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Tunç G, Zambrano-Angulo M, Arslan BS, Güzel E, Nebioğlu M, Ahsen V, Şişman İ, Cárdenas-Jirón G, Gürek AG. Insight into the effects of the anchoring groups on the photovoltaic performance of unsymmetrical phthalocyanine based dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2981-2996. [PMID: 33565528 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03696j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Push-pull zinc phthalocyanine dyes bearing hexylsulfanyl moieties as electron donors and carboxyethynyl as mono- or di-anchoring groups have been designed, synthesized and tested as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of the anchoring groups on the optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties were investigated. The incorporation of a carboxyethynyl group in GT23 has a considerable effect on preventing dye aggregation due to its relatively non-planar structure. The mono-anchoring dye bearing a phenyl carboxyethynyl group, GT5, has a higher molar extinction coefficient and sufficient charge injection into the TiO2 conduction band. Therefore, GT5 achieved at least 90% higher power conversion efficiency than the di-anchoring dyes (GT31 and GT32). Time-dependent density functional theory (PBE0/6-31G(d,p)) was also used to calculate the electronic absorption spectra, which predicted very well the measured UV-Vis with an error of up to 0.11 eV for the Q bands and 0.3 eV for the B bands. The longest charge transfer bands are obtained in the visible light region and they correspond to a transfer phthalocyanine core → substituent with a carboxyethynyl group where the absorptions of GT32 (465 nm) and GT31 (461 nm) are red-shifted compared to GT23 (429 nm) and GT5 (441 nm). The interaction energy between the phthalocyanine and a cluster of anatase-TiO2 (H4Ti40O82) was calculated using density functional theory. For all phthalocyanines, the interaction favored is monodentate and corresponds to -O(OH)Ti(TiO2), where the stronger interaction occurs for GT32 (-2.11 eV) and GT31 (-2.25 eV). This study presents the molecular combination of the anchoring groups in zinc phthalocyanine sensitizers, which is one of the effective strategies for improving the performance of DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülenay Tunç
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Michael Zambrano-Angulo
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Emre Güzel
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nebioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey. and Department of Renewable Energy Systems, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey and Biomedical, Magnetic and Semiconductor Materials Research Center (BIMAS-RC), Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Vefa Ahsen
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - İlkay Şişman
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey. and Department of Renewable Energy Systems, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey and Biomedical, Magnetic and Semiconductor Materials Research Center (BIMAS-RC), Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Gloria Cárdenas-Jirón
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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2
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Abstract
Porphyrins are tetrapyrrolic aromatic macrocycles and ubiquitous in nature. They are excellent dyes with strong absorption in the visible region (400–700 nm) and they exhibit decent fluorescence in the red region (620–900 nm). Carbazole is a nitrogen-containing electron rich aromatic heterocycle which can be linked to porphyrins and other chromophores. This review provides an overview of the different synthetic strategies that have been employed to prepare carbazole-substituted porphyrins and carbazole-fused porphyrinoids and similar systems. It also shows that how the substitution of carbazole occurs on the porphyrin core can alter its optical and electronic features. Introduction of carbazole moieties in the porphyrin ring resulted in fused porphyrinoids with changed aromaticity and significantly altered electronic features of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Das
- The University of Burdwan, Rajbati, Bardhaman-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujrat, India
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3
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Lu J, Liu S, Wang M. Push-Pull Zinc Porphyrins as Light-Harvesters for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Front Chem 2018; 6:541. [PMID: 30519554 PMCID: PMC6251255 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been attractive to scientific community due to its eco-friendliness, ease of fabrication, and vivid colorful property etc. Among various kinds of sensitizers, such as metal-free organic molecules, metal-complex, natural dyes etc., porphyrin is one of the most promising sensitizers for DSSC. The first application of porphyrin for sensitization of nanocrystaline TiO2 can be traced back to 1993 by using [tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrinato] zinc(II) with an overall conversion efficiency of 2.6%. After 10 years efforts, Officer and Grätzel improved this value to 7.1%. Later in 2009, by constructing porphyrin sensitizer with an arylamine as donor and a benzoic acid as acceptor, Diau and Yeh demonstrated that this donor-acceptor framwork porphyrins could attain remarkable photovoltaic performance. Now the highest efficiencies of DSSC are dominated by donor-acceptor porphyrins, reaching remarkable values around 13.0% with cobalt-based electrolytes. This achievement is largely contributed by the structural development of donor and acceptor groups within push-pull framwork. In this review, we summarized and discussed the developement of donor-acceptor porphyrin sensitizers and their applications in DSSC. A dicussion of the correlation between molecular structure and the spectral and photovoltaic properties is the major target of this review. Deeply dicussion of the substitution group, especially on porphyrin's meso-position were presented. Furthermore, the limitations of DSSC for commercialization, such as the long-term stability, sophisticated synthesis procedures for high efficiency dye etc., have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Cariello M, Abdalhadi SM, Yadav P, Decoppet JD, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Hagfeldt A, Cooke G. An investigation of the roles furan versus thiophene π-bridges play in donor-π-acceptor porphyrin based DSSCs. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6549-6556. [PMID: 29697124 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) continue to attract interest due to their lower cost production compared to silicon based solar cells and their improving power conversion efficiencies. Porphyrin-based sensitizers have become an important sub-class due to their strong absorption characteristics in the visible region, convenient modulation of properties through synthetic manipulation and class-leading power conversion efficiencies. In this article, we report the synthesis and characterization of two porphyrin-based dyes and their application as sensitizers in DSSCs. A thiophene and a furan moiety have been incorporated into the push-pull architecture as a π-bridge, allowing the systematic investigation of how these moieties influence the physical properties of the dyes and the performance of their resulting DSSCs. A significant difference in PCEs has been observed, with the furan containing dye (PorF, PCE = 4.5%) being more efficient than the thiophene-based analogue (PorT, PCE = 3.6%) in conjunction with the iodide/triiodide redox electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cariello
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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5
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Wang T, Weerasinghe KC, Sun H, Li P, Liu D, Li W, Hu W, Zhou X, Wang L. Characterization of photo-induced electron and hole transfer in a porphyrin based ambipolar organic molecule with cascade energy levels. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Chen S, Xiang B, Zou X, Zhou Y. Synthesis and exploration of triazine ultraviolet absorbers with surface enrichment property. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Meindl A, Plunkett S, Ryan AA, Flanagan KJ, Callaghan S, Senge MO. Comparative Synthetic Strategies for the Generation of 5,10- and 5,15-Substituted Push-Pull
Porphyrins. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Meindl
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Shane Plunkett
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Aoife A. Ryan
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Susan Callaghan
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; School of Chemistry; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; 152-160 Pearse Street 2 Dublin Ireland
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8
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Zhang CR, Li XY, Shen YL, Wu YZ, Liu ZJ, Chen HS. Molecular Docking toward Panchromatic Dye Sensitizers for Solar Cells Based upon Tetraazulenylporphyrin and Tetraanthracenylporphyrin. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2655-2664. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu-Lin Shen
- Gansu Computing Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | - Zi-Jiang Liu
- Department
of Physics, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hong-Shan Chen
- College
of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
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9
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Jinadasa RGW, Li B, Schmitz B, Kumar S, Hu Y, Kerr L, Wang H. Monobenzoporphyrins as Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Observation of Significant Spacer-Group Effect. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2239-2249. [PMID: 27469616 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of monobenzoporphyrins (WH1-WH4) bearing different conjugated spacer groups were designed and synthesized as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Although a phenyl spacer only has a minimal impact on the absorption bands of the monobenzoporphyrin, an ethynylphenyl (WH3) or a vinyl (WH4) spacer redshifts and broadens the absorption bands of the dyes to result in much enhanced light-harvesting ability. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on these monobenzoporphyrin dyes displayed remarkable differences in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The monobenzoporphyrin bearing no spacer (WH1) resulted in a PCE of only 0.5 %; in contrast, the monobenzoporphyrin bearing vinyl spacers (WH4) achieved a PCE of 5.2 %. The high efficiency of the WH4 cell is attributed to the higher light-harvesting ability, the lesser extent of aggregation on the TiO2 surface, and the more favorable electron-density distributions of the HOMO and LUMO for electron injection and collection. This work demonstrates the exceptional tunability of benzoporphyrins as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Bihong Li
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Benjamin Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Siddhartha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Lei Kerr
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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10
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Zinc Porphyrins Possessing Three p-Carboxyphenyl Groups: Effect of the Donor Strength of Push-Groups on the Efficiency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9070513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Schmitz B, Li B, Waruna Jinadasa RG, Lalvani SB, Kerr LL, Wang H. Benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine or pyridine-N-oxide anchoring groups as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461650036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine or pyridine-[Formula: see text]-oxide groups were prepared through a concise method based on a Pd0 catalyzed cascade reaction. These benzoporphyrins were examined as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Vicinal pyridine and vicinal pyridine-[Formula: see text]-oxide groups were introduced as new types of anchoring/acceptor groups for dye-sensitized solar cells for the first time. While all the porphyrins showed solar to electricity conversion, benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine-[Formula: see text]-oxide anchoring groups displayed higher conversion efficiency than benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine-anchoring groups.Opp-dibenzoporphyrins display broadened and red-shifted UV-vis absorption and emission bands as compared with those of the monobenzoporphyrins, which arises from the fusion of one more benzene ring and the attachment of two more electron-withdrawing groups to the porphyrin [Formula: see text]-positions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) data and DFT calculation data obtained for these porphyrins agree well with their UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic data. The HOMO energy level derived from the first oxidation potentials indicate that regeneration of the resulting porphyrin radical cation by the redox mediator (I[Formula: see text]/I[Formula: see text] is thermodynamically feasible for all these benzoporphyrin sensitizers (3, 5, 8 and 10). On the other hand, excited state energy levels of these benzoporphyrins calculated from the CV data, the UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopic data are all slightly lower than the energy level of the conduction band of TiO2, suggesting insufficient driving force for efficient electron injection from the porphyrin excited singlet state to the conduction band of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Bihong Li
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - R. G. Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Shashi B. Lalvani
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Lei L. Kerr
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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12
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Theoretical design of coumarin derivatives incorporating auxiliary acceptor with D-π-A-π-A configuration for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Zervaki GE, Tsaka V, Vatikioti A, Georgakaki I, Nikolaou V, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. A triazine di(carboxy)porphyrin dyad versus a triazine di(carboxy)porphyrin triad for sensitizers in DSSCs. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:13550-64. [PMID: 26134439 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two porphyrin-chromophores, i.e. triad PorZn-(PorCOOH)(2)-(piper)2 (GZ-T1) and dyad (PorZn)(2)-NMe2 (GZ-T1), have been synthesized and their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been investigated. The optical properties together with the appropriate electronic energy levels, i.e. the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, revealed that both porphyrin assemblies can function as sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The and -based DSSCs have been prepared and studied using 20 mM CDCA as coadsorbent and were found to exhibit an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.88% and 4.56%, respectively (under an illumination intensity of 100 mW cm(-2) with TiO(2) films of 12 μm). The higher PCE of the -sensitized DSSC, as revealed from the current-voltage characteristic under illumination and the incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra of the two DSSCs, is mainly attributed to its enhanced short circuit current (J(sc)), although both the open circuit voltage (V(oc)) and the fill factor are improved too. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) demonstrated a shorter electron transport time, longer electron lifetime and higher charge recombination resistance for the DSSC sensitized with the dye as well as a larger dye loading onto the TiO(2) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Zervaki
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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14
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Liao Y, Hu J, Zhu C, Liu Y, Chen X, Chen C, Zhong C. Synthesis and photovoltaic performance of novel polymeric metal complex sensitizer with benzodithiophene or carbazole derivative as donor in dye-sensitized solar cell. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Ooyama Y, Uenaka K, Kamimura T, Ozako S, Kanda M, Koide T, Tani F. Dye-sensitized solar cell based on an inclusion complex of a cyclic porphyrin dimer bearing four 4-pyridyl groups and fullerene C60. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic free-base porphyrin dimers linked by butadiyne or phenothiazine bearing four 4-pyridyl groups and their inclusion complexes with fullerene C60 have been applied to dye-sensitized solar cells as a new class of porphyrin dye sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Koji Uenaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Takuya Kamimura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Shuwa Ozako
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Taro Koide
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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16
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Ishida M, Hwang D, Zhang Z, Choi YJ, Oh J, Lynch VM, Kim DY, Sessler JL, Kim D. β-Functionalized Push-Pull Porphyrin Sensitizers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Effect of π-Conjugated Spacers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2967-2977. [PMID: 25755085 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of new β-functionalized push-pull-structured porphyrin dyes were synthesized so as to investigate the effect of the π-conjugated spacer on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Suzuki- and Heck-type palladium-catalyzed coupling methodologies were used to obtain various β-functionalized porphyrins and β-benzoic acid (ZnPHn) and β-vinylbenzoic acid (ZnPVn) derivatives from β-borylated porphyrin precursors. Photophysical studies of the resulting porphyrins revealed a clear dependence on the nature of the β linker. In particular, it was found that a β-vinylene linkage perturbs the electronic structure of the porphyrin core; this is less true for a β-phenyl linkage. Theoretical analyses provided support for the intrinsic intramolecular charge-transfer character of the β-functionalized, push-pull porphyrins of this study. The extent of charge transfer depends on the nature of the β-conjugated linkage. The photovoltaic performances of the cells sensitized with β-phenylenevinylene ZnPVn exhibited higher power conversion efficiency values than those bearing β-phenyl linkages (ZnPHn). This was ascribed to differences in light-harvesting efficiency. Furthermore, compared to the use of a standard iodine-based electrolyte, the DSSC performance of cells made from the present porphyrins was improved by more than 1 % upon using a cobalt(II/III)-based electrolyte. Under standard AM 1.5 illumination, the highest efficiency, 8.2 %, was obtained by using cells made from the doubly β-butadiene-linked porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea)
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan)
| | - Daesub Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea)
- Optoelectronic Materials Lab, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-650 (Korea)
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712-1224 (USA)
| | - Yung Ji Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea)
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea)
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712-1224 (USA)
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Optoelectronic Materials Lab, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-650 (Korea)
| | - Jonanthan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea).
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712-1224 (USA).
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea).
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17
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Mane SB, Luo L, Tsai HH, Hung CH. Co-sensitization of free-base and zinc porphyrins: An effective approach to improve the photon-to-current conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Co-sensitization of two or more sensitizers with complementary absorption profiles had been utilized as an imperative tool to achieve panchromatic sensitization in dye-sensitized solar cells. The highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells consist of a co-sensitization system comprising of a mixture of porphyrin and organic dye. We have prepared four novel free-base and zinc porphyrins in minimum steps and examined their individual as well as co-sensitized performance in dye-sensitized solar cells. The UV-visible spectrum suggests that upon zinc insertion the absorption wavelength is red-shifted by 10 nm in both Soret and Q-band region. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the presence of an electron withdrawing cyanoacrylic acid as the anchoring group has pronounced effect on the charge distribution. IPCE spectra suggest that the co-sensitization of a free-base porphyrin with a zinc porphyrin resulted in panchromatic absorption in whole visible region. The device made with Mix-2, which is composed from the free-base porphyrin N4CN and the zinc porphyrin N4ZnCN gave the best performance with an overall photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 4.18%, with Jsc of 10.4 mA.cm-2, Voc of 0.56 V and fill factor of 72%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B. Mane
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Liyang Luo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Han Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Hsiung Hung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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Mane SB, Hung CH. Molecular Engineering of Boryl Oxasmaragdyrins through Peripheral Modification: Structure-Efficiency Relationship. Chemistry 2015; 21:4825-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ambre RB, Mane SB, Chang GF, Hung CH. Effects of number and position of meta and para carboxyphenyl groups of zinc porphyrins in dye-sensitized solar cells: structure-performance relationship. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1879-1891. [PMID: 25562465 DOI: 10.1021/am507503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin sensitizers containing meta- and para-carboxyphenyl groups in their meso positions have been synthesized and investigated for their performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The superior performance of para-derivative compared to meta-derivative porphyrins was revealed by optical spectroscopy, electrochemical property measurements, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and stability performance. Absorption spectra of para-carboxyphenyl-substituted porphyrins on TiO2 show a broader Soret band compared to meta-carboxyphenyl-substituted porphyrins. ATR-FTIR spectra of the studied porphyrins on TiO2 were applied to investigate the number and mode of carboxyl groups attached to TiO2. The VOC, JSC, and IPCE values of para-series porphyrins were distinctly superior to those of meta-series porphyrins. The Nyquist plots of the studied porphyrins show that charge injection in para-series porphyrins is superior to that in meta-series porphyrins. The orthogonally positioned para derivatives have more efficient charge injection and charge transfer over charge recombination, whereas the efficiencies of flat-oriented meta derivatives are retarded by rapid charge recombination. Photovoltaic measurements of the studied meta- and para-carboxyphenyl-functionalized porphyrins show that the number and position of carboxyphenyl groups play a crucial role in the performance of the DSSC. Our results indicate that para-carboxyphenyl derivatives outperform meta-carboxyphenyl derivatives to give better device performance. This study will serve as a guideline for the design and development of organic, porphyrin, and ruthenium dyes in DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Ambre
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Nankang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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20
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Higashino T, Imahori H. Porphyrins as excellent dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: recent developments and insights. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:448-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02756f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin sensitizers have exhibited power conversion efficiencies that are comparable to or even higher than those of well-established highly efficient DSSCs based on ruthenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
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21
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Luo L, Ambre RB, Mane SB, Diau EWG, Hung CH. The cis-isomer performs better than the trans-isomer in porphyrin-sensitized solar cells: interfacial electron transport and charge recombination investigations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:20134-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02367j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Distinctive differences in the performance of DSSC devices fabricated from cis- and trans-isomers of a zinc porphyrin have been rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Luo
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei-115
- Republic of China
| | - Ram B. Ambre
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei-115
- Republic of China
| | - Sandeep B. Mane
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei-115
- Republic of China
| | - Eric Wei-Guang Diau
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science
- National Chiao-Tung University
- Hsinchu-30010
- Republic of China
| | - Chen-Hsiung Hung
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei-115
- Republic of China
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22
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Urbani M, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Torres T. Meso-substituted porphyrins for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Rev 2014; 114:12330-96. [PMID: 25495339 DOI: 10.1021/cr5001964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Urbani
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Sirithip K, Prachumrak N, Rattanawan R, Keawin T, Sudyoadsuk T, Namuangruk S, Jungsuttiwong S, Promarak V. Zinc-Porphyrin Dyes with Differentmeso-Aryl Substituents for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:882-93. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Efficient Solar Cells Sensitized by Porphyrins with an Extended Conjugation Framework and a Carbazole Donor: From Molecular Design to Cosensitization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10779-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Wang Y, Chen B, Wu W, Li X, Zhu W, Tian H, Xie Y. Efficient Solar Cells Sensitized by Porphyrins with an Extended Conjugation Framework and a Carbazole Donor: From Molecular Design to Cosensitization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Zhang CR, Han LH, Zhe JW, Jin NZ, Shen YL, Gong JJ, Zhang HM, Chen YH, Liu ZJ. The role of terminal groups in electronic structures and related properties: The case of push–pull porphyrin dye sensitizers for solar cells. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Misra R, Maragani R, Patel KR, Sharma GD. Synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties of new ferrocenyl substituted triphenylamine based donor–acceptor dyes for dye sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new ferrocenyl substituted triphenylamine based donor–acceptor dyes D1 and D2 were synthesized and used as sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore, India
| | - Ramesh Maragani
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore, India
| | - K. R. Patel
- Department of Physics
- Jai Naraian Vyas University
- Jodhpur, India
| | - G. D. Sharma
- R & D Center for Engineering and Science
- JEC group of Colleges
- Jaipur Engineering College
- Jaipur, India
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28
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Sharma GD, Zervaki GE, Angaridis P, Coutsolelos AG. New solution processed bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells based on a triazine-bridged porphyrin dyad as electron donor. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An unsymmetrical porphyrin dyad (ZnP)-[triazine-Npip]-(ZnPCOOH) consisting of two zinc-porphyrin units covalently linked to a peridine-containing triazine group has been used with PC71BM as electron donor and acceptor, respectively, for the active layer of solution-processed BHJ organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh D. Sharma
- R&D Centre for Engineering and Science
- JEC Group of Colleges
- Jaipur Engineering College Campus
- Jaipur, India
| | - Galateia E. Zervaki
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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29
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Zervaki GE, Angaridis PA, Koukaras EN, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on triazine-linked porphyrin dyads containing one or two carboxylic acid anchoring groups. Inorg Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qi00095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin dyads, covalently linked by 1,3,5-triazine, either with one or two carboxylic acid groups, were synthesized and used as sensitizers in DSSCs, resulting in power conversion efficiency higher than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galateia E. Zervaki
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A. Angaridis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuel N. Koukaras
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences
- Foundation for Research & Technology
- Patras, 26504 Greece
| | - Ganesh D. Sharma
- R&D Center for Engineering and Science
- JEC Group of Colleges
- Jaipur Engineering College
- Jaipur (Raj.) 303101, India
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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30
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Cao J, Hu DC, Liu JC, Li RZ, Jin NZ. Two self-assembled N-heterocyclic-substituted zinc porphyrins and isonicotinic acid dyads and their applications in supramolecular solar cells. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Mane SB, Hung CH. Synthesis of carboxylate functionalized A3B and A2B2 thiaporphyrins and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thiaporphyrins were effectively applied in dye-sensitized solar cells. Among them, N3S-ECN with an ethynylphenyl linker and cyanoacrylic acid anchor, achieved the highest efficiency of 1.69%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B. Mane
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
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32
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Ladomenou K, Kitsopoulos TN, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. The importance of various anchoring groups attached on porphyrins as potential dyes for DSSC applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of different anchoring groups in the efficiency of porphyrin dye sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ladomenou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - G. D. Sharma
- R&D Centre for Engineering and Science
- JEC Group of Colleges
- Jaipur, India
| | - A. G. Coutsolelos
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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33
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Ambre RB, Chang GF, Hung CH. Three p-carboxyphenyl groups possessing zinc porphyrins: efficient, stable, and cost-effective sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:725-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47985d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Reeta PS, Giribabu L, Senthilarasu S, Hsu MH, Kumar DK, Upadhyaya HM, Robertson N, Hewat T. Ethynyl thiophene-appended unsymmetrical zinc porphyrin sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn porphyrin sensitizers with ethynyl thiophene linker, pyrene/fluorene donors and cyanoacrylic or malonic acid anchoring group were synthesized for DSSC applications. Conversion efficiency up to 3.14% was exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Silviya Reeta
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - L. Giribabu
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - S. Senthilarasu
- Energy Conversion Laboratory (ECL)
- Institute of Mechanical
- Process and Energy Engineering (IMPEE)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Min-Hung Hsu
- Energy Conversion Laboratory (ECL)
- Institute of Mechanical
- Process and Energy Engineering (IMPEE)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - D. Kishore Kumar
- Energy Conversion Laboratory (ECL)
- Institute of Mechanical
- Process and Energy Engineering (IMPEE)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Hari M. Upadhyaya
- Energy Conversion Laboratory (ECL)
- Institute of Mechanical
- Process and Energy Engineering (IMPEE)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Neil Robertson
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH93JJ, UK
| | - Tracy Hewat
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH93JJ, UK
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