1
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Jana M, Blasco D, Sundholm D, Rath H. Organometallic copper(II) complex of meso- meso N-methyl N-confused pyrrole-bridged doubly N-methyl N-confused hexaphyrin. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4461-4465. [PMID: 38766981 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis, spectroscopic and theoretical characterization of a hitherto unknown meso-meso N-confused N-methylpyrrole-bridged doubly N-confused hexaphyrin (molecule 5) and its organometallic copper(II) complex (molecule 6) are reported herein. The absence of Q-type bands in the UV-Vis spectrum and the high chemical shifts of the inner proton signals of 5 suggest its globally non-aromaticity. The spectroscopic evidence of non-aromaticity for 5 and the paramagnetic nature of 6, are fully supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the UV-Vis spectra, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) g-tensor parameters, and the magnetically induced current density strengths obtained with the gauge-including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
| | - Daniel Blasco
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Harapriya Rath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
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2
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Kim J, Oh J, Osuka A, Kim D. Porphyrinoids, a unique platform for exploring excited-state aromaticity. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:268-292. [PMID: 34879124 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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3
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Chitranshi S, Adinarayana B, Das M, Cha WY, Kim D, Srinivasan A. Bis-4,4'-biphenyl Ring Embedded Octaphyrin with Three Distinct Conformational Structures. Chemistry 2019; 25:12911-12915. [PMID: 31410896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three distinct conformational structures of carbaoctaphyrins were prepared by incorporating bis-4,4'-biphenyl units in the macrocyclic core. The free-base form adopts a figure-eight conformation, whereas the protonation triggers a conformational change with a pyrrole ring inversion and acquires an open-framework structure. The insertion of bis-RhI metal ion in the macrocyclic core affords a singly twisted conformational structure. Furthermore, the local aromaticity in the bis-4,4'-biphenyl ring dominates the overall macrocyclic aromaticity in all three forms, and thus adopts nonaromatic characteristics. These results are supported by spectral as well as theoretical studies, and they are unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangya Chitranshi
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - B Adinarayana
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Won-Young Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - A Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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4
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Ghosh A, Dash S, Srinivasan A, Suresh CH, Chandrashekar TK. Two non-identical twins in one unit cell: characterization of 34π aromatic core-modified octaphyrins, their structural isomers and anion bound complexes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5911-5919. [PMID: 31360396 PMCID: PMC6582758 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01633c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two inseparable isomers A and B (non-identical twins) crystallize in a single unit cell. However, replacement of middle thiophene ring by selenophene ring results in crystallization of two molecules of isomer A (identical twins).
Four different core-modified planar 34π octaphyrins (10, 11, 13, and 15) which exhibit rotational isomerism have been synthesized and characterized both in solution and solid states. Octaphyrins 10, 11 and 13 show two inseparable isomers A and B which crystallize in the same unit cell. However, 15 forms two identical isomers of A. Structurally, the two isomers in 10, 11 and 13 (A and B) are different only in the ring inversion of one of the thiophene or selenophene rings present in the terthiophene subunit of the macrocycle. In isomer A, the middle thiophene or selenophene rings are inverted, while in isomer B, the terminal thiophene rings are inverted. The 1H NMR spectrum of these macrocycles shows peaks assignable to protons of both the isomers in toluene D8. The single crystal structure analysis of 10 reveals the presence of both isomers 10A and 10B in a single unit cell with the P21/n space group. Both the isomers exhibit aromatic behaviour in the freebase form. Protonation of pyrrole nitrogens leads to exclusive formation of isomer B for 10 and 11. However, both the isomers are present upon protonation of 13 where the central heterocyclic ring of terthiophene subunits has thiophene and selenophene rings. Octaphyrin 15 crystallizes in the P21/c space group and exclusively isomer A was formed in the reaction. Protonation of pyrrole nitrogens leads to significant increases in aromaticity as revealed by 1H NMR chemical shift data. The NICS values calculated for the individual heterocyclic rings before and after protonation support such a conclusion. The AICD plots exhibit clockwise orientation of current density vectors suggesting the presence of diatropic ring current in the octaphyrins. Energy calculations at the M06L/CC-pVTZ//M06L/6-31G** level qualitatively account for exclusive stabilization of a particular isomer relative to the other upon protonation. To the best of our knowledge 10 represents the first example in expanded porphyrin chemistry where two different structural isomers crystallize in a single unit cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
| | - Syamasrit Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Section , Chemical Sciences and Technology Division , CSIR-National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Trivandrum-695019 , Kerala , India
| | - Tavarekere K Chandrashekar
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
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5
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Soya T, Osuka A. Internally Bridged Hückel Aromatic [46]Decaphyrins: (Doubly‐Twisted‐Annuleno)Doubly‐Twisted‐Annulene Variants. Chemistry 2019; 25:5173-5176. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Soya
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Adinarayana B, Das M, Suresh CH, Srinivasan A. Homocarbaporphyrinoids: The m-o-m and p-o-p Terphenyl Embedded Expanded Porphyrin Analogues and Their Rh I Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:4683-4687. [PMID: 30715756 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stable homocarbaporphyrinoids were successfully synthesized by incorporating the m-o-m and p-o-p terphenyl units into the porphyrin core. The distinct bonding modes of terphenyl in the macrocycle generated two structural isomers with two and four carbon atoms in the macrocyclic environment. The core was utilized to stabilize the RhI ion. The spectral and structural analyses revealed that the restricted (m-o-m) and allowed (p-o-p) conjugation in the macrocyclic core provide overall non-aromatic characteristics both to the free bases and their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adinarayana
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Soya
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Mori
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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8
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Soya T, Mori H, Osuka A. Quadruply Twisted Hückel-Aromatic Dodecaphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15882-15886. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Soya
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Mori
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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9
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Cha WY, Kim T, Ghosh A, Zhang Z, Ke XS, Ali R, Lynch VM, Jung J, Kim W, Lee S, Fukuzumi S, Park JS, Sessler JL, Chandrashekar TK, Kim D. Bicyclic Baird-type aromaticity. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1243-1248. [PMID: 29168483 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classic formulations of aromaticity have long been associated with topologically planar conjugated macrocyclic systems. The theoretical possibility of so-called bicycloaromaticity was noted early on. However, it has yet to be demonstrated by experiment in a simple synthetic organic molecule. Conjugated organic systems are attractive for studying the effect of structure on electronic features. This is because, in principle, they can be modified readily through dedicated synthesis. As such, they can provide useful frameworks for testing by experiment with fundamental insights provided by theory. Here we detail the synthesis and characterization of two purely organic non-planar dithienothiophene-bridged [34]octaphyrins that permit access to two different aromatic forms as a function of the oxidation state. In their neutral forms, these congeneric systems contain competing 26 and 34 π-electronic circuits. When subject to two-electron oxidation, electronically mixed [4n+1]/[4n+1] triplet biradical species in the ground state are obtained that display global aromaticity in accord with Baird's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 751 005, Odisha, India
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Rashid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jieun Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Jung Su Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | | | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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10
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Abstract
The use of cyclic polyene perimeter-model approaches, such as Gouterman's four-orbital model and Michl's perimeter model, to analyze trends in the electronic structures and optical properties of expanded, contracted, and isomeric porphyrins is described with an emphasis on the use of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to validate the results of TD-DFT calculations. Trends in the electronic structures and optical properties of isomeric porphyrins are examined by comparing the properties of porphycenes, corrphycenes, hemiporphycenes, isoporphycenes, N-confused and neoconfused porphyrins, and norroles, whereas those of ring-contracted porphyrins are examined by comparing the properties of subporphyrins, triphyrins, and vacataporphyrins. The ring-expanded compounds that are examined include cyclo[n]pyrroles, [22]pentaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1), sapphyrins, smaragdyrins, isosmaragdyrins, orangarins, ozaphyrins, [26]hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1), rubyrins, rosarins, amethyrins, isoamethyrins, bronzaphyrins, and doubly N-confused hexaphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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11
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Shivran N, Gadekar SC, Anand VG. “To Twist or Not to Twist”: Figure-of-Eight and Planar Structures of Octaphyrins. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:6-20. [PMID: 27893187 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Shivran
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Santosh C. Gadekar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Venkataramanarao G. Anand
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
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12
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Abstract
This review underscores the conformational flexibility of porphyrinoids, a unique class of functional molecules, starting from the smallest triphyrins(1.1.1) via [18]porphyrins(1.1.1.1) and concluding with a variety of expanded porphyrinoids and heteroporphyrinoids, including the enormous [96]tetracosaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0). The specific flexibility of porphyrinoids has been documented as instrumental in the designing or redesigning of macrocyclic frames, particularly in the search for adjustable platforms for coordination or organometallic chemistry, anion binding, or mechanistic switches in molecular devices. A structural prearrangement to coordinate one or more metal ions has been outlined. The coverage of the topic focuses on representative examples of geometry or conformational rearrangements for each selected class of the numerous porphyrinoids accordingly categorized by the number of built-in carbo- or heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Pacholska-Dudziak
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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