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Lin YY, Jiao CJ, Qi YG, Zou JW, Xu DH, Luan SF. Multiple Stimuli-Responsive Color-Changing Polymer Materials for Reversible Writing and Anti-Counterfeiting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43064-43071. [PMID: 39092612 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Polymer materials with multiple stimuli-responsive properties have demonstrated many potential and practical applications. By covalently introducing spiropyran (SP1) and spirothiopyran (STP) into the polyurethane backbone, photochromic, mechanochromic, and thermally discolored polymer materials have been prepared. In this work, we report for the first time that white light (violet, blue, and green light) above a certain intensity can activate STP to green color. Based on the above discovery, the polyurethane with SP1 and STP can exhibit reversible three-color changes (brown, green, and purple) in response to four stimuli: ultraviolet irradiation, white light irradiation, mechanical stress, and heat. The color-changing polymer materials have high color contrast and excellent reversibility, and can be used for reversible writing, anticounterfeiting and information encryption, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Jia Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yong-Gang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dong-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shi-Fang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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2
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Kozlenko AS, Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Lukyanova MB, El-Sewify IM, Lukyanov BS. A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:8. [PMID: 36624333 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure-property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
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3
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Spiropyrans: molecules in motion. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang Q, Wu Z, Qin P, Ji J, Lai L, Yin M. Photoregulated Morphological Transformation of Spiropyran Derivatives Achieving the Tunability of Interfacial Hydrophilicity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11170-11175. [PMID: 34478307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of self-assembly morphology is an effective strategy to obtain advanced functional materials with expected properties. However, achieving remarkable morphological transformation by light irradiation is still a challenge. Herein, three simple spiropyran derivatives (SP1, SP2, and SP3) are constructed, achieving different degrees of morphological transformation from nanospheres to hollow tadpole-like structures (SP3), tubular structures (SP2), and microsheets (SP1) after ultraviolet light irradiation. Interestingly, the hollow tadpole-like structures (SP3) can further extend to Y-shaped or T-shaped tubular morphology. In the process, SP1, SP2, and SP3 can be isomerized from a closed-ring form (hydrophobicity) to an open-ring form (hydrophilicity) in different degrees, interacting differently with methanol solvent molecules. The formation of hollow structures or microsheets along with the isomerization of spiropyran derivatives contributes to the adjustment of the hydrophilicity of the interface. Therefore, SP1, SP2, and SP3 with photoregulated morphological transformation show promising applications in tunable interface materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Penghua Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liming Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Abstract
Recent progress in chiroptical switches including on/off, amplification, and inversion of the chiral signals such as ECD and CPL in supramolecular assemblies is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Han-Xiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Shuai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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Ozhogin IV, Chernyavina VV, Lukyanov BS, Malay VI, Rostovtseva IA, Makarova NI, Tkachev VV, Lukyanova MB, Metelitsa AV, Aldoshin SM. Synthesis and study of new photochromic spiropyrans modified with carboxylic and aldehyde substituents. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
A dimethylaminopyridine-embedded spiropyran compound switches its coordination capability under light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Zhihao Li
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Jiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
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Feeney MJ, Thomas SW. Tuning the Negative Photochromism of Water-Soluble Spiropyran Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Feeney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Wu Z, Mo S, Tan L, Fang B, Su Z, Zhang Y, Yin M. Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement of a Deep-Blue Luminescence Material with Tunable Mechano- and Thermochromism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802524. [PMID: 30303290 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic luminescent materials with the ability to reversibly switch the luminescence when subjected to external stimuli have attracted considerable interest in recent years. However, the examples of luminescent materials that exhibit multiresponsive properties are rarely reported. In this work, a new stimuli-responsive dye P1 is designed and synthesized with two identical chromophores of naphthalimide, one at each side of an amidoamine-based spacer. This amide-rich molecule offers many possibilities for forming intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. Particularly, P1 has an intrinsic property of cocrystallizing with methanol. Compared with the pristine P1 sample, the as-prepared two-component cocrystalline material displays an exceptive deep-blue emission, which is extremely rare among naphthalimide-based molecules in the solid state. Furthermore, the target material exhibits an obvious mechanochromic fluorescent behavior and a large spectral shift under force stimuli. On the other hand, the cocrystalline material shows an unusual "turn off" thermochromic luminescence accompanied by solvent evaporation. Moreover, using external stimuli to reversibly manipulate fluorescent quantum yields is rarely reported to date. The results demonstrate the feasibility of a new design strategy for solid-state luminescence switching materials: the incorporation of solvents into organic compounds by cocrystallization to obtain a crystalline state luminescence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shenzhong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lina Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Bing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yantu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, 716000, P. R. China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Wu Z, Pan K, Mo S, Wang B, Zhao X, Yin M. Tetraphenylethene-Induced Free Volumes for the Isomerization of Spiropyran toward Multifunctional Materials in the Solid State. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30879-30886. [PMID: 30124289 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state photochromic materials with reversible and adjustable optical properties are very appealing because of their wide prospects in advanced functional materials. Yet, it remains a significant challenge to develop such materials in the solid state. In this study, a tetraphenylethene derivative (SP-TPE-SP)-based solid-state photoswitch, which exhibits reversible photochromism in the solid state, was constructed. Efficient photoswitching between SP-TPE-SP and its photoisomer MC-TPE-MC is assisted by the large free volumes caused by the nonplanar molecular structures of the TPE1 moieties and the intramolecular π-π stackings between the two MC moieties. The free volumes are large enough to allow for the transport of HCl gas molecules for an acidochromic response. Furthermore, the morphology of the SP-TPE-SP solid surface can be regulated by ultraviolet light irradiation. The contact angles of the SP-TPE-SP solid surface can be decreased, changing from 97 to 82°. Therefore, SP-TPE-SP with a rather simple molecular structure is appealing for advanced multifunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Kai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Shenzhong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Bijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Xujie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
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12
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Li P, Yao Q, Lü B, Ma G, Yin M. Visible Light-Induced Supra-Amphiphilic Switch Leads to Transition from Supramolecular Nanosphere to Nanovesicle Activated by Pillar[5]arene-Based Host-Guest Interaction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800133. [PMID: 29786904 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Qianfang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Baozhong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Guiping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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13
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Neue Mitglieder der chinesischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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New Academicians and Foreign Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1445-1446. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Shree S, Schulz-Senft M, Alsleben NH, Mishra YK, Staubitz A, Adelung R. Light, Force, and Heat: A Multi-Stimuli Composite that Reveals its Violent Past. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38000-38007. [PMID: 28967255 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A self-reporting polythiourethane/tetrapodal-ZnO (PTU/T-ZnO) composite is produced using spiropyran as an additive at a concentration as low as 0.5 wt %. Exposure to heat, UV light and mechanical force caused the spiropyran to undergo reversible isomerization indicated by a reversible color change. The studies have been conducted with a constant spiropyran concentration at 0.5 wt %, meanwhile varying the T-ZnO concentration from 0 to 7.5 wt %. The tetrapodal ZnO served as a prism: the light scattering effect of T-ZnO created a visual impression of uniform color distribution. The interconnected network of the tetrapodal of ZnO embedded in the PTU matrix enhanced the mechanical stability of the polymer leading to high impact resistance up to ∼232 kPa. PTU/spiropyran also emerged as a possible thermal sensing coating, due to its temperature sensitivity. Due to the broad green luminescence band (∼535 nm) in T-ZnO, the colored merocyanine form which absorbs in this region of the spectrum switches back to spiropyran at this wavelength. High concentrations of T-ZnO were shown to reduce the effect one of the switching triggers i.e., ultraviolet light. Using this property of T-ZnO it was possible to achieve a switchable system with the possibility of separating the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindu Shree
- Institute for Materials Science, Functional Nanomaterials, Kiel University , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Schulz-Senft
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, Kiel University , Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils H Alsleben
- Institute for Materials Science, Functional Nanomaterials, Kiel University , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Institute for Materials Science, Functional Nanomaterials, Kiel University , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, Kiel University , Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen , Leobener Str. 7, NW2 C, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1 , Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Materials Science, Functional Nanomaterials, Kiel University , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Ye Y, Lü B, Cheng W, Wu Z, Wei J, Yin M. Controllable Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Zwitterionic PBI Towards Tunable Surface Wettability of the Nanostructures. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1020-1024. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Material; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Baozhong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Material; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Material; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Material; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Material; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Material; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Kang EB, Cho H, Islamy MZA, In I, Park SY. Photo-switchable spiropyran immobilized polystyrene beads using catechol chemistry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bi Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Korea National University of Transportation; Chungju-Si 380-702 South Korea
| | - Hyeonhun Cho
- Department of Green Bio Engineering; Korea National University of Transportation; Chungju-Si 380-702 South Korea
| | - Mazrad Zihnil Adha Islamy
- Department of IT Convergence; Korea National University of Transportation; Chungju 380-702 South Korea
| | - Insik In
- Department of IT Convergence; Korea National University of Transportation; Chungju 380-702 South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Korea National University of Transportation; Chungju-Si 380-702 South Korea
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Korea National University of Transportation; Chungju-Si 380-702 South Korea
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