1
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Parakhin VV, Pokhvisneva GV, Shlykova NI, Samigullina AI, Nikitin SV, Smirnov GA, Gordeev PB, Kon'kova TS, Lempert DB, Pivkina AN. Highly energetic N-cyano-substituted CL-20 analogues: challenging the stability limits of polynitro hexaazaisowurtzitanes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6100-6111. [PMID: 38482568 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04203k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
To design high-energy-density materials of a new level, it is necessary to develop methods for the functionalization of energetic scaffolds, which will make it possible to tune their physicochemical and energetic properties. For this reason, we have elaborated an approach for synthesizing a new series of energetic cage compounds with advanced properties by introducing the N-cyano group into the polynitro hexaazaisowurtzitane framework. The structures of the obtained substances were fully characterized with a combination of methods, including multinuclear (1H, 13C{1H}, 14N, and 15N{1H}) NMR and IR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy and quantum chemical calculations. For the resulting compounds, thermal stability and safety tests were carried out, calorimetric and pycnometric measurements were performed, and the energetic potential was determined by high-temperature chemical equilibrium thermodynamic calculations. The new cyano derivatives have an acceptable density (up to 1.92 g cm-3) and a high enthalpy of formation (up to 2 MJ kg-1), which is 2 times that of the benchmark CL-20. The resistance of the target compounds to friction (up to 220 N) is the highest compared to CL-20 and its known analogues. 4,10-Dicyano-2,6,8,12-tetranitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane of the new series is the most thermally stable (a Tdec of 238 °C) among the known energetic polynitro hexaazaisowurtzitanes and is the first derivative of this family to surpass CL-20 in heat resistance. Moreover, the specific impulse for the novel materials showed an improvement of 6.5-13 s over CL-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Parakhin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Galina V Pokhvisneva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Nina I Shlykova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Aida I Samigullina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergei V Nikitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Gennady A Smirnov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Pavel B Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatyana S Kon'kova
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - David B Lempert
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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2
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Xu Z, Hou T, Yang F, Zhang L, Zhang X, Liu W, Lang Q, Lu M, Xu Y. 2,2'-Azobis(1,5'-bitetrazole) with a N 10 Chain and 1,5'-Bitetrazolate-2 N-oxides: Construction of Highly Energetic Nitrogen-Rich Materials Based on C-N-Linked Tetrazoles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41580-41589. [PMID: 37609932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of high-nitrogen compounds, including a unique molecule 2,2'-azobis(1,5'-bitetrazole) with a branched N10 chain and 1,5'-bitetrazolate-2N-oxides, were synthesized successfully based on C-N-linked 1,5'-bistetrazoles using azo coupling of N-amine bonds and N-oxide introduction strategies. All compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, in which the structures of five compounds were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (2, T-N10B, 3a, 3b, and THX). The nitrogen contents of these five compounds range from 63.62 (THX) to 83.43% (T-N10B), which are much higher than that of CL-20 (38.34%). The heat of formation for the prepared compounds was calculated by using the Gaussian 09 program, with T-N10B having the highest value of 5.13 kJ g-1, about 6 times higher than that of CL-20 (0.83 kJ g-1). The calculated detonation performances by EXPLO5 v6.05.04 show that THX has excellent detonation performance (D = 9581 m s-1, P = 35.93 GPa) and a remarkable specific impulse (Isp = 284.9 s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tianyang Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qing Lang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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3
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Stierstorfer J, Benz M, Klapötke TM. 1‐Nitrimino‐5‐azidotetrazole ‒ Extending Energetic Tetrazole Chemistry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200186. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Stierstorfer
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Chemistry and Biochemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13Haus D 81377 München GERMANY
| | - Maximilian Benz
- LMU München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München GERMANY
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- LMU München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81477 München GERMANY
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4
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Yocca S, Piercey DG. Optimized Method to Achieve 1-Hydroxy-5-aminotetrazole (HAT). Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Yocca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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5
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Gudkova IY, Zyuzin IN, Lempert DB. Energy Capabilties of 5,5'-Azotetrazol-1,1'-Diol and Its Onium Salts as Components of Solid Composite Propellants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Nezafat Z, Bidgoli NSS, Shafiei N. Use of tetrazoles in catalysis and energetic applications: Recent developments. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Xiao MY, Zheng MM, Peng X, Xue XS, Zhang FG, Ma JA. Catalytic Direct Construction of Cyano-tetrazoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:7762-7767. [PMID: 32966087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyano-tetrazole is the first reported compound that bears four nitrogen atoms in a single five-membered ring. This unique molecular scaffold has long been ignored after its discovery in 1885, mainly attributed to the scarcity of available synthetic methods. Indeed, the most popular approach to tetrazoles (that is the cycloaddition reaction between nitriles and azides) has inevitably excluded the possibility of introducing valuable cyano groups to decorate the final heterocyclic cores. Here, we describe a completely different disconnection strategy to the long time-pursued cyano-tetrazoles via a simple, direct, and practical cycloaddition transformation between readily accessible aryl diazonium salts and diazoacetonitrile. This method provides both regioisomers of disubstituted tetrazoles from the same set of starting materials in a metal cation controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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8
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Ullah Khan R, Zhu W. Theoretical Studies on Energetic Nitrogen‐Rich Heterocyclic Substituted Derivatives of Pyrazino [2, 3‐e] [1, 2, 3, 4] Tetrazine‐1, 3‐di‐
N
‐oxide. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raza Ullah Khan
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials ScienceSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials ScienceSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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9
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Synthesis and Characterization of 4-(1,2,4-Triazole-5-yl)furazan Derivatives as High-Performance Insensitive Energetic Materials. Chemistry 2018; 24:10488-10497. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Fei T, Du Y, He C, Pang S. Theoretical investigations on azole-fused tricyclic 1,2,3,4-tetrazine-2-oxides. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27235-27245. [PMID: 35540001 PMCID: PMC9083471 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused compounds, a unique class of large conjugate structures, have emerged as prime candidates over traditional nitrogen-rich mono-ring or poly-ring materials. Meanwhile, compounds containing catenated nitrogen chains have also attracted attention from scientists due to their high heats of formation. On the other hand, the azoxy [–N
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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N(O)–] moiety has been found to increase density effectively in the molecular structure of compounds. Therefore, combining fused heterocyclic organic skeletons with the azoxy moiety can be regarded as an effective method for increasing the density and heat of formation, which results in substantial increase in detonation properties. Based on the above-mentioned considerations, in this study, a series of new non-hydrogen-containing 5/6/5 fused ring molecules with azoxy moiety structures are designed. Furthermore, their properties as potential high-energy-density materials, including their density, heats of formation, detonation properties, and impact sensitivity, have been extensively evaluated using thermodynamic calculations and density functional theory. Among the investigated compounds, 1,3,8,10-tetranitrodiimidazo[1,5-d:5′,1′-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 5-oxide (B), 1,10-dinitrobis([1,2,3]triazolo)[1,5-d:5′,1′-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 5-oxide (C) and 2,9-dinitrobis([1,2,4]triazolo)[1,5-d:5′,1′-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 5-oxide (D) display remarkable stabilities and are predicted to be high-performance energetic materials due to their high density (>1.94 g cm−3), detonation velocity (>9616 m s−1), and detonation pressure (>41.1 GPa). In addition, our design strategy, which combines the azoxy moiety and fused tricyclic skeleton to construct nitrogen-rich molecular structures with high density and positive heat of formation, is a valuable approach for developing novel high-energy-density materials with excellent performance and stability. In this work, a series of novel non-hydrogen-containing 5/6/5 fused ring molecules with azoxy moiety were designed, some physicochemical or detonation properties of them were calculated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Fei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Du
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
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11
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Yin P, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Comparative Study of Various Pyrazole-based Anions: A Promising Family of Ionic Derivatives as Insensitive Energetic Materials. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:378-384. [PMID: 28042911 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the design of advanced energetic materials, high-density explosophores play a pivotal role because of their remarkable enhancement of both density and molecular stability. Using diversified functionalization strategies, a comparative study involving various nitropyrazole anions shows that these are crucially important in determining performance and stability. A promising family of pyrazole-based energetic ionic derivatives were synthesized and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. Among them, 7, 8, 11-13 exhibit favorable overall performance as energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2343, USA), Fax: (+1) 208-885-9146
| | - Lauren A Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2343, USA), Fax: (+1) 208-885-9146
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12
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Klenov MS, Anikin OV, Guskov AA, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Ananyev IV, Bushmarinov IS, Dmitrienko AO, Lyssenko KA, Tartakovsky VA. Serendipitous Synthesis of (tert-Butyl-NNO-azoxy)acetonitrile: Reduction of an Oxime Moiety to a Methylene Unit. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Guskov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Ananyev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan S. Bushmarinov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Artem O. Dmitrienko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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13
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He P, Zhang JG, Yin X, Wu JT, Wu L, Zhou ZN, Zhang TL. Energetic Salts Based on Tetrazole N
-Oxide. Chemistry 2016; 22:7670-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piao He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Le Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Zun-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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14
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Yin P, Zhang Q, Shreeve JM. Dancing with Energetic Nitrogen Atoms: Versatile N-Functionalization Strategies for N-Heterocyclic Frameworks in High Energy Density Materials. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:4-16. [PMID: 26717271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich heterocycles represent a unique class of energetic frameworks featuring high heats of formation and high nitrogen content, which have generated considerable research interest in the field of high energy density materials (HEDMs). Although traditional C-functionalization methodology of aromatic hydrocarbons has been fully established, studies on N-functionalization strategies of nitrogen-containing heterocycles still have great potential to be exploited by virtue of forming diverse N-X bonds (X = C, N, O, B, halogen, etc.), which are capable of regulating energy performance and the stability of the resulting energetic compounds. In this sense, versatile N-functionalization of N-heterocyclic frameworks offers a flexible strategy to meet the requirements of developing new-generation HEDMs. In this Account, the role of strategic N-functionalization in designing new energetic frameworks, including the formation of N-C, N-N, N-O, N-B and N-halogen bonds, is emphasized. In the family of N-functionalized HEDMs, energetic derivatives, by virtue of forming N-C bonds, are the most widely used type due to the good nucleophilic capacity of most heterocyclic backbones. Although introduction of carbon tends to decrease energetic performance, significant improvement in material sensitivity makes this strategy attractive for safety concerns. More importantly, most "explosophores" can be readily introduced into the N-C linkage, thus providing a promising route to various HEDMs. Formation of additional N-N bonds typically gives rise to higher heats of formation, implying the potential enhancement in detonation performance. In many cases, the increased hydrogen bonding interactions within N-N functionalized heterocycles also improve thermal stability accordingly. Introduction of a single N,N'-azo bridge into several azole moieties leads to an extended nitrogen chain, demonstrating a new strategy for designing high-nitrogen compounds. The strategy of N-O functionalization has become an increasingly efficient tool for exploring new HEDMs with both high energy and low sensitivity. As a highly dense building block, introduction of oxygen not only improves density significantly but also gives rise to a better oxygen balance. Furthermore, the N-O functionalized strategy is highly suitable for a broad variety of N-heterocycles including five-membered azoles and six-membered azines. Newly explored N-halogen and N-B functionalization strategies have endowed the resulting HEDMs with some new energetic characteristics. Typical examples include the N-halogenated fused triazole and FOX-7 as potential hypergolic oxidizers with very short ignition delay times. In addition, some exploratory studies of N-B functionalized heterocycles have expanded energetic applications as hypergolic ionic liquids, green pyrotechnic colorants, and high-oxygen carriers. Overall, flexible N-functionalization methodologies involving different N-X bond formation have not only provided an efficient approach to diverse energetic ingredients but also expanded the application scope of energetic materials. Discussion and perspectives of N-functionalized protocols are given to summarize possible structure-property correlations, thus providing efficient guidelines for future design of new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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15
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Li Y, Shu Y, Wang B, Zhang S, Zhai L. Synthesis, structure and properties of neutral energetic materials based on N-functionalization of 3,6-dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neutral energetic derivatives based onN-functionalization of DNPP were synthesized, which can be used as new high energy-density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanjie Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Lianjie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
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16
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Hafner K, Klapötke TM, Schmid PC, Stierstorfer J. Synthesis and Characterization of Asymmetric 1,2-Dihydroxy-5,5′-bitetrazole and Selected Nitrogen-Rich Derivatives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Wei H, Zhang J, He C, Shreeve JM. Energetic Salts Based on Furazan-Functionalized Tetrazoles: Routes to Boost Energy. Chemistry 2015; 21:8607-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Wei H, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties of 6-Amino-tetrazolo[1,5-b]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-7-N-oxide: A Nitrogen-Rich Material with High Density. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1130-2. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Yin X, Wu JT, Jin X, Xu CX, He P, Li T, Wang K, Qin J, Zhang JG. Nitrogen-rich salts of 1-aminotetrazol-5-one: oxygen-containing insensitive energetic materials with high thermal stability. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07649h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic ionic salts based on ATO exhibit a good balance between low sensitivity and high detonation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Piao He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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20
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Yu Q, Wang Z, Yang H, Wu B, Lin Q, Ju X, Lu C, Cheng G. N-Trinitroethyl-substituted azoxyfurazan: high detonation performance energetic materials. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03230j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An N-nitrated trinitroethylamino azoxyfurazan derivative reported here possesses oxygen balance of near zero (+2.5%) and exhibits outstanding properties (ΔfHm, 962.1 kJ mol−1; D, 9458 m s−1; P, 41.2 GPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Chunxu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
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21
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Bian C, Wang K, Liang L, Zhang M, Li C, Zhou Z. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Salts of Bis-Heterocycle-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazole (HTANFT). Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Li H, Zhao FQ, Gao HX, Tong JF, Wang BZ, Zhai LJ, Huo H. Three energetic salts based on oxy-bridged bis( gem -dinitro) furazan: Syntheses, structures and thermal behaviors. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Wei H, Gao H, Shreeve JM. N-oxide 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based high-performance energetic materials. Chemistry 2014; 20:16943-52. [PMID: 25330776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One route to high density and high performance energetic materials based on 1,2,4,5-tetrazine is the introduction of 2,4-di-N-oxide functionalities. Based on several examples and through theoretical analysis, the strategy of regioselective introduction of these moieties into 1,2,4,5-tetrazines has been developed. Using this methodology, various new tetrazine structures containing the N-oxide functionality were synthesized and fully characterized using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Hydrogen peroxide (50 %) was used very effectively in lieu of the usual 90 % peroxide in this system to generate N-oxide tetrazine compounds successfully. Comparison of the experimental densities of N-oxide 1,2,4,5-tetrazine compounds with their 1,2,4,5-tetrazine precursors shows that introducing the N-oxide functionality is a highly effective and feasible method to enhance the density of these materials. The heats of formation for all compounds were calculated with Gaussian 03 (revision D.01) and these values were combined with measured densities to calculate detonation pressures (P) and velocities (νD ) of these energetic materials (Explo 5.0 v. 6.01). The new oxygen-containing tetrazines exhibit high density, good thermal stability, acceptable oxygen balance, positive heat of formation, and excellent detonation properties, which, in some cases, are superior to those of 1,3,5-tritnitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrotriazacyclohexane (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 2343, Moscow, ID 83844-2343 (USA)
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24
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Thottempudi V, Zhang J, He C, Shreeve JM. Azo substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles as insensitive energetic materials. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10821c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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25
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Joas M, Kießling S, Klapötke TM, Schmid PC, Stierstorfer J. Energetic Complexes of 5-(4-Amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-on-5-yl)tetrazole and Ionic Derivatives of its 2N-Oxide. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Zhang J, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Thermally Stable 3,6-Dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole-based Energetic Materials. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2953-60. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Klapötke TM, Kurz MQ, Scharf R, Schmid PC, Stierstorfer J, Sućeska M. 5‐(1
H
‐Tetrazolyl)‐2‐Hydroxy‐Tetrazole: A Selective 2
N
‐Monoxidation of Bis(1
H
‐Tetrazole). Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77492
| | - Matthias Q. Kurz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77492
| | - Regina Scharf
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77492
| | - Philipp C. Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77492
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77492
| | - Muhamed Sućeska
- Brodarski Institute, Marine Research & Special Technologies, Av. V. Holjevca 20, 10000 Zagreb (Croatia)
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28
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Zhang J, Shreeve JM. 3,3′-Dinitroamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan and Its Derivatives: An Assembly of Diverse N–O Building Blocks for High-Performance Energetic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4437-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501176q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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29
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Xiang F, Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. A comparative theoretical study of heterocycle-functionalized tetrazolate- and tetrazolate-1-oxide-based dianionic salts. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory and volume-based thermodynamics calculations have been performed to study the crystal densities, heats of formation, energetic properties, thermodynamics of formation, and impact sensitivity for a series of heterocycle-functionalized tetrazolate- and tetrazolate1-oxide-based dianionic salts. The results show that the hydroxylammonium cation is better than the tetrazolium cation for increasing the densities and detonation performance of the tetrazolate dianionic salts. The salts containing series B (tetrazolate-1-oxide) have larger densities and detonation performance than corresponding ones containing series A (tetrazolate) with the same cation. Incorporating a zwitterionic N-oxide into the nitrogen system is helpful for increasing its density and detonation performance for each salt series, but it is not favorable for improving its heat of formation. The salt including the tetrazine-dioxide conjugated with two tetrazolide exhibits the best energetic performance. The salts containing the tetrazolium cation could be possibly synthesized by the proposed reactions. Some of the salts with the cation hydroxylammonium show lower impact sensitivity than RDX or HMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Heming Xiao
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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30
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Izsák D, Klapötke TM, Reuter S, Rösener T. Silver Salt and Derivatives of 5-Azido-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-carbonitrile. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Dong K, Wang Y, Gong XB, Zhang J, Sun CH, Pang SP. Formyl azido substituted nitro hexaazaisowurtzitane – synthesis, characterization and energetic properties. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Qi C, Zhang RB, Pang SP. Thermal stability of the N10 compound with extended nitrogen chain. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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