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Lv Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li J, Wang J, Xiao X, Zhang M. Strategy of In Situ Electrochemical Regulation for Highly Enhanced Nonenzymatic Sensing of Carbaryl. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4015-4023. [PMID: 36802553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Specific and sensitive sensing of most pesticide residues relies on enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and advanced materials, which need to be loaded on the surface of working electrodes, leading to instability, uneven surface, tedious process, and high cost. Meanwhile, employing certain potential or current in electrolyte solution could also modify the surface in situ and overcome these drawbacks. However, this method is only regarded as electrochemical activation widely applied in the pretreatment of electrodes. In this paper, by means of regulating the electrochemical technique and its parameters, we prepared a proper sensing interface and derivatized the carbaryl (a carbamate pesticide) hydrolyzed form (1-naphthol) to enhance sensing by 100 times within several minutes. After regulation I by chronopotentiometry with 0.2 mA for 20 s or chronoamperometry with 2 V for 10 s, abundant oxygen-containing groups form and the ordered carbon structure is destroyed. Sweeping from -0.5 to 0.9 V through cyclic voltammetry for only one segment, following regulation II, the composition of oxygen-containing groups changes and the disordered structure is alleviated. Finally, on the constructed sensing interface, test by regulation III through differential pulse voltammetry from 0.8 to -0.4 V, resulting in derivatization of 1-naphthol during 0.8-0 V, followed by electroreduction of the derivative at around -0.17 V. Compared with the electro-oxidation peak at 0.5 V in previous reports, it is essential to improve specificity, even toward several other carbamate pesticides with similar structures. Hence, the in situ electrochemical regulation strategy has demonstrated great potential for effective sensing of electroactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunyin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, No. 11 Huaihai Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xilin Xiao
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Srinivas S, Ashokkumar K, Sriraghavan K, Senthil Kumar A. A prototype device of microliter volume voltammetric pH sensor based on carbazole-quinone redox-probe tethered MWCNT modified three-in-one screen-printed electrode. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13905. [PMID: 34230547 PMCID: PMC8260652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an alternate for the conventional glass-based pH sensor which is associated with problems like fragile nature, alkaline error, and potential drift, the development of a new redox-sensitive pH probe-modified electrode that could show potential, current-drift and surface-fouling free voltammetric pH sensing is a demanding research interest, recently. Herein, we report a substituted carbazole-quinone (Car-HQ) based new redox-active pH-sensitive probe that contains benzyl and bromo-substituents, immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon (GCE/MWCNT@Car-HQ) and screen-printed three-in-one (SPE/MWCNT@Car-HQ) electrodes for selective, surface-fouling free pH sensor application. This new system showed a well-defined surface-confined redox peak at an apparent standard electrode potential, Eo' = - 0.160 V versus Ag/AgCl with surface-excess value, Γ = 47 n mol cm-2 in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. When tested with various electroactive chemicals and biochemicals such as cysteine, hydrazine, NADH, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, MWCNT@Car-HQ showed an unaltered redox-peak potential and current values without mediated oxidation/reduction behavior unlike the conventional hydroquinone, anthraquinone and other redox mediators based voltammetry sensors with serious electrocatalytic effects and in turn potential and current drifts. A strong π-π interaction, nitrogen-atom assisted surface orientation and C-C bond formation on the graphitic structure of MWCNT are the plausible reasons for stable and selective voltammetric pH sensing application of MWCNT@Car-HQ system. Using a programed/in-built three-in-one screen printed compatible potentiostat system, voltammetric pH sensing of 3 μL sample of urine, saliva, and orange juice samples with pH values comparable to that of milliliter volume-based pH-glass electrode measurements has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Krishnan Ashokkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Kamaraj Sriraghavan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
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Nisha S, Senthil Kumar A. Highly redox-active organic molecular nanomaterials: Naphthalene and phenanthrene molecular species π-stacked MWCNT modified electrodes for oxygen-interference free H2O2 sensing in neutral pH. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Shalini Devi KS, Jacob S, Senthil Kumar A. In Situ Structural Elucidation and Selective Pb 2+ Ion Recognition of Polydopamine Film Formed by Controlled Electrochemical Oxidation of Dopamine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7048-7058. [PMID: 29792028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the versatility and biocompatibility, a self-polymerized DA (in the presence of air at pH 8.5 tris buffer solution) as a polydopamine (pDA) film has been used for a variety of applications. Indeed, instability under electrified condition (serious surface-fouling) and structural ambiguity of the pDA have been found to be unresolved problems. Previously, pDA films (has hygroscopic and insoluble property) prepared by various controlled chemical oxidation methods have been examined for the structural analysis using ex situ solid-state NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. In this work, a new in situ approach has been introduced using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique for the improved structural elucidation of pDA that has been formed by a controlled electrochemical oxidation of DA on a carboxylic acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-Nafion (cationic perfluoro polymer) modified electrode (f-MWCNT-Nf) system in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. Key intermediates like 5,6-dihydroxy indole (DHI; 150.7 g mol-1), dopamine (154.1 g mol-1), Na+, PO42-, and polymeric product of high molecular weight, 2475 g mol-1, have been trapped on f-MWCNT-Nf surface via π-π (sp2 carbon of MWCNT and aromatic e-s), covalent (amide-II bonding, minimal), hydrogen, and ionic bonding and identified its molecular weights successfully. The new pDA film system showed well-defined peaks at E°' = 0.25 V and -0.350 vs Ag/AgCl corresponding to the surface-confined dopamine/dopamine quinone and DHI/5,6-indolequinone redox transitions without any surface-fouling complication. As an electroanalytical application of pDA, selective recognition of Pb2+ ion via {(pDA)-hydroquinone-Pb0} complexation with detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) 840 part-per-trillion has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Shalini Devi
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore - 632 014 , India
| | - Sharu Jacob
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore - 632 014 , India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore - 632 014 , India
- Carbon dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore - 632 014 , India
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering , National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10608 , Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Swetha P, Devi KSS, Kumar AS. In-situ trapping and confining of highly redox active quinoline quinones on MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode and its selective electrocatalytic oxidation and sensing of hydrazine. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gayathri P, Senthil Kumar A. Electrochemical behavior of the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand on a multiwalled carbon nanotube surface and its relevant electrochemistry for selective recognition of copper ion and hydrogen peroxide sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10513-10521. [PMID: 25119115 DOI: 10.1021/la502651w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (Phen) is a well-known benchmark ligand and has often been used in the coordination chemistry for the complexation of transition metal ions, such as Fe(2+), Ni(2+), and Co(2+). Because the electro-oxidation potential of Phen is much higher (>2 V versus Ag/AgCl) than the water decomposition potential, i.e., ∼1.5 V versus Ag/AgCl, in pH 7, it is practically difficult to electro-oxidize Phen in aqueous medium using any conventional electrodes, such as glassy carbon electrode (GCE), gold, and platinum. Interestingly, herein, we report an unexpected oxidation of Phen to a highly redox active 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (Phen-dione) and its confinement on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/MWCNT@Phen-dione) surface by potential cycling of Phen-adsorbed GCE/MWCNT (GCE/MWCNT@Phen) from -1 to 1 V versus Ag/AgCl in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. GCE/MWCNT@Phen-dione showed selective recognition of copper ion (GCE/MWCNT@Phen-dione-Cu(2+)) by catalyzing the hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction in a neutral pH solution. The precise structure of the Phen electro-oxidized product has been identified after characterizing the electrode and/or ethanolic extract of the product by various techniques, such as Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (for copper complex), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) (for copper complex), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and comparing electrochemical behavior of several control compounds, such as phenanthrene and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone. It is concluded that the product formed is 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, wherein the dione position is ortho to each other and the copper ion is complexed with nitrogen of the phenanthroline ring. With extended electrochemical oxidation of a structurally similar ligand, 2,2'-bipyridine failed to show any such electrochemical dynamics. Finally, applicability of GCE/MWCNT@Phen-dione-Cu(2+) for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide in a couple of real samples is successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakasam Gayathri
- Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University , Vellore 632 014, India
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Quercetin tethered pristine-multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode as an efficient electrochemical detector for flow injection analysis of hydrazine in cigarette tobacco samples. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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