); (A.M.B.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.S.); (A.M.B.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessandra Ruggeri
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.S.); (A.M.B.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Emanuela Marcelli
- eDIMES Lab-Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Claudio Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.S.); (A.M.B.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.S.); (A.M.B.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Badiali
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Thompson B, Green E, Scotcher K, Keenan ID. A Novel Cadaveric Embalming Technique for Enhancing Visualisation of Human Anatomy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1356:299-317. [PMID: 35146627 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-87779-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Within the discipline of anatomical education, the use of donated human cadavers in laboratory-based learning activities is often described as the 'gold standard' resource for supporting student understanding of anatomy. Due to both historical and educational factors, cadaveric dissection has traditionally been the approach against which other anatomy learning modalities and resources have been judged. To prepare human donors for teaching purposes, bodies must be embalmed with fixative agents to preserve the tissues. Embalmed cadavers can then be dissected by students or can be prosected or plastinated to produce teaching resources. Here, we describe the history of cadaveric preservation in anatomy education and review the practical strengths and limitations of current approaches for the embalming of human bodies. Furthermore, we investigate the pedagogic benefits of a range of established modern embalming techniques. We describe relevant cadaveric attributes and their impacts on learning, including the importance of colour, texture, smell, and joint mobility. We also explore the emotional and humanistic elements of the use of human donors in anatomy education, and the relative impact of these factors when alternative types of embalming process are performed. Based on these underpinnings, we provide a technical description of our modern Newcastle-WhitWell embalming process. In doing so, we aim to inform anatomy educators and technical staff seeking to embalm human donors rapidly and safely and at reduced costs, while enhancing visual and haptic tissue characteristics. We propose that our technique has logistical and pedagogic implications, both for the development of embalming techniques and for student visualisation and learning.
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Skandalakis GP, Chytas D, Salmas M, Paraskevas G, Saramantas G, Noussios G. Letter to the Editor Regarding "Neuroanatomy Teaching in Australian and New Zealand Medical Schools". World Neurosurg 2021; 151:298-299. [PMID: 34243641 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios P Skandalakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dimitrios Chytas
- Department of Anatomy, School of Physiotherapy, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece.
| | - Marios Salmas
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Paraskevas
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Saramantas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Noussios
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Huq S, Khalafallah AM, Cohen AR, Mukherjee D. In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "Recruiting Medical Students to Neurosurgery Through a Focused Neuroanatomy Lab Initiative". World Neurosurg 2020; 139:708-709. [PMID: 32689694 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakibul Huq
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adham M Khalafallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan R Cohen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debraj Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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