Imidazolium-Salt-Functionalized Ionic-CNT-Supported RuCarbene/Palladium Nanoparticles for Recyclable Tandem Metathesis/Hydrogenation Reactions in Ionic Liquids

Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis

Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.

Fast Initiating Furan-Containing Hoveyda-Type Complexes: Synthesis and Applications in Metathesis Reactions

Two new ruthenium complexes with chelating-ether benzylidene ligands bearing a furan moiety were synthesized and characterized, including X-ray crystallography. They initiated fast, also at 0 °C, and were found to be highly active in a variety of ring-closing, ene-yne, and cross-metathesis reactions, including an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) model, which makes them good candidates for the transformation of complex polyfunctional compounds that require mild reaction conditions.

Carbon nanotube catalysts: recent advances in synthesis, characterization and applications

Carbon nanotubes are promising materials for various applications.