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Thangavel SK, Mohamed Kasim MS, Rengan R. Promoting the Anticancer Activity with Multidentate Furan-2-Carboxamide Functionalized Aroyl Thiourea Chelation in Binuclear Half-Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7520-7539. [PMID: 38590210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A new set of binuclear arene ruthenium complexes [Ru2(p-cymene)2(k4-N2OS)(L1-L3)Cl2] (Ru2L1-Ru2L3) encompassing furan-2-carboxamide-based aroylthiourea derivatives (H2L1-H2L3) was synthesized and characterized by various spectral and analytical techniques. Single-crystal XRD analysis unveils the N^O and N^S mixed monobasic bidentate coordination of the ligands constructing N, S, Cl/N, O, and Cl legged piano stool octahedral geometry. DFT analysis demonstrates the predilection for the formation of stable arene ruthenium complexes. In vitro antiproliferative activity of the complexes was examined against human cervical (HeLa), breast (MCF-7), and lung (A549) cancerous and noncancerous monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells. All the complexes are more efficacious against HeLa and MCF-7 cells with low inhibitory doses (3.86-11.02 μM). Specifically, Ru2L3 incorporating p-cymene and -OCH3 fragments exhibits high lipophilicity, significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and lower toxicity on noncancerous cells. Staining analysis indicates the apoptosis-associated cell morphological changes expressively in MCF-7 cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses reveal that Ru2L3 can raise ROS levels, reduce MMP, and trigger mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis. The catalytic oxidation of glutathione (GSH) to its disulfide form (GSSG) by the complexes may simultaneously increase the ROS levels, alluding to their observed cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction. Flow cytometry determined the quantitative classification of late apoptosis and S-phase arrest in MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Western blotting analysis confirmed that the complexes promote apoptosis by upregulating Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 and downregulating BCL-2. Molecular docking studies unfolded the strong binding affinities of the complexes with VEGFR2, an angiogenic signaling receptor, and BCL2, Cyclin D1, and HER2 proteins typically overexpressed on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiya Kamatchi Thangavel
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | | | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
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Abirami A, Devan U, Ramesh R, Antony Joseph Velanganni A, Małecki JG. Exploring the cytotoxicity of dinuclear Ru(II) p-cymene complexes appended N, N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazines: insights into the mechanism of apoptotic cell death. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5167-5179. [PMID: 38380977 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a perilous life-threatening disease, and attempts are constantly being made to create multinuclear transition metal complexes that could lead to the development of potential anticancer medications and administration procedures. Hence, this work aims to design, synthesize, characterize, and assess the anticancer efficacy of ruthenium p-cymene complexes incorporating N,N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazine ligands. The formation of the new complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) has been thoroughly established by elemental analysis, and FT-IR, UV-vis, NMR, and HR-MS spectral techniques. The solid-state molecular structures of the complexes Ru2H1 and Ru2H3 have been determined using the SC-XRD study, which confirms the N, O, and Cl-legged piano stool pseudo-octahedral geometry of each ruthenium(II) ion. The stability of these complexes in the solution state and their lipophilicity profile have been determined. Furthermore, the title complexes were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against cancerous H460 (lung cancer cells), SkBr3 (breast cancer cells), HepG2 (liver cancer cells), and HeLa (cervical cancer cells) along with non-cancerous (HEK-293) cells. The IC50 results revealed that complex Ru2H3 exhibits potent activity against the proliferation of all four cancer cells and outscored the effect of the standard metallodrug cisplatin. This may be attributed to the presence of a couple of lipophilic electron-donating methoxy groups in the ligand scaffold and also the ruthenium(II) p-cymene motifs. Advantageously, all the complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) displayed cytotoxic specificity only towards cancerous cells by leaving the off-target non-cancerous cells undamaged. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, Hoechst 33342, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining assays were used to investigate the apoptotic pathway and ROS levels in mitochondria. The results of western blot analysis confirmed that the complexes triggered apoptosis through an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by upregulating Bax and downregulating Bcl-2 proteins. Finally, the extent of apoptosis triggered by the complex Ru2H3 was quantified with the aid of flow cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Abirami
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Umapathy Devan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Arockiam Antony Joseph Velanganni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Arunachalam A, Rengan R, Umapathy D, Arockiam AJV. Impact of Biphenyl Benzhydrazone-Incorporated Arene Ru(II) Complexes on Cytotoxicity and the Cancer Cell Death Mechanism. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Arunachalam
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Devan Umapathy
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Antony Joseph Velanganni Arockiam
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
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CORM-3 induces DNA damage through Ru(II) binding to DNA. Biochem J 2022; 479:1429-1439. [PMID: 35726678 PMCID: PMC9342897 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
When the ‘CO-releasing molecule-3’, CORM-3 (Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate)), is dissolved in water it forms a range of ruthenium complexes. These are taken up by cells and bind to intracellular ligands, notably thiols such as cysteine and glutathione, where the Ru(II) reaches high intracellular concentrations. Here, we show that the Ru(II) ion also binds to DNA, at exposed guanosine N7 positions. It therefore has a similar cellular target to the anticancer drug cisplatin, but not identical, because Ru(II) shows no evidence of forming intramolecular crossbridges in the DNA. The reaction is slow, and with excess Ru, intermolecular DNA crossbridges are formed. The addition of CORM-3 to human colorectal cancer cells leads to strand breaks in the DNA, as assessed by the alkaline comet assay. DNA damage is inhibited by growth media containing amino acids, which bind to extracellular Ru and prevent its entry into cells. We conclude that the cytotoxicity of Ru(II) is different from that of platinum, making it a promising development target for cancer therapeutics.
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Metal Complexes or Chelators with ROS Regulation Capacity: Promising Candidates for Cancer Treatment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010148. [PMID: 35011380 PMCID: PMC8746559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are rapidly eliminated and reproduced in organisms, and they always play important roles in various biological functions and abnormal pathological processes. Evaluated ROS have frequently been observed in various cancers to activate multiple pro-tumorigenic signaling pathways and induce the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2•-) are the most important redox signaling agents in cancer cells, the homeostasis of which is maintained by dozens of growth factors, cytokines, and antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, antioxidant enzymes tend to have higher activity levels to maintain the homeostasis of ROS in cancer cells. Effective intervention in the ROS homeostasis of cancer cells by chelating agents or metal complexes has already developed into an important anti-cancer strategy. We can inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzymes using chelators or metal complexes; on the other hand, we can also use metal complexes to directly regulate the level of ROS in cancer cells via mitochondria. In this review, metal complexes or chelators with ROS regulation capacity and with anti-cancer applications are collectively and comprehensively analyzed, which is beneficial for the development of the next generation of inorganic anti-cancer drugs based on ROS regulation. We expect that this review will provide a new perspective to develop novel inorganic reagents for killing cancer cells and, further, as candidates or clinical drugs.
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Prabaharan R, Rengan R, Umapathy D, Arockiam AJV, Małecki JG. Assessment of antiproliferative activity of new half‐sandwich arene Ru (II) furylbenzhydrazone complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Prabaharan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli India
| | - Devan Umapathy
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli India
| | | | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia Katowice Poland
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Cyclometalated Ru(II) β-carboline complexes induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human HeLa cervical cancer cells via suppressing ERK and Akt signaling. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:793-808. [PMID: 34459988 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new cyclometalated Ru(II)-β-carboline complexes, [Ru(dmb)2(Cl-Ph-βC)](PF6) (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; Cl-Ph-βC = Cl-phenyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; RuβC-3) and [Ru(bpy)2(Cl-Ph-βC)](PF6) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; RuβC-4) were synthesized and characterized. The Ru(II) complexes display high cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, the stabilized human cervical cancer cell, with IC50 values of 3.2 ± 0.4 μM (RuβC-3) and 4.1 ± 0.6 μM (RuβC-4), which were considerably lower than that of non-cyclometalated Ru(II)-β-carboline complex [Ru(bpy)2(1-Py-βC)] (PF6)2 (61.2 ± 3.9 μM) by 19- and 15-folds, respectively. The mechanism studies indicated that both Ru(II) complexes could significantly inhibit HeLa cell migration and invasion, and effectively induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The new Ru(II) complexes could also trigger apoptosis through activating caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and inducing cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Further research revealed that RuβC-3 could deactivate the ERK/Akt signaling pathway thus inhibiting HeLa cell invasion and migration, and inducing apoptosis. In addition, RuβC-3-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells was closely associated with the increase of intracellular ROS levels, which may act as upstream factors to regulate ERK and Akt pathways. More importantly, RuβC-3 exhibited low toxicity on both normal BEAS-2B cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Consequently, the developed Ru(II) complexes have great potential on developing novel low-toxic anticancer drugs.
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Sathiya Kamatchi T, Mohamed Subarkhan MK, Ramesh R, Wang H, Małecki JG. Investigation into antiproliferative activity and apoptosis mechanism of new arene Ru(ii) carbazole-based hydrazone complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:11385-11395. [PMID: 32776042 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes with bioactive ligands are becoming promising substitutes for platinum complexes due to their precise action against various cancers. In the present study, the synthesis of three new arene Ru(ii) complexes containing new carbazole-based hydrazone ligands of general formula [(η6-benzene)Ru(L)Cl] (1-3; L = carbazolone benzhydrazone ligands), and their anticancer properties are described. The structural characterization of the ligands and their ruthenium complexes has been realized with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, NMR and HR-MS techniques. The molecular structures of all three complexes have been elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography and reveal the existence of pseudo-octahedral geometry around the ruthenium. The in vitro cancer cell growth inhibition property of the complexes against A549 (lung carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian adenocarcinoma) and non-cancerous 16HBE (human lung bronchial epithelium) cells were examined by MTT assay. All the complexes display good cytotoxicity towards both of these types of cancer cell compared to the standard drug cisplatin, with low IC50 values. Remarkably, complex 3, which contains an electron-donating substituent, induces a significant reduction of viability in A2780 cells. The inhibition capacity of the complexes towards A2780 cells proliferation was further confirmed using 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay via minimal DNA synthesis. The result of the acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO-EB) fluorescent staining assay establishes that the cytotoxicity of the complexes was mediated by apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining determines the quantitative discrimination of early apoptosis by the externalization of phosphatidylserine. In addition, cell cycle distribution indicates that the complexes block the cell cycle progression in the S-phase. The outcome of our investigation shows the promising scope and potency of tailored arene ruthenium complexes for precise cancer chemotherapy beyond platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Sathiya Kamatchi
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohamed Kasim Mohamed Subarkhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
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El‐Afify ME, Elsayed SA, Shalaby TI, Toson EA, El‐Hendawy AM. Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding/cleavage, cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antibacterial activities of V(IV), Mo(VI), and Ru(II) complexes containing a bioactive ONS‐donor chelating agent. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa E. El‐Afify
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta 34517 Egypt
| | - Shadia A. Elsayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta 34517 Egypt
| | - Thanaa I. Shalaby
- Medical Biophysics Department, Medical Research Institute Alexandria University Alexandria 21561 Egypt
| | - Elshahat A. Toson
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta 34517 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El‐Hendawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta 34517 Egypt
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Chen J, Wang J, Deng Y, Li B, Li C, Lin Y, Yang D, Zhang H, Chen L, Wang T. Novel cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes containing isoquinoline ligands: Synthesis, characterization, cellular uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112562. [PMID: 32698112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two novel cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes containing isoquinoline ligand, [Ru(bpy)2(1-Ph-IQ)](PF6), (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; 1-Ph-IQ = 1-phenylisoquinoline; RuIQ-1) and [Ru(phen)2(1-Ph-IQ)](PF6) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; RuIQ-2) were found to show high cytotoxic activity against NCI-H460, A549, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Notably, both of them exhibited IC50 values that were an order of magnitude lower than those of clinical cisplatin and two structurally similar Ru(II)-isoquinoline complexes [Ru(bpy)2(1-Py-IQ)](PF6)2 (Ru3) and [Ru(phen)2(1-Py-IQ)](PF6)2 (Ru4) (1-Py-IQ = 1-pyridine-2-yl). The cellular uptake and intracellular localization displayed that the two cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes entered NCI-H460 cancer cells dominantly via endocytosis pathway, and preferentially distributed in the nucleus. Further investigations on the apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of RuIQ-1 and RuIQ-2 revealed that the two complexes could cause S, G2/M double-cycle arrest by regulating cell cycle related proteins. The two complexes also could reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), promote the generation of intracellular ROS and trigger DNA damage, and then lead to apoptosis-mediated cell death. More importantly, RuIQ-2 exhibits low toxicity both towards normal HBE cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Accordingly, the developed complexes hold great potential to be developed as novel therapeutics for effective and low-toxic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Chengpeng Li
- The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yuxue Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Dongbin Yang
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Hebi of Henan University, Hebi, 456030, China
| | - Huanyun Zhang
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Hebi of Henan University, Hebi, 456030, China
| | - Lanmei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- The College of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia.
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Liu H, Xiong Z, Li M, Chen T. Ruthenium arene complex induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through activation of P53-mediated signaling pathways. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yang Y, Guo L, Ge X, Shi S, Gong Y, Xu Z, Zheng X, Liu Z. Structure-activity relationships for highly potent half-sandwich organoiridium(III) anticancer complexes with C^N-chelated ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 191:1-7. [PMID: 30445339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis, characterization, catalytic ability in converting coenzyme NADH to NAD+ and anticancer activity of half-sandwich iridium(III) complexes, [(η5-Cpxbiph)Ir(C^N)Cl]PF6-, where Cpxbiph = tetramethyl(biphenyl)cyclopentadienyl, C^N = varying imine-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. The molecular structure of [(η5-Cpxbiph)Ir(L6)Cl]PF6 (complex Ir6), exhibiting the familiar "piano-stool" geometry, has been authenticated by X-ray crystallography. The anticancer activities of these complexes can be governed via substituent effects of three tunable domains and the ligand substituted variants offer an effective chelate ligand set that distinguishes anticancer activity and catalytic ability. Notably, complex Ir6 displays the greatest cytotoxic activities (IC50 = 0.85 μM), whose anticancer activity is more approximately 25-fold higher than that of cisplatin. The initial cell death mechanistic insight displays that this group of iridium(III) complexes exerts anticancer effects via cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the confocal microscopy imaging shows that the complex Ir6 can damage lysosome. Overall, preliminary structure-activity relationships study and understanding of the cell death mechanism perhaps provide a rational strategy for enhancing anticancer activity of this family of complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Yang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
| | - Xingxing Ge
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shaopeng Shi
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Yuteng Gong
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhishan Xu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
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Yang Y, Guo L, Tian Z, Liu X, Gong Y, Zheng H, Ge X, Liu Z. Imine-N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Versatile Ligands in Ruthenium(II) p-Cymene Anticancer Complexes: A Structure-Activity Relationship Study. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2923-2933. [PMID: 30101417 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A family of novel imine-N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium(II) complexes of the general formula [(η6 -p-cymene)Ru(C^N)Cl]PF6 - (where C^N is an imine-N-heterocyclic carbene chelating ligand with varying substituents) have been prepared and characterized. In this imine-N-heterocyclic carbene chelating ligand framework, there are three potential sites that can be modified, which distinguishes this class of ligand and provides a body of flexibilities and opportunities to tune the cytotoxicity of these ruthenium(II) complexes. The influence of substituent effects of three tunable domains on the anticancer activity and catalytic ability in converting coenzyme NADH to NAD+ is investigated. This family of complexes displays an exceedingly distinct anticancer activity against A549 cancer cells, despite their close structural similarity. Complex 9 shows the highest anticancer activity in this series against A549 cancer cells (IC50 =14.36 μm), with an approximately 1.5-fold better activity than the clinical platinum drug cisplatin (IC50 =21.30 μm) in A549 cancer cells. Mechanistic studies reveal that complex 9 mediates cell death mainly through cell stress, including cell cycle arrest, inducing apoptosis, increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, lysosomal damage is also detected by confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Yang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xicheng Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Yuteng Gong
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xingxing Ge
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
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14
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Sahyon H, El-Bindary A, Shoair A, Abdellatif A. Synthesis and characterization of ruthenium(III) complex containing 2-aminomethyl benzimidazole, and its anticancer activity of in vitro and in vivo models. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Lin S, Lv J, Peng P, Cai C, Deng J, Deng H, Li X, Tang X. Bufadienolides induce p53-mediated apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:1566-1572. [PMID: 29434851 PMCID: PMC5774392 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bufadienolides are a type of cardiotonic steroids isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, and exhibit wide-spectrum anticancer activities. However, the effects and mechanisms of bufadienolides on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells remain unknown. In the present study, the anticancer activities of two bufadienolides, bufotalin and bufalin, were examined in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that bufotalin and bufalin effectively inhibited the viability of ESCC cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.8–3.6 µM. However, bufotalin and bufalin exhibited lower toxicity towards Het-1A human esophageal squamous cells, indicating their high selectivity towards cancer cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that bufotalin effectively induced ESCC cell apoptosis, as characterized by DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation, which was primarily mediated through activation of caspase family members. In addition, treatment of ESCC cells with bufotalin markedly activated tumor protein p53 (p53) phosphorylation. Transfection of cells with p53 small interfering RNA markedly inhibited bufotalin-induced p53 phosphorylation and significantly inhibited bufotalin-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, bufotalin demonstrated in vivo anticancer efficacy in a tumor-bearing nude mice model, where bufotalin effectively inhibited Eca-109 xenograft tumor growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner, through activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Collectively, the results from the present study suggested that bufadienolides exert anticancer effects against ESCC by regulating the p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohuan Lin
- Thoracic Surgeons Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Lv
- Thoracic Surgeons Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Panli Peng
- Oncology No. 2 Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Cai
- Oncology No. 2 Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Deng
- Thoracic Surgeons Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Haihong Deng
- Thoracic Surgeons Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Thoracic Surgeons Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Oncology No. 2 Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
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16
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Levina A, Crans DC, Lay PA. Speciation of metal drugs, supplements and toxins in media and bodily fluids controls in vitro activities. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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17
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Yang Y, Xie Q, Zhao Z, He L, Chan L, Liu Y, Chen Y, Bai M, Pan T, Qu Y, Ling L, Chen T. Functionalized Selenium Nanosystem as Radiation Sensitizer of 125I Seeds for Precise Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25857-25869. [PMID: 28718286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy has been extensively applied in cancer treatment, external beam radiation therapy is still unable to avoid damage to adjacent normal tissues in the process of delivering a sufficient radiation dose to the tumor sites of patients. To overcome this limitation, chemoradiotherapy, as a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy of a radioactive seed, has been proposed to decrease the damage to tumor-surrounding tissues and enhance the radiosensitivity of solid tumors. In this study, we designed and synthesized folic acid-conjugated selenium nanoparticles (FA@SeNPs) as a cancer-targeting agent that could be synergistically enhanced by radioactive 125I seeds to realize anticancer efficacy and inhibited colony formation ability. Interestingly, when compared with X-ray irradiation, 125I seeds demonstrate a larger synergistic effect with the FA@SeNPs, drastically increasing reactive oxygen species overproduction to trigger apoptosis and influencing the cell cycle distribution in human breast cancer cells, inducing DNA damage and activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase and p53 signaling pathways. Moreover, this combination treatment demonstrates better in vivo antitumor activity and lower systemic toxicity. Therefore, this study demonstrates a new strategy for using functionalized SeNPs as a radiation sensitizer for 125I seeds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhennan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lizhen He
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Leung Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- 421 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Guangzhou 510318, China
| | - Yongle Chen
- 421 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Guangzhou 510318, China
| | - Mingjun Bai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Tao Pan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yanni Qu
- 421 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Guangzhou 510318, China
| | - Long Ling
- 421 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Guangzhou 510318, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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18
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Lai H, Zhang X, Feng P, Xie L, Chen J, Chen T. Enhancement of Antiangiogenic Efficacy of Iron(II) Complex by Selenium Substitution. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:982-987. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Lai
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Lina Xie
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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19
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Synthesis, reactivities and anti-cancer properties of ruthenium(II) complexes with a thiaether macrocyclic ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Liu Z, Chan L, Chen L, Bai Y, Chen T. Facile Fabrication of Near-Infrared-Responsive and Chitosan-Functionalized Cu2
Se Nanoparticles for Cancer Photothermal Therapy. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3032-3039. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liu
- Chemistry Department; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Leung Chan
- Chemistry Department; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Liyan Chen
- Chemistry Department; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yan Bai
- Chemistry Department; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Chemistry Department; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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21
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Investigation of inducing apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 cells and related mechanism of a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Yang Y, Deng S, Zeng Q, Hu W, Chen T. Highly stable selenadiazole derivatives induce bladder cancer cell apoptosis and inhibit cell migration and invasion through the activation of ROS-mediated signaling pathways. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18465-18475. [PMID: 27711726 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein highly stable selenadiazole derivatives were synthesized and found to be able to induce bladder cancer cell apoptosis and inhibit cell migration and invasion through the activation of ROS-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Shulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Qinsong Zeng
- Department of Urology
- General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA
- Guangzhou 510010
- China
| | - Weilie Hu
- Department of Urology
- General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA
- Guangzhou 510010
- China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University Guangzhou 510632
- China
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