1
|
Small tools for sweet challenges: advances in microfluidic technologies for glycan synthesis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5139-5163. [PMID: 35199190 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycans, including oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, play an integral role in modulating the biological functions of macromolecules. Many physiological and pathological processes are mediated by interactions between glycans, which has led to the use of glycans as biosensors for pathogen and biomarker detection. Elucidating the relationship between glycan structure and biological function is critical for advancing our understanding of the impact glycans have on human health and disease and for expanding the repertoire of glycans available for bioanalysis, especially for diagnostics. Such efforts have been limited by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of homogenous glycan samples needed to resolve the exact relationships between glycan structure and their structural or modulatory functions on a given glycoconjugate. Synthetic strategies offer a viable route for overcoming these technical hurdles. In recent years, microfluidics have emerged as powerful tools for realizing high-throughput and reproducible syntheses of homogenous glycans for the potential use in functional studies. This critical review provides readers with an overview of the microfluidic technologies that have been developed for chemical and enzymatic glycan synthesis. The advantages and limitations associated with using microreactor platforms to improve the scalability, productivity, and selectivity of glycosylation reactions will be discussed, as well as suggested future work that can address certain pitfalls.
Collapse
|
2
|
Shirakawa A, Manabe Y, Marchetti R, Yano K, Masui S, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Fukase K. Chemical Synthesis of Sialyl
N
‐Glycans and Analysis of Their Recognition by Neuraminidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Shirakawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Science University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Kumpei Yano
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Seiji Masui
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shirakawa A, Manabe Y, Marchetti R, Yano K, Masui S, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Fukase K. Chemical Synthesis of Sialyl N-Glycans and Analysis of Their Recognition by Neuraminidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24686-24693. [PMID: 34520098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of a fully sialylated tetraantennary N-glycan has been achieved for the first time by using the diacetyl strategy, in which NHAc is protected as NAc2 to improve reactivity by preventing intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Another key was the glycosylation to the branched mannose in an ether solvent, which promoted the desired glycosylation by stabilizing the oxocarbenium ion intermediate. Furthermore, high α-selectivity of these glycosylation reactions was realized by utilizing remote participation. Two asymmetrically deuterium labeled sialyl N-glycans were also synthesized by the same strategy. The synthesized N-glycans were used to probe the molecular basis of H1N1 neuraminidase recognition. The asymmetrically deuterated N-glycans revealed a difference in the recognition of sialic acid on each branch. Meanwhile, the tetraantennary N-glycan was used to evaluate the effects of multivalency and steric hinderance by forming branching structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Shirakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Kumpei Yano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Seiji Masui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu M, Qin X, Ye XS. Glycan Assembly Strategy: From Concept to Application. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3256-3277. [PMID: 34498347 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have been hot topics in recent years due to their exhibition of numerous biological activities. However, the heterogeneity of their natural source and the complexity of their chemical synthesis impede the progress in their biological research. Thus, the development of glycan assembly strategies to acquire plenty of structurally well-defined glycans is an important issue in carbohydrate chemistry. In this review, the latest advances in glycan assembly strategies from concepts to their applications in carbohydrate synthesis, including chemical and enzymatic/chemo-enzymatic approaches, as well as solution-phase and solid-phase/tag-assisted synthesis, are summarized. Furthermore, the automated glycan assembly techniques are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianjin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsutsui M, Sianturi J, Masui S, Tokunaga K, Manabe Y, Fukase K. Efficient Synthesis of Antigenic Trisaccharides ContainingN-Acetylglucosamine: Protection of NHAc as NAc2. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
| | - Julinton Sianturi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
| | - Seiji Masui
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
| | - Kento Tokunaga
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education; Project Research Center for Fundamental Science; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education; Project Research Center for Fundamental Science; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pistorio SG, Geringer SA, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Manual and Automated Syntheses of the N-Linked Glycoprotein Core Glycans. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6576-6588. [PMID: 31066275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein are two complementary approaches to the synthesis of the core N-glycan pentasaccharide. The first, a traditional manual approach in solution, makes use of the H-bond-mediated aglycone delivery method for the highly diastereoselective introduction of the β-mannosidic linkage at room temperature. The synthesis of the core pentasaccharide was also accomplished using an high-performance liquid chromatography-assisted automated approach. The overall assembly was swift (8 h) and efficient (31%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore G Pistorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
| | - Scott A Geringer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manabe Y, Shomura H, Minamoto N, Nagasaki M, Takakura Y, Tanaka K, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Fukase K. Convergent Synthesis of a Bisecting N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-Containing N-Glycan. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1544-1551. [PMID: 29665315 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-containing N-glycan was achieved by a convergent synthetic route through [4+2] and [6+2] glycosylations. This synthetic route reduced the number of reaction steps, although the key glycosylations were challenging in terms of yields and selectivities owing to steric hindrance at the glycosylation site and a lack of neighboring group participation. The yields of these glycosylations were enhanced by stabilizing the oxocarbenium ion intermediate through ether coordination. Glycosyl donor protecting groups were explored in an effort to realize perfect α selectivity by manipulating remote participation. The simultaneous glycosylations of a tetrasaccharide with two disaccharides was investigated to efficiently construct a bisecting GlcNAc-containing N-glycan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shomura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Naoya Minamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yohei Takakura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wilsdorf M, Schmidt D, Bartetzko MP, Dallabernardina P, Schuhmacher F, Seeberger PH, Pfrengle F. A traceless photocleavable linker for the automated glycan assembly of carbohydrates with free reducing ends. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10187-9. [PMID: 27463261 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04954k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a traceless photocleavable linker for the automated glycan assembly of carbohydrates with free reducing ends. The reductive-labile functionality in the linker tolerates all commonly used reagents and protocols for automated glycan assembly, as demonstrated with the successful preparation of nine plant cell wall-related oligosaccharides, and is cleaved by hydrogenolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wilsdorf
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - D Schmidt
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. and Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M P Bartetzko
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. and Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. and Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Schuhmacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. and Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. and Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. and Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang N, Li ST, Lu TT, Nakanishi H, Gao XD. Approaches towards the core pentasaccharide in N- linked glycans. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Konishi N, Shirahata T, Yokoyama M, Katsumi T, Ito Y, Hirata N, Nishino T, Makino K, Sato N, Nagai T, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Kaji E, Kobayashi Y. Synthesis of Bisdesmosidic Oleanolic Acid Saponins via a Glycosylation-Deprotection Sequence under Continuous Microfluidic/Batch Conditions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6703-6719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naruki Konishi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirahata
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masaki Yokoyama
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nozomu Hirata
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishino
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuishi Makino
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kiyohara
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Haruki Yamada
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagasaki M, Manabe Y, Minamoto N, Tanaka K, Silipo A, Molinaro A, Fukase K. Chemical Synthesis of a Complex-Type N-Glycan Containing a Core Fucose. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10600-10616. [PMID: 27775350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A chemical synthesis of a core fucose containing N-glycan was achieved. Asparagine was introduced at an early stage of the synthesis, and the sugar chain was convergently elongated. As for the fragment synthesis, we reinvestigated α-sialylation, β-mannosylation, and N-glycosylation to reveal that precise temperature control was essential for these glycosylations. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving acetamide groups were found to reduce the reactivity in glycosylations: the protection of NHAc as NAc2 dramatically improved the reactivity. The dodecasaccharide-asparagine framework was constructed via the (4 + 4) glycosylation and the (4 + 8) glycosylation using the tetrasaccharide donor and the tetrasaccharide-asparagine acceptor. An ether-type solvent enhanced the yields of these key glycosylations between large substrates. After the whole deprotection of the dodecasaccharide, the target N-glycan was obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Naoya Minamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II , Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II , Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou J, Manabe Y, Tanaka K, Fukase K. Efficient Synthesis of the Disialylated Tetrasaccharide Motif in N-Glycans through an Amide-Protection Strategy. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1436-40. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory; RIKEN; Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Study for diastereoselective aldol reaction in flow: synthesis of (E)-(S)-3-hydroxy-7-tritylthio-4-heptenoic acid, a key component of cyclodepsipeptide HDAC inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
15
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pradhan TK, Mong KKT. Glycosylation Chemistry of 3-Deoxy-D-manno-Oct-2-ulosonic Acid (Kdo) Donors. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
Fukase K, Shimoyama A, Manabe Y. Effective Synthesis of Oligosaccharide under Microfluidic Conditions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
18
|
Uchinashi Y, Tanaka K, Manabe Y, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K. Practical and Efficient Method for α-Sialylation with an Azide Sialyl Donor Using a Microreactor. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.880116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Bennett CS. Principles of modern solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1686-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
20
|
Tanaka K, Fukase K. Chemical Approach to a Whole Body Imaging of Sialo-N-Linked Glycans. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 367:201-30. [PMID: 25971916 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PET and noninvasive fluorescence imaging of the sialo-N-linked glycan derivatives are described. To establish the efficient labeling protocol for N-glycans and/or glycoconjugates, new labeling probes of fluorescence and ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA, as the positron emission nucleus for PET, through rapid 6π-azaelectrocyclization were designed and synthesized, (E)-ester aldehydes. The high reactivity of these probes enabled the labeling of lysine residues in peptides, proteins, and even amino groups on the cell surfaces at very low concentrations of the target molecules (~10⁻⁸ M) within a short reaction time (~5 min) to result in "selective" and "non-destructive" labeling of the more accessible amines. The first MicroPET of glycoproteins, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-orosomucoid and asialoorosomucoid, successfully visualized the differences in the circulatory residence of glycoproteins, in the presence or absence of sialic acids. In vivo dynamics of the new N-glycoclusters, prepared by the "self-activating" Huisgen cycloaddition reaction, could also be affected significantly by their partial structures at the non-reducing end, i.e., the presence or absence of sialic acids, and/or sialoside linkages to galactose. Azaelectrocyclization chemistry is also applicable to the engineering of the proteins and/or the cell surfaces by the oligosaccharides; lymphocytes chemically engineered by sialo-N-glycan successfully target the tumor implanted in BALB/C nude mice, detected by noninvasive fluorescence imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan,
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The development and application of continuous flow chemistry methods for synthesis is a rapidly growing area of research. In particular, natural products provide demanding challenges to this developing technology. This review highlights successes in the area with an emphasis on new opportunities and technological advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Pastre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Jong AR, Volbeda AG, Hagen B, van den Elst H, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. A Second-Generation Tandem Ring-Closing Metathesis Cleavable Linker for Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
23
|
Sun B, Jiang H. An efficient approach for total synthesis of aminopropyl functionalized ganglioside GM1b. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Tanaka K, Fukase K. Development of Azaelectrocyclization-Based Labeling and Application to Noninvasive Imaging and Targeting Using N-Glycan Derivatives—In Pursuit of N-Glycan Functions on Proteins, Dendrimers, and Living Cells—. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2012. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.24.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
25
|
Fukase K, Fujimoto Y, Shimoyama A, Tanaka K. Synthesis of Bacterial Glycoconjugates and Their Bio-functional Studies in Innate Immunity. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
26
|
Sun B, Jiang H. Pre-activation based, highly alpha-selective O-sialylation with N-acetyl-5-N,4-O-carbonyl-protected p-tolyl thiosialoside donor. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
27
|
Saito K, Ueoka K, Matsumoto K, Suga S, Nokami T, Yoshida JI. Indirect Cation-Flow Method: Flash Generation of Alkoxycarbenium Ions and Studies on the Stability of Glycosyl Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
28
|
Saito K, Ueoka K, Matsumoto K, Suga S, Nokami T, Yoshida JI. Indirect Cation-Flow Method: Flash Generation of Alkoxycarbenium Ions and Studies on the Stability of Glycosyl Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5153-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
29
|
Tanaka K, Siwu ERO, Minami K, Hasegawa K, Nozaki S, Kanayama Y, Koyama K, Chen WC, Paulson JC, Watanabe Y, Fukase K. Noninvasive imaging of dendrimer-type N-glycan clusters: in vivo dynamics dependence on oligosaccharide structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:8195-200. [PMID: 20857462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cortes DF, Kabulski JL, Lazar AC, Lazar IM. Recent advances in the MS analysis of glycoproteins: Capillary and microfluidic workflows. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:14-29. [PMID: 21171110 PMCID: PMC3717299 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in bioanalytical instrumentation, MS detection, and computational data analysis approaches have provided researchers with capabilities for interrogating the complex cellular glycoproteome, to help gain a better insight into the cellular and physiological processes that are associated with a disease and to facilitate the efforts centered on identifying disease-specific biomarkers. This review describes the progress achieved in the characterization of protein glycosylation by using advanced capillary and microfluidic MS technologies. The major steps involved in large-scale glycoproteomic analysis approaches are discussed, with special emphasis given to workflows that have evolved around complex MS detection functions. In addition, quantitative analysis strategies are assessed, and the bioinformatics aspects of glycoproteomic data processing are summarized. The developments in commercial and custom fabricated microfluidic front-end platforms to ESI- and MALDI-MS instrumentation, for addressing major challenges in carbohydrate analysis such as sensitivity, throughput, and ability to perform structural characterization, are further evaluated and illustrated with relevant examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Cortes
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Jarod L. Kabulski
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Iulia M. Lazar
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hanashima S. Recent Strategies for Stereoselective Sialylation and Their Application to the Synthesis of Oligosialosides. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2011. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.23.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Uchinashi Y, Nagasaki M, Zhou J, Tanaka K, Fukase K. Reinvestigation of the C5-acetamide sialic acid donor for α-selective sialylation: practical procedure under microfluidic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7243-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
Manabe S, Ishii K, Ito Y. N-Benzyl-2,3-trans-Carbamate-Bearing Glycosyl Donors for 1,2-cis-Selective Glycosylation Reactions. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
34
|
Tanaka K, Siwu ERO, Minami K, Hasegawa K, Nozaki S, Kanayama Y, Koyama K, Chen WC, Paulson JC, Watanabe Y, Fukase K. Noninvasive Imaging of Dendrimer-Type N-Glycan Clusters: In Vivo Dynamics Dependence on Oligosaccharide Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
35
|
Chang SS, Shih CH, Lai KC, Mong KKT. Rate-Dependent Inverse-Addition β-Selective Mannosylation and Contiguous Sequential Glycosylation Involving β-Mannosidic Bond Formation. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1152-62. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
36
|
Unverzagt C, Gundel G, Eller S, Schuberth R, Seifert J, Weiss H, Niemietz M, Pischl M, Raps C. Synthesis of multiantennary complex type N-glycans by use of modular building blocks. Chemistry 2010; 15:12292-302. [PMID: 19806620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A modular set of oligosaccharide building blocks was developed for the synthesis of multiantennary N-glycans of the complex type, which are commonly found on glycoproteins. The donor building blocks were laid out for the elongation of a core trisaccharide acceptor (beta-mannosyl chitobiose) conveniently protected with a single benzylidene moiety at the beta-mannoside. Through two consecutive regio- and stereoselective couplings the donors gave N-glycans with three to five antennae in high yields. Due to the consistent protection group pattern of the donors the deprotection of the final products can be performed by using a general reaction sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Bayreuth, Gebäude NW1, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Zhu C, Yang Y, Yu B. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Glycosylation with Glycosylortho-Alkynylbenzoates as Donors: General Scope and Application in the Synthesis of a Cyclic Triterpene Saponin. Chemistry 2010; 16:1871-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Yu B, Sun J. Glycosylation with glycosyl N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidates (PTFAI) and a perspective of the future development of new glycosylation methods. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4668-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00563k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Tanaka K. A New Paradigm for Practical Synthesis of Biofunctional Natural Products: Renaissance of Traditional Organic Reactions under Microfluidic Conditions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2010. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.68.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
41
|
Tanaka K, Fukase K. Acid-mediated reactions under microfluidic conditions: a new strategy for practical synthesis of biofunctional natural products. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:40. [PMID: 19777137 PMCID: PMC2748710 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic conditions were applied to acid-mediated reactions, namely, glycosylation, reductive opening of the benzylidene acetal groups, and dehydration, which are the keys to the practical synthesis of N-glycans and the immunostimulating natural product, pristane. A distinctly different reactivity from that in conventional batch stirring was found; the vigorous micromixing of the reactants with the concentrated acids is critical especially for the "fast" reactions to be successful. Such a common feature might be due to the integration of all favorable aspects of microfluidic conditions, i.e., efficient mixing, precise temperature control, and the easy handling of the reactive intermediate by controlling the residence time. The microfluidic reactions cited in this review indicate the need to reinvestigate the traditional or imaginary reactions which have so far been performed and evaluated only in batch apparatus, and therefore they could be recognized as a new strategy in synthesizing natural products of prominent biological activity in a "practical" and a "industrial" manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tanaka K, Fukase K. Renaissance of Traditional Organic Reactions under Microfluidic Conditions: A New Paradigm for Natural Products Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|