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Brumpt E, Bertin E, Tatu L, Louvrier A. 3D printing as a pedagogical tool for teaching normal human anatomy: a systematic review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:783. [PMID: 37864193 PMCID: PMC10589929 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional-printed anatomical models (3DPAMs) appear to be a relevant tool due to their educational value and their feasibility. The objectives of this review were to describe and analyse the methods utilised for creating 3DPAMs used in teaching human anatomy and for evaluating its pedagogical contribution. METHODS An electronic search was conducted on PubMed using the following terms: education, school, learning, teaching, learn, teach, educational, three-dimensional, 3D, 3-dimensional, printing, printed, print, anatomy, anatomical, anatomically, and anatomic. Data retrieved included study characteristics, model design, morphological evaluation, educational performance, advantages, and disadvantages. RESULTS Of the 68 articles selected, the cephalic region was the most studied (33 articles); 51 articles mentioned bone printing. In 47 articles, the 3DPAM was designed from CT scans. Five printing processes were listed. Plastic and its derivatives were used in 48 studies. The cost per design ranged from 1.25 USD to 2800 USD. Thirty-seven studies compared 3DPAM to a reference model. Thirty-three articles investigated educational performance. The main advantages were visual and haptic qualities, effectiveness for teaching, reproducibility, customizability and manipulability, time savings, integration of functional anatomy, better mental rotation ability, knowledge retention, and educator/student satisfaction. The main disadvantages were related to the design: consistency, lack of detail or transparency, overly bright colours, long printing time, and high cost. CONCLUSION This systematic review demonstrates that 3DPAMs are feasible at a low cost and effective for teaching anatomy. More realistic models require access to more expensive 3D printing technologies and substantially longer design time, which would greatly increase the overall cost. Choosing an appropriate image acquisition modality is key. From a pedagogical viewpoint, 3DPAMs are effective tools for teaching anatomy, positively impacting the learning outcomes and satisfaction level. The pedagogical effectiveness of 3DPAMs seems to be best when they reproduce complex anatomical areas, and they are used by students early in their medical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Brumpt
- University of Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, 25000, France.
- Radiologie, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, 25000, France.
- Laboratoire Nano Médecine, Imagerie, Thérapeutique, EA 4662, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, Besançon, F-25000, France.
- Anatomy Department, UFR Santé, 19 Rue Ambroise Paré, CS 71806, Besançon, F25030, France.
| | - Eugénie Bertin
- University of Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, 25000, France
- Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, Stomatologie Et Odontologie Hospitalière, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Laurent Tatu
- University of Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, 25000, France
- Neurologie, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, 25000, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives Et Cliniques, University Franche-Comté, EA 481, Besançon, F-25000, France
| | - Aurélien Louvrier
- University of Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, Besançon, 25000, France
- Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, Stomatologie Et Odontologie Hospitalière, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, 25000, France
- Plateforme I3DM (Impression 3D Médicale), CHU Besançon, Besançon, 25000, France
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Ye Z, Jiang H, Bai S, Wang T, Yang D, Hou H, Zhang Y, Yi S. Meta-analyzing the efficacy of 3D printed models in anatomy education. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1117555. [PMID: 36890917 PMCID: PMC9986435 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1117555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing models (3DPs) have been widely used in medical anatomy training. However, the 3DPs evaluation results differ depending on such factors as the training objects, experimental design, organ parts, and test content. Thus, this systematic evaluation was carried out to better understand the role of 3DPs in different populations and different experimental designs. Controlled (CON) studies of 3DPs were retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science databases, where the participants were medical students or residents. The teaching content is the anatomical knowledge of human organs. One evaluation indicator is the mastery of anatomical knowledge after training, and the other is the satisfaction of participants with 3DPs. On the whole, the performance of the 3DPs group was higher than that of the CON group; however, there was no statistical difference in the resident subgroup, and there was no statistical difference for 3DPs vs. 3D visual imaging (3DI). In terms of satisfaction rate, the summary data showed that the difference between the 3DPs group (83.6%) vs. the CON group (69.6%) (binary variable) was not statistically significant, with p > 0.05. 3DPs has a positive effect on anatomy teaching, although there are no statistical differences in the performance tests of individual subgroups; participants generally had good evaluations and satisfaction with 3DPs. 3DPs still faces challenges in production cost, raw material source, authenticity, durability, etc. The future of 3D-printing-model-assisted anatomy teaching is worthy of expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ye
- School of clinical and basic medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hanming Jiang
- School of clinical and basic medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Suyun Bai
- School of clinical and basic medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of clinical and basic medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Duxiao Yang
- School of clinical and basic medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Haifeng Hou
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuanying Zhang
- School of clinical and basic medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shuying Yi
- School of clinical and basic medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
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Radzi S, Chandrasekaran R, Peh ZK, Rajalingam P, Yeong WY, Mogali SR. Students' learning experiences of three-dimensional printed models and plastinated specimens: a qualitative analysis. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:695. [PMID: 36171608 PMCID: PMC9520930 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional cadaveric dissection is declining whilst plastinated and three-dimensional printed (3DP) models are increasingly popular as substitutes to the conventional anatomy teaching and learning methods. It is unclear about the pros and cons of these new tools and how they impact students' learning experiences of anatomy including humanistic values such as respect, care and empathy. METHODS: Ninety-six students' views were sought immediately after a randomized cross-over study. Pragmatic design was used to investigate the learning experiences of using plastinated and 3DP models of cardiac (in Phase 1, n = 63) and neck (in Phase 2, n = 33) anatomy. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted based on 278 free text comments (related to strengths, weaknesses, things to improve), and focus group (n = 8) transcriptions in full verbatim about learning anatomy with these tools. RESULTS Four themes were found: perceived authenticity, basic understanding versus complexity, attitudes towards respect and care, and multimodality and guidance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, students perceived plastinated specimens as more real and authentic, thus perceived more respect and care than 3DP models; whereas 3DP models were easy to use and prefered for learning basic anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shairah Radzi
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramya Chandrasekaran
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Kai Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preman Rajalingam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreenivasulu Reddy Mogali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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