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Luo X, Sun J, Kong D, Lei Y, Gong F, Zhang T, Shen Z, Wang K, Luo H, Xu Y. The role of germanium in diseases: exploring its important biological effects. J Transl Med 2023; 21:795. [PMID: 37940963 PMCID: PMC10634018 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of organic germanium and nanotechnology, germanium serves multiple biological functions, and its potential value in biochemistry and medicine has increasingly captured the attention of researchers. In recent years, germanium has gradually gained significance as a material in the field of biomedicine and shows promising application prospects. However, there has been a limited amount of research conducted on the biological effects and mechanisms of germanium, and a systematic evaluation is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematically examine the application of germanium in the field of biomedicine and contribute new insights for future research on the functions and mechanisms of germanium in disease treatment. By conducting a comprehensive search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, we systematically reviewed the relevant literature on the relationship between germanium and biomedicine. In this review, we will describe the biological activities of germanium in inflammation, immunity, and antioxidation. Furthermore, we will discuss its role in the treatment of neuroscience and oncology-related conditions. This comprehensive exploration of germanium provides a valuable foundation for the future application of this element in disease intervention, diagnosis, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jiaxue Sun
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Deshenyue Kong
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Fangyou Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Zongwen Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
- Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Huayou Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Yu Xu
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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Parsaei M, Akhbari K. Magnetic UiO-66-NH 2 Core-Shell Nanohybrid as a Promising Carrier for Quercetin Targeted Delivery toward Human Breast Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41321-41338. [PMID: 37969997 PMCID: PMC10633860 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a magnetic core-shell metal-organic framework (MOF) nanocomposite, Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2, was synthesized for tumor-targeting drug delivery by incorporating carboxylate groups as functional groups onto ferrite nanoparticle surfaces, followed by fabrication of the UiO-66-NH2 shell using a facile self-assembly approach. The anticancer drug quercetin (QU) was loaded into the magnetic core-shell nanoparticles. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were comprehensively evaluated through multiple techniques, including FT-IR, PXRD, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, UV-vis, ZP, and VSM. Drug release investigations were conducted to investigate the release behavior of QU from the nanocomposite at two different pH values (7.4 and 5.4). The results revealed that QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 exhibited a high loading capacity of 43.1% and pH-dependent release behavior, maintaining sustained release characteristics over a prolonged duration of 11 days. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assays using the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and the normal cell line HEK-293 were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of QU, UiO-66-NH2, Fe3O4-COOH, Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2, and QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2. Treatment with QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 substantially reduced the cell viability in cancerous MDA-MB-231 cells. Cellular uptake and cell death mechanisms were further investigated, demonstrating the internalization of QU@Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 by cancer cells and the induction of cancer cell death through the apoptosis pathway. These findings highlight the considerable potential of Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2 as a targeted nanocarrier for the delivery of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Parsaei
- School of Chemistry, College
of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry, College
of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
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Sudhakar S, Rajendran P, Schäffer E. Synthesis of Germanium Nanospheres as High-Precision Optical Tweezers Probes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2478:25-35. [PMID: 36063317 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2229-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Force spectroscopy on single molecular machines generating piconewton forces is often performed using optical tweezers. Since trapping forces scale with the particle volume, piconewton-force measurements so far required micron-sized probes practically limiting the spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we have overcome this limit by developing high-refractive index germanium nanospheres as ultraresolution trapping probes. With a refractive index of 4.4, their trapping efficiency and maximum force per power is more than 10-fold higher compared to silica spheres of equal size. Therefore, the use of germanium allows piconewton-force measurements with nanometer sized probes. Using 70-nm-diameter germanium nanospheres as trappable optical probes (GeNTOPs), we could show that kinesin-1 walks with 4-nm-center-of-mass steps. In the long-term, the application of these novel high-precision GeNTOPs will provide new insight into the working mechanism of molecular machines and are promising candidates for other applications in microscopy, optoelectronics, and nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Sudhakar
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pasupathi Rajendran
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany.
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Sudhakar S, Abdosamadi MK, Jachowski TJ, Bugiel M, Jannasch A, Schäffer E. Germanium nanospheres for ultraresolution picotensiometry of kinesin motors. Science 2021; 371:371/6530/eabd9944. [PMID: 33574186 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd9944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin motors are essential for the transport of cellular cargo along microtubules. How the motors step, detach, and cooperate with each other is still unclear. To dissect the molecular motion of kinesin-1, we developed germanium nanospheres as ultraresolution optical trapping probes. We found that single motors took 4-nanometer center-of-mass steps. Furthermore, kinesin-1 never detached from microtubules under hindering load conditions. Instead, it slipped on microtubules in microsecond-long, 8-nanometer steps and remained in this slip state before detaching or reengaging in directed motion. Unexpectedly, reengagement and thus rescue of directed motion was more frequent. Our observations broaden our knowledge on the mechanochemical cycle and slip state of kinesin. This state and rescue need to be accounted for to understand long-range transport by teams of motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Sudhakar
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Kazem Abdosamadi
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Jörg Jachowski
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bugiel
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anita Jannasch
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Cellular Nanoscience (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Parhi B, Bharatiya D, Swain SK. Application of quercetin flavonoid based hybrid nanocomposites: A review. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1719-1732. [PMID: 33424263 PMCID: PMC7783214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural bioflavonoids are an essential component of dietary supplements possessing antimicrobial properties. Many of the bioflavonoids have resulted in positive antitumor, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory properties, but the efficacy remains low due to toxicity at the molecular level whereas antiviral property limits to negative. The synergistic link between nanoscience and flavonoid chemistry enhances the epidemiological properties of flavonoid and also diminish the antimicrobial resistivity (AMR) by forming their hybrid nanocomposites. Nanochemistry uses various nanocomposite and nanomaterials for biosensing the flavonoids and their delivery as a drug. The quercetin flavonoid and its derivatives such as rutin, and myricetin are used for sensing and drug delivery. Quercetin with 15Carbon-5Hydroxyl chemical scaffold has been explored for a few decades for the development of hybrid nanocomposite and nanomaterial with metallic as well as organic nano co-composites. This quercetin flavonoid based hybrid nanocomposites seemed to show a significant effect on In vitro and some animal model processes along with attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability actions. This review mainly focused on the hybrid nanoscience of quercetin bioflavonoid and its application in numerous biological, material fields with a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Parhi
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, India
| | - Debasrita Bharatiya
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, India
| | - Sarat K Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, India
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Xu Y, Li P, Cheng D, Wu C, Lu Q, Yang W, Zhu X, Yin P, Liu M, Li H, Zhang Y. Group IV nanodots: synthesis, surface engineering and application in bioimaging and biotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10290-10308. [PMID: 33103712 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Group IV nanodots (NDs) mainly including carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) have aroused much attention as one type of important nanomaterials that are widely studied in optoelectronics, semiconductors, sensors and biomedicine-related fields owing to the low cost of synthesis, good stability, excellent biocompatibility, and some attractive newly emerged properties. In this review, the synthesis, surface engineering and application in bioimaging and biotherapy of group IV NDs are summarized and discussed. The recent progress in the rational synthesis and functionalization, specific therapy-related properties, together with in vivo and in vitro bioimaging are highlighted. Their new applications in biotherapy such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are illustrated with respect to C, Si and Ge NDs. The current challenges and future applications of these emerging materials in bioimaging and biotherapy are presented. This review provides readers with a distinct perspective of the group IV NDs nanomaterials for synthesis and surface engineering, and newly emerging properties related to applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Dan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Qiujun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Weipeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Haitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
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Pescara B, Mazzio KA. Morphological and Surface-State Challenges in Ge Nanoparticle Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11685-11701. [PMID: 32866013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic properties of Ge in tandem with advances in its nanostructuring have resulted in its increased attention in a variety of fields as an alternative to traditional group 12-14 and 14-16 nanoparticles (NPs). The small band gap and size-dependent development of the optical properties in tandem with their good charge transport properties make Ge NPs a suitable material for optoelectronic devices. The low toxicity of Ge, together with its IR photoluminescence (PL) that overlaps with desirable biological optical windows used for tissue imaging, allows the exploitation of these materials in the field of bioimaging and as drug carriers. In addition, the ability of germanium to both exhibit high mechanical stability in its NP form and alloy with lithium and sodium metals has led to it being a highly attractive material for next-generation lithium ion and beyond-lithium batteries. While it is attracting considerable attention in a variety of areas, research on Ge NPs is still relatively nascent. Fundamental aspects of this material, such as its Bohr radius and the origin of different observed PLs, are still under debate. Moreover, the ability to produce Ge NPs with controlled dimensions and morphology is not yet as mature as for other classes of nanomaterials. In this review, the mechanisms and origins of these properties will be introduced, which we then relate to specific applications presented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pescara
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherine A Mazzio
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Effects of Temperature on the Morphology and Optical Properties of Spark Discharge Germanium Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194431. [PMID: 33028003 PMCID: PMC7579566 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the spark discharge synthesis of aerosol germanium nanoparticles followed by sintering in a tube furnace at different temperatures varying from 25 to 800 °C. The size, structure, chemical composition and optical properties were studied. We have demonstrated a melting mechanism of nanoparticles agglomerates, the growth of the mean primary particle size from 7 to 51 nm and the reduction of the size of agglomerates with a temperature increase. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data, primary nanoparticles sintered at temperatures from 25 to 475 °C basically have a structure of Ge crystals embedded in a GeOx amorphous matrix, as well as visible photoluminescence (PL) with the maximum at 550 nm. Pure germanium nanoparticles are prepared at temperatures above 625 °C and distinguished by their absence of visible PL. The shape of the experimental UV-vis-NIR extinction spectra significantly depends on the size distribution of the germanium crystals. This fact was confirmed by simulations according to Mie theory for obtained ensembles of germanium nanoparticles.
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Germanium nanoparticles: Intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity and its biosensing application. Talanta 2019; 195:407-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xu D, Hu MJ, Wang YQ, Cui YL. Antioxidant Activities of Quercetin and Its Complexes for Medicinal Application. Molecules 2019; 24:E1123. [PMID: 30901869 PMCID: PMC6470739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a bioactive compound that is widely used in botanical medicine and traditional Chinese medicine due to its potent antioxidant activity. In recent years, antioxidant activities of quercetin have been studied extensively, including its effects on glutathione (GSH), enzymatic activity, signal transduction pathways, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by environmental and toxicological factors. Chemical studies on quercetin have mainly focused on the antioxidant activity of its metal ion complexes and complex ions. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the antioxidant activities, chemical research, and medicinal application of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Meng-Jiao Hu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yan-Qiu Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yuan-Lu Cui
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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