1
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Walker NL, Dick JE. On the mechanism of the bipolar reference electrode. Analyst 2023; 148:2149-2158. [PMID: 37042122 PMCID: PMC10308696 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Commercial silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes are some of the most commonly used reference electrodes, but they suffer from a number of issues due to their porous frits. Such issues include difficulty miniaturizing, silver and chloride ion leakage, charge screening effects at low ionic strength, frit drying if left unattended in air, and incompatibility with organic solvents. To solve these issues, we recently designed a reference electrode that is leakless in principle by replacing the porous frit with a sealed, conductive wire, where the ends of the wire are exposed to the reference electrode solution and the working electrode solution. We hypothesized that the reference electrode operated like a closed, bipolar electrochemical cell, and we termed the name bipolar reference electrode (BPRE). Here, we provide evidence that the BPRE can either act as a reference electrode by operating through an ion transfer mechanism via leakage through the imperfect seal, or it can act as a highly stable quasi-reference electrode through a bipolar electron transfer mechanism (BPQRE). Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the BPRE in other types of common electrochemical studies, including chronoamperometry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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He S, Wang X, Xiang G, Lac K, Wang C, Ding Z. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence of A Macrocyclic Tetradentate Chelate Pt(II) Molecule via Its Collisional Interactions with the Electrode. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200727. [PMID: 35997551 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A macrocyclic tetradentate chelate Pt(II) molecule (Pt1) served as an excellent luminophore in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) processes. The blue ECL of Pt1/S2O82- coreactant system in N,N'-dimethylformamide was found to be 46 times higher than that of the Ru(bpy)2+/S2O82- system or 30 times higher than that of the 9,10-diphenylanthracene/S2O82- system. The unprecedented high ECL quantum efficiencies were caused by the cyclic generation of monomer excited states through collisional interactions of Pt1 molecules with the electrode at an elevated frequency. The ECL is tunable from bright blue to pure white by simply changing the solvent from N,N'-dimethylformamide to dichloromethane. The white ECL of Pt(II) molecule was reported for the first time and the mechanism was proposed to be the simultaneous emissions from the monomer excited state (blue) and excimer (red).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijian He
- Nanjing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | | | | | - Kevin Lac
- Western University, Chemistry, CANADA
| | - Changshui Wang
- Nanjing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- University of Western Ontario, Chemistry, 1151 Richmond St, N6A5B7, London, CANADA
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3
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Xu ZH, Gao H, Zhang N, Zhao W, Cheng YX, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Ultrasensitive Nucleic Acid Assay Based on Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complex with High Electrochemiluminescence Efficiency. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1686-1692. [PMID: 33378161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work developed a sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on a cyclometalated iridium(III) complex ((bt)2Irbza), which was synthesized for the first time. Annihilation, reductive-oxidative, and oxidative-reductive ECL behaviors of (bt)2Irbza were investigated, respectively. The oxidative-reductive ECL intensity was the strongest compared with the other two, which showed 16.7 times relative ECL efficiency compared with commercial [Ru(bpy)3]2+ under the same experimental conditions. Therefore, an ECL biosensing system with (bt)2Irbza as the anodic luminophore was established for miRNA detection based on a closed bipolar electrode (BPE). Combined with both steric hindrance and catalytic effects induced by hemin/G-quadruplex in the cathodic reservoir of BPE that changed the Faraday current of the cathode and thus mediated the ECL intensity of (bt)2Irbza in the anode of BPE, the ECL sensor stated an ultrahigh sensitivity for microRNA (miRNA-122) analysis with a detection limit of 82 aM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Gao
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Cheng
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Goodwin JW, Kruger PE, Hawes CS. Structural and spectroscopic insights on the coordination chemistry of the rigid heterotopic chelating ligand 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-h]quinoline. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1868041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack W. Goodwin
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Paul E. Kruger
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris S. Hawes
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
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5
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Yang T, He Y, Cheng Y, Gao X, Wu Y, Yuan W, Tao Y. Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes as potential electron acceptors for organic solar cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9871-9880. [PMID: 34195721 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have been investigated as promising electron donor (D) materials in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their unique octahedral configuration for optimized morphology and their significantly long lifetimes potentially for enhanced exciton dissociation. However, the application as electron acceptor (A) materials has never been reported. In order to fill this blank, herein, two cyclometalated heteroleptic Ir complexes, TRIr and 2TRIr, based on electron donating-accepting type organic ligands with different π-conjugation lengths are reported as electron acceptor materials in comparison with their corresponding main organic ligands. The two Ir complexes exhibit suitable HOMO/LUMO energy levels of -5.55/-3.47 eV and -5.44/-3.48 eV, which are ∼0.1 eV higher in the HOMO and ∼0.15 eV deeper in the LUMO than the TR and 2TR ligands, respectively. 2TRIr with extended ligand π-conjugation displays a poor triplet feature, while TRIr demonstrates obvious metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition absorption, with a triplet component photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of 85 ns in neat films. When blended with PBDB-T in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OSCs, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are 2-3 times higher than their relevant ligands, with values of 1.20% and 1.62% for TRIr and 2TRIr, and 0.58% and 0.47% for the TR and 2TR ligand-based devices, respectively. TRIr and 2TRIr based active layer blends exhibit poorer hole and electron mobilities, whereas compared with their relatively linear planar ligands, both of the two octahedral Ir complexes exhibit an optimized surface morphology for less bimolecular recombination and more efficient exciton dissociation, thus contributing to improved photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjian Yang
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinming He
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Cheng
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuyu Gao
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yijing Wu
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Yuan
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youtian Tao
- Key Lab for Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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Longhi E, Fernandez-Hernandez JM, Iordache A, Fröhlich R, Josel HP, De Cola L. Ir(III) Cyclometalated Complexes Containing Phenylphenanthridine Ligands with Different Substitutions: Effects on the Electrochemiluminescence Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7435-7443. [PMID: 32428400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Longhi
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (I.S.I.S.), Université de Strasbourg; de Strasbourg, 8 allée
Gas-pard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jesus M. Fernandez-Hernandez
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (I.S.I.S.), Université de Strasbourg; de Strasbourg, 8 allée
Gas-pard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Luisa De Cola
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (I.S.I.S.), Université de Strasbourg; de Strasbourg, 8 allée
Gas-pard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Soulsby LC, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Chen L, Pham TT, Connell TU, Driscoll AJ, Henderson LC, Francis PS. Co‐Reactant and Annihilation Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of [Ir(df‐ppy)
2
(ptb)]
+
Derivatives. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P.R. China
| | - Tien T. Pham
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: RMIT University Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Driscoll
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
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8
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Theakstone AG, Doeven EH, Conlan XA, Dennany L, Francis PS. ‘Cathodic’ electrochemiluminescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and tri-n-propylamine confirmed as emission at the counter electrode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7081-7084. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring emission and potentials at both the working and counter electrodes provides new insight into a proposed cathodic electrochemiluminescence system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Deakin University
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
| | - Xavier A. Conlan
- Deakin University
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
| | - Paul S. Francis
- Deakin University
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
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9
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Weekes RJ, Hawes CS. Synthesis, coordination chemistry and photophysical properties of naphtho-fused pyrazole ligands. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of two π-extended pyrazole ligands is reported, and their zinc(ii) and copper(ii) complexes are studied spectroscopically and crystallographically, revealing the influence of the fused naphthyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J. Weekes
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Keele University
- Keele ST5 5BG
- UK
| | - Chris S. Hawes
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Keele University
- Keele ST5 5BG
- UK
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10
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Fiorani A, Irkham, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Einaga Y. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence with Peroxydisulfate as a Coreactant Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12959-12963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- ICMATE-CNR Bologna Associate Unit, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
- JST-ACCEL, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
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11
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Balónová B, Martir DR, Clark ER, Shepherd HJ, Zysman-Colman E, Blight BA. Influencing the Optoelectronic Properties of a Heteroleptic Iridium Complex by Second-Sphere H-Bonding Interactions. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8581-8587. [PMID: 29969251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Balónová
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Chemistry, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Rota Martir
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan R. Clark
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Helena J. Shepherd
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Barry A. Blight
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Chemistry, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
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12
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Valenti G, Rampazzo E, Kesarkar S, Genovese D, Fiorani A, Zanut A, Palomba F, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Prodi L. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from metal complexes-based nanoparticles for highly sensitive sensors applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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14
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