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Cui LJ, Liu XB, Zhang HY, Yan B, Orozco-Ic M, Pan S, Cui ZH. In nTl 4-nH + ( n = 0∼4): Tetracoordinate Hydrogen in a Planar Fashion? Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38996364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The recent report of planar tetracoordinate hydrogen (ptH) in In4H+ is very intriguing in planar hypercoordinate chemistry. Our high-level CCSD(T) calculations revealed that the proposed D4h-symmetric ptH In4H+ is a first-order saddle point with an imaginary frequency in the out-of-plane mode of the hydrogen atom. In fact, at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV5Z/aug-cc-pV5Z-PP level, the C4v isomer, with the H atom located 0.70 Å above the In4 plane, is 0.5 kcal/mol more stable than the D4h isomer. However, given the small perturbation from planarity and essentially barrierless C4v ↔ D4h ↔ C4v transition, the vibrationally averaged structure can still be considered as a planar. Extending our exploration to the InnTl4-nH+ (n = 0-3) systems, we found all these ptH structures, except for In2Tl2H+, to be the putative global minimum. The single σ-delocalized interaction between the central hydrogen atom and InnTl4-n ligand rings proves pivotal in establishing planarity and aromaticity and conferring substantial stability upon these rule-breaking ptH species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Xin-Bo Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi 20018, Spain
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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2
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Wang MH, Kalita AJ, Orozco-Ic M, Yan GR, Chen C, Yan B, Castillo-Toraya G, Tiznado W, Guha AK, Pan S, Merino G, Cui ZH. Planar pentacoordinate s-block metals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8785-8791. [PMID: 37621437 PMCID: PMC10445469 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of a delocalized π-bond is often considered an essential criterion for achieving planar hypercoordination. Herein, we show that σ-delocalization could be sufficient to make the planar configuration the most stable isomer in a series of planar pentacoordinate s-block metals. High-level ab initio computations reveal that the global minimum of a series of interalkali and interalkali-alkaline earth clusters (LiNa5, Li5Mg+, Na5Mg+, K5Ca+, CaRb5+, Rb5Sr+, and SrCs5+) adopts a singlet D5h structure with a planar pentacoordinate lithium or alkaline earth metal (AE = Mg, Ca, Sr). These clusters are unusual combinations to stabilize a planar pentacoordinate atom, as all their constituents are electropositive. Despite the absence of π-electrons, Hückel's rule is fulfilled by the six σ-electrons. Furthermore, the systems exhibit a diatropic ring current in response to an external magnetic field and a strong magnetic shielding, so they might be classified as σ-aromatic. Therefore, multicenter σ-bonds and the resulting σ-delocalization stabilize these clusters, even though they lack π-aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Amlan J Kalita
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University Panbazar Guwahati Assam 781001 India
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Gai-Ru Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Gabriela Castillo-Toraya
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yucatan Mexico
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello Avenida República 275 Santiago Chile
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University Panbazar Guwahati Assam 781001 India
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yucatan Mexico
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
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3
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Structure and Bonding in Planar Hypercoordinate Carbon Compounds. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term hypercoordination refers to the extent of the coordination of an element by its normal value. In the hypercoordination sphere, the element can achieve planar and/or non-planar molecular shape. Hence, planar hypercoordinate carbon species violate two structural rules: (i) The highest coordination number of carbon is four and (ii) the tetrahedral orientation by the connected elements and/or groups. The unusual planar orientations are mostly stabilized by the electronic interactions of the central atom with the surrounding ligands. In this review article, we will talk about the current progress in the theoretical prediction of viable planar hypercoordinate carbon compounds. Primary knowledge of the planar hypercoordinate chemistry will lead to its forthcoming expansion. Experimental and theoretical interests in planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC), planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC), and planar hexacoordinate carbon (phC) are continued. The proposed electronic and mechanical strategies are helpful for the designing of the ptC compounds. Moreover, the 18-valence electron rule can guide the design of new ptC clusters computationally as well as experimentally. However, the counting of 18-valence electrons is not a requisite condition to contain a ptC in a cluster. Furthermore, this ptC idea is expanded to the probability of a greater coordination number of carbon in planar orientations. Unfortunately, until now, there are no such logical approaches to designing ppC, phC, or higher-coordinate carbon molecules/ions. There exist a few global minimum structures of phC clusters identified computationally, but none have been detected experimentally. All planar hypercoordinate carbon species in the global minima may be feasible in the gas phase.
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4
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Das P, Chattaraj PK. CSiGaAl 2 -/0 and CGeGaAl 2 -/0 having planar tetracoordinate carbon atoms in their global minimum energy structures. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:894-905. [PMID: 35322887 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is used to explore the structure, stability, and bonding in CSiGaAl2 -/0 and CGeGaAl2 -/0 systems having planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC). The neutral systems have 17 valence electrons and the mono-anionic systems have 18 valence electrons. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for 2000 fs time at two different temperatures (300 and 500 K) supported the kinetic stability of the systems. From the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis it is shown that there is a strong electron donation from the ligand atoms to the ptC atom. We have used Li+ ion for the neutralization of the mono-anionic systems and more interestingly it does not disrupt the planar structure. The most preferable site for binding of Li+ ion is along the AlAl bond in both of the mono-anionic systems. All the systems in this work have both σ and π aromaticity which is predicted from the computations of nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS). Although the anionic species obey the 18 valence electronic rule, the neutral systems break the rule with 17 valence electrons. However, both sets of systems are stable in the planar form. The bonding analysis of the systems includes molecular orbital, adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), electron localization function (ELF) basin, and aromaticity analyses. The energy decomposition analysis (EDA) determines the interaction of Li+ ion with CSiGaAl2 - and CGeGaAl2 - in Li@SiGaAl2 and Li@GeGaAl2 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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5
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Zhao LQ, Guo JC, Zhai HJ. Ternary 14-electron XB 2Be 2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters: a planar tetracoordinate silicon (ptSi) system and its ptGe/Sn/Pb congeners. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7068-7076. [PMID: 35258052 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A class of ternary 14-electron clusters, XB2Be2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), have been computationally predicted with a planar tetracoordinate silicon (ptSi) unit, as well as its heavier ptGe/Sn/Pb congeners. These pentaatomic ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb species are established as global-minimum structures via computer global searches, followed by electronic structure calculations at the PBE0-D3, B3LYP-D3, and single-point CCSD(T) levels. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that they are also kinetically stable against isomerization or decomposition. Chemical bonding analyses show that the clusters have double 2π/2σ aromaticity. The latter concept underlies the stability of ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb clusters, overriding the 14-electron count or its variants, such as the 18-electron rule. No sp3 hybridization occurs in these species, which naturally explains why they are ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb (rather than traditional tetrahedral) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Qing Zhao
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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6
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Buelna-García CE, Castillo-Quevedo C, Quiroz-Castillo JM, Paredes-Sotelo E, Cortez-Valadez M, Martin-del-Campo-Solis MF, López-Luke T, Utrilla-Vázquez M, Mendoza-Wilson AM, Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Vazquez-Espinal A, Pan S, de Leon-Flores A, Mis-May JR, Rodríguez-Domínguez AR, Martínez-Guajardo G, Cabellos JL. Relative Populations and IR Spectra of Cu38 Cluster at Finite Temperature Based on DFT and Statistical Thermodynamics Calculations. Front Chem 2022; 10:841964. [PMID: 35300385 PMCID: PMC8921525 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.841964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative populations of Cu38 isomers depend to a great extent on the temperature. Density functional theory and nanothermodynamics can be combined to compute the geometrical optimization of isomers and their spectroscopic properties in an approximate manner. In this article, we investigate entropy-driven isomer distributions of Cu38 clusters and the effect of temperature on their IR spectra. An extensive, systematic global search is performed on the potential and free energy surfaces of Cu38 using a two-stage strategy to identify the lowest-energy structure and its low-energy neighbors. The effects of temperature on the populations and IR spectra are considered via Boltzmann factors. The computed IR spectrum of each isomer is multiplied by its corresponding Boltzmann weight at finite temperature. Then, they are summed together to produce a final temperature-dependent, Boltzmann-weighted spectrum. Our results show that the disordered structure dominates at high temperatures and the overall Boltzmann-weighted spectrum is composed of a mixture of spectra from several individual isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Emiliano Buelna-García
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
- Organización Científica y Tecnológica del Desierto, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Cesar Castillo-Quevedo
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Paredes-Sotelo
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Manuel Cortez-Valadez
- CONACYT-Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | - Tzarara López-Luke
- Instituto de Investigación en Metalurgia y Materiales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Peter L. Rodríguez-Kessler
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Vazquez-Espinal
- Comput. Theor. Chem. Group Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Aned de Leon-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gerardo Martínez-Guajardo
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gerardo Martinez-Guajardo, ; Jose Luis Cabellos,
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Universidad Politécnica de Tapachula, Tapachula, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gerardo Martinez-Guajardo, ; Jose Luis Cabellos,
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7
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Wang MH, Chen C, Pan S, Cui ZH. Planar hexacoordinate gallium. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15067-15076. [PMID: 34909147 PMCID: PMC8612373 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first planar hexacoordinate gallium (phGa) center in the global minimum of the GaBe6Au6 + cluster which has a star-like D 6h geometry with 1A1g electronic state, possessing a central gallium atom encompassed by a Be6 hexagon and each Be-Be edge is further capped by an Au atom. The electronic delocalization resulting in double aromaticity (both σ and π) provides electronic stability in the planar form of the GaBe6Au6 + cluster. The high kinetic stability of the title cluster is also understood by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The energy decomposition analysis in combination with the 'natural orbitals for chemical valence' theory reveals that the bonding in the GaBe6Au6 + cluster is best expressed as the doublet Ga atom with 4s24p⊥ 1 electronic configuration forming an electron-sharing π bond with the doublet Be6Au6 + moiety followed by Ga(s)→[Be6Au6 +] σ-backdonation and two sets of Ga(p‖)←[Be6Au6 +] σ-donations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University Changchun China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
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8
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Abstract
We have explored the chemical space of BAl4Mg−/0/+ for the first time and theoretically characterized several isomers with interesting bonding patterns. We have used chemical intuition and a cluster building method based on the tabu-search algorithm implemented in the Python program for aggregation and reaction (PyAR) to obtain the maximum number of possible stationary points. The global minimum geometries for the anion (1a) and cation (1c) contain a planar tetracoordinate boron (ptB) atom, whereas the global minimum geometry for the neutral (1n) exhibits a planar pentacoordinate boron (ppB) atom. The low-lying isomers of the anion (2a) and cation (3c) also contain a ppB atom. The low-lying isomer of the neutral (2n) exhibits a ptB atom. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations carried out at 298 K for 2000 fs suggest that all isomers are kinetically stable, except the cation 3c. Simulations carried out at low temperatures (100 and 200 K) for 2000 fs predict that even 3c is kinetically stable, which contains a ppB atom. Various bonding analyses (NBO, AdNDP, AIM, etc.) are carried out for these six different geometries of BAl4Mg−/0/+ to understand the bonding patterns. Based on these results, we conclude that ptB/ppB scenarios are prevalent in these systems. Compared to the carbon counter-part, CAl4Mg−, here the anion (BAl4Mg−) obeys the 18 valence electron rule, as B has one electron fewer than C. However, the neutral and cation species break the rule with 17 and 16 valence electrons, respectively. The electron affinity (EA) of BAl4Mg is slightly higher (2.15 eV) than the electron affinity of CAl4Mg (2.05 eV). Based on the EA value, it is believed that these molecules can be identified in the gas phase. All the ptB/ppB isomers exhibit π/σ double aromaticity. Energy decomposition analysis predicts that the interaction between BAl4−/0/+ and Mg is ionic in all these six systems.
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9
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Villegas-Escobar N, Martínez J, Matute RA, Saltarini S, Daniliuc CG, Gade LH, Rojas RS. Trapping an unusual pentacoordinate carbon atom in a neutral trialuminum complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10327-10330. [PMID: 34490873 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A neutral trialuminum complex incorporates a pentacoordinate carbon through a methylidene bridge linking the three metal atoms. The rigid electron-deficient Al3 core stabilizes the hypercoordinate carbon atom resulting in the shortest equatorial Al-C distance reported for such an Al3-(μ3-CH2) unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile.
| | - Javier Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Matute
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile. .,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Sebastián Saltarini
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile.
| | | | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - René S Rojas
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile.
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10
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Effects of Temperature on Enantiomerization Energy and Distribution of Isomers in the Chiral Cu 13 Cluster. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185710. [PMID: 34577181 PMCID: PMC8471510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the lowest energy structure of bare Cu13 nanoclusters as a pair of enantiomers at room temperature. Moreover, we compute the enantiomerization energy for the interconversion from minus to plus structures in the chiral putative global minimum for temperatures ranging from 20 to 1300 K. Additionally, employing nanothermodynamics, we compute the probabilities of occurrence for each particular isomer as a function of temperature. To achieve that, we explore the free energy surface of the Cu13 cluster, employing a genetic algorithm coupled with density functional theory. Moreover, we discuss the energetic ordering of isomers computed with various density functionals. Based on the computed thermal population, our results show that the chiral putative global minimum strongly dominates at room temperature.
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11
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Buelna-García CE, Robles-Chaparro E, Parra-Arellano T, Quiroz-Castillo JM, del-Castillo-Castro T, Martínez-Guajardo G, Castillo-Quevedo C, de-León-Flores A, Anzueto-Sánchez G, Martin-del-Campo-Solis MF, Mendoza-Wilson AM, Vásquez-Espinal A, Cabellos JL. Theoretical Prediction of Structures, Vibrational Circular Dichroism, and Infrared Spectra of Chiral Be 4B 8 Cluster at Different Temperatures. Molecules 2021; 26:3953. [PMID: 34203563 PMCID: PMC8271876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowest-energy structures, the distribution of isomers, and their molecular properties depend significantly on geometry and temperature. Total energy computations using DFT methodology are typically carried out at a temperature of zero K; thereby, entropic contributions to the total energy are neglected, even though functional materials work at finite temperatures. In the present study, the probability of the occurrence of one particular Be4B8 isomer at temperature T is estimated by employing Gibbs free energy computed within the framework of quantum statistical mechanics and nanothermodynamics. To identify a list of all possible low-energy chiral and achiral structures, an exhaustive and efficient exploration of the potential/free energy surfaces is carried out using a multi-level multistep global genetic algorithm search coupled with DFT. In addition, we discuss the energetic ordering of structures computed at the DFT level against single-point energy calculations at the CCSD(T) level of theory. The total VCD/IR spectra as a function of temperature are computed using each isomer's probability of occurrence in a Boltzmann-weighted superposition of each isomer's spectrum. Additionally, we present chemical bonding analysis using the adaptive natural density partitioning method in the chiral putative global minimum. The transition state structures and the enantiomer-enantiomer and enantiomer-achiral activation energies as a function of temperature evidence that a change from an endergonic to an exergonic type of reaction occurs at a temperature of 739 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Emiliano Buelna-García
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
- Organización Científica y Tecnológica del Desierto, Hermosillo 83150, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Robles-Chaparro
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | - Tristan Parra-Arellano
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | - Jesus Manuel Quiroz-Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
| | - Teresa del-Castillo-Castro
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Martínez-Guajardo
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónomade Zacatecas, Km. 6 Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara s/n, Ejido La Escondida C.P., Zacatecas 98160, Zac, Mexico;
| | - Cesar Castillo-Quevedo
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Federal No. 23, Km. 191, C.P., Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.C.-Q.); (M.F.M.-d.-C.-S.)
| | - Aned de-León-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | | | - Martha Fabiola Martin-del-Campo-Solis
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Federal No. 23, Km. 191, C.P., Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.C.-Q.); (M.F.M.-d.-C.-S.)
| | - Ana Maria Mendoza-Wilson
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, CIAD, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 498, Santiago 8370035, Chile;
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Edificio 3M, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
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Zhang CJ, Wang P, Xu XL, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study of Al nC 5-/0 ( n = 1-5) clusters: structural evolution, relative stability of star-like clusters, and planar tetracoordinate carbon structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1967-1975. [PMID: 33470255 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The AlnC5- (n = 1-5) clusters were detected in the gas-phase and were investigated via mass-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy. The structures of AlnC5-/0 (n = 1-5) were explored by theoretical calculations. It is found that the structures of AlC5-/0 and Al2C5-/0 are linear while those of Al3C5-/0, Al4C5-/0, and Al5C5-/0 are two-dimensional. The most stable structures of AlC5-/0 and Al2C5-/0 are linear with the Al atoms attached to the ends of C5 chain. The most stable structures of Al3C5-/0 can be viewed as three Al atoms interacting with a nonlinear C5 chain. The most stable structure of Al4C5- anion is a planar structure composed of a C2 unit, a C3 unit, and two Al2 units, while that of the neutral Al4C5 cluster has four Al atoms connected to different positions of a distorted C5 chain. The global minimum structures of Al5C5-/0 are planar structures composed of an Al4C quadrilateral, two C2 groups, and an Al atom connected to two C2 groups. Planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) has been identified in the structures of both anionic and neutral Al5C5. It is worth mentioning that the star-like structure of Al5C5- is slightly higher in energy than the ground state structure. The comparison of theoretical calculations with the experimental spectra indicates the star-like structure of Al5C5- may also appear in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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13
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Exploration of Free Energy Surface and Thermal Effects on Relative Population and Infrared Spectrum of the Be 6B 11- Flux-Ional Cluster. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010112. [PMID: 33383889 PMCID: PMC7796227 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The starting point to understanding cluster properties is the putative global minimum and all the nearby local energy minima; however, locating them is computationally expensive and difficult. The relative populations and spectroscopic properties that are a function of temperature can be approximately computed by employing statistical thermodynamics. Here, we investigate entropy-driven isomers distribution on Be6B11− clusters and the effect of temperature on their infrared spectroscopy and relative populations. We identify the vibration modes possessed by the cluster that significantly contribute to the zero-point energy. A couple of steps are considered for computing the temperature-dependent relative population: First, using a genetic algorithm coupled to density functional theory, we performed an extensive and systematic exploration of the potential/free energy surface of Be6B11− clusters to locate the putative global minimum and elucidate the low-energy structures. Second, the relative populations’ temperature effects are determined by considering the thermodynamic properties and Boltzmann factors. The temperature-dependent relative populations show that the entropies and temperature are essential for determining the global minimum. We compute the temperature-dependent total infrared spectra employing the Boltzmann factor weighted sums of each isomer’s infrared spectrum and find that at finite temperature, the total infrared spectrum is composed of an admixture of infrared spectra that corresponds to the spectra of the lowest-energy structure and its isomers located at higher energies. The methodology and results describe the thermal effects in the relative population and the infrared spectra.
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14
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Wang MH, Dong X, Cui ZH, Orozco-Ic M, Ding YH, Barroso J, Merino G. Planar pentacoordinate silicon and germanium atoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13772-13775. [PMID: 33089264 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global minimum of XMg4Y- (X = Si, Ge; Y = In, Tl) and SiMg3In2 contains a planar pentacoordinate atom of group 14 other than carbon. Its design is based on the "localization" approach, replacing one or two peripheral atoms in XMg52- by more electronegative ones. This change diminishes the repulsion and leads to stronger covalent X-Y bonds, stabilizing the planar pentacoordinate atom species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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15
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Zheng HF, Xu J, Ding YH. A sixteen-valence-electron carbon-group 13 family with global penta-atomic planar tetracoordinate carbon: an ionic strategy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3975-3982. [PMID: 32022042 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) has always been a challenge due to its unique bonding mode that necessitates the perfect balance between the carbon center and surrounding ligands both electronically and mechanically. A unique type of 18-valence-electron (18ve) template, i.e., CAl42-, has been found to be very effective in designing various novel 18ve-species upon skeletal substitution. In this work, we showed that though ptC is not the global structure for the parent 16ve-CAl4, suitable skeletal substitution can allow for a series of global minimum ptC species. Theoretical calculations at the level of CCSD(T)/def2-QZVP//B3LYP/def2-QZVP for 35 carbon-group 13 systems with 16-ve, i.e., CXaYbZcKd (X, Y, Z, K = Al/Ga/In/Tl; 0 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 4, a + b + c + d = 4), showed that 9 systems (CAl3Tl, CGa3Tl, CGa2Tl2, CAl2GaTl, CAl2InTl, CGa2InTl, CAlGa2Tl, CGa2InTl and CAlGaInTl) possess global minimum ptC and 2 systems (CAl3In and CAl2Tl2) have quasi-GM ptC. Except for CAl3Tl and CAl3In, all the ptCs were predicted for the first time. All these stable ptC structures have the same skeleton and can be described as the same ionic sub-structure, i.e., [A-]B+. This study not only enriches 16ve-ptC, but also directly demonstrates that utilizing an ionic strategy, non-ptC CAl4 also can be used as a template to extend the ptC family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Yañez O, Inostroza D, Usuga-Acevedo B, Vásquez-Espinal A, Pino-Rios R, Tabilo-Sepulveda M, Garza J, Barroso J, Merino G, Tiznado W. Evaluation of restricted probabilistic cellular automata on the exploration of the potential energy surface of Be6B11−. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Yañez O, Báez-Grez R, Garza J, Pan S, Barroso J, Vásquez-Espinal A, Merino G, Tiznado W. Embedding a Planar Hypercoordinate Carbon Atom into a [4n+2] π-System. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:145-148. [PMID: 31721418 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Through delicate tuning of the electronic structure, we report herein a rational design of seventeen new putative global minimum energy structures containing a planar tetra- or pentacoordinate carbon atom embedded in an aromatic hydrocarbon. These structures are the result of replacing three consecutive hydrogen atoms of an aromatic hydrocarbon by less electronegative groups, forming a multicenter σ-bond with the planar hypercoordinate carbon atom and participating in the π-electron delocalization. This strategy that maximizes both mechanical and electronic effects through aromatic architectures can be extended to several molecular combinations to achieve new and diverse compounds containing planar hypercoordinate carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Yañez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Garza
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C. P., 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jorge Barroso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Física Aplicada Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán., Mexico
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán., Mexico
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Zheng HF, Xu J, Ding YH. Mono-silicon isoelectronic replacement in CAl 4 : van't hoff/le bel carbon or not? J Comput Chem 2020; 41:119-128. [PMID: 31663141 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In cluster studies, the isoelectronic replacement strategy has been successfully used to introduce new elements into a known structure while maintaining the desired topology. The well-known penta-atomic 18 valence electron (ve) species C Al 4 2 - and its Al- /Si or Al/Si+ isoelectronically replaced clusters CAl3 Si- , CAl2 Si2 , C AlSi 3 - , and C Si 4 2 + , all possess the same anti-van't Hoff/Le Bel skeletons, that is, nontraditional planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) structure. In this article, however, we found that such isoelectronic replacement between Si and Al does not work for the 16ve-CAl4 with the traditional van't Hoff/Le Bel tetrahedral carbon (thC) and its isoelectronic derivatives CAl3 X (X = Ga/In/Tl). At the level of CCSD(T)/def2-QZVP//B3LYP/def2-QZVP, none of the global minima of the 16ve mono-Si-containing clusters CAl2 SiX+ (X = Al/Ga/In/Tl) maintains thC as the parent CAl4 does. Instead, X = Al/Ga globally favors an unusual ptC structure that has one long C─X distance yet with significant bond index value, and X = In/Tl prefers the planar tricoordinate carbon. The frustrated formation of thC in these clusters is ascribed to the CSi bonding that prefers a planar fashion. Inclusion of chloride ion would further stabilize the ptC of CAl2 SiAl+ and CAl2 SiGa+ . The unexpectedly disclosed CAl2 SiAl+ and CAl2 SiGa+ represent the first type of 16ve-cationic ptCs with multiple bonds. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, People's Republic of China
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19
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Dong X, Jalife S, Vásquez-Espinal A, Barroso J, Orozco-Ic M, Ravell E, Cabellos JL, Liang WY, Cui ZH, Merino G. Li 2B 24: the simplest combination for a three-ring boron tube. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2143-2147. [PMID: 30667008 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09173k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein we introduce a strategy employing lithium atoms as a scaffold to stabilize an embryo for boron tubes. The systematical exploration of the potential energy surface via evolutionary algorithms allowed us to find that Li2B24 adopts a tubular structure formed by three stacked rings of eight borons each with two lithium atoms capping the tube. The lithium atoms are essential for stabilization because of the strong electrostatic interaction between the Li cations and the boron framework, and concomitantly, they compensate for the energy cost of distorting a quasi-planar or double ring B24 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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20
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Yañez O, Vásquez-Espinal A, Pino-Rios R, Ferraro F, Pan S, Osorio E, Merino G, Tiznado W. Reply to the ‘Comment on “Exploiting electronic strategies to stabilize a planar tetracoordinate carbon in cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons”’ by V. S. Thimmakondu, Chem. Commun., 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04639a. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12721-12722. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06470b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The authors respond to the Comment by Thimmakondu, showing that the effectiveness of their approach to stabilize a planar tetracoordinate (ptC) carbon in cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is unquestionable, since their results are reproducible and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Yañez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Franklin Ferraro
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, SISCO, Transversal 51A # 67B 90, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Edison Osorio
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, Mérida, Mexico
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Baranac-Stojanović M, Stojanović M. Does aromaticity account for an enhanced thermodynamic stability? The case of monosubstituted azaborines and the stereoelectronic chameleonism of the NH 2 group. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9465-9476. [PMID: 31016295 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work was initiated by the increasing interest in BN/CC isosterism and by the long-lasting interest in the concepts of aromaticity and substituent effects. We have theoretically examined the aromaticity and stability of monosubstituted BN isosters of benzene, the three isomeric azaborines. The results provide insight into the effect of substitution on two basic molecular properties, which are influenced, here, by the substituent effects and by the B/N relationship in the ring. The results, along with other examples in the literature, also warn chemists that the general belief that aromaticity accounts for enhanced thermodynamic stability is not always true. The stability of cyclic, conjugated compounds depends on several effects, and only one of them is aromaticity. In addition, our calculations predict a switching of electronic properties of the NH2 group from the usual p-electron donor to a π-electron acceptor when it is moved from the B/C atoms to the nitrogen atom in all isomers, or C6 in 1,3-azaborine. This is the result of the conformational change that places the NLP in the plane of the ring and the NH bonds in a favourable spatial position to act as acceptors of π-electron density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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22
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Stojanović M, Baranac-Stojanović M. Analysis of Stability and (Anti)aromaticity of BN-Dibenzo[ a
, e
]pentalenes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milovan Stojanović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Center for Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Njegoševa 12 11000 Belgrade Serbia
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23
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Zheng HF, Yu S, Hu TD, Xu J, Ding YH. CAl 3X (X = B/Al/Ga/In/Tl) with 16 valence electrons: can planar tetracoordinate carbon be stable? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26266-26272. [PMID: 30324197 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04774j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a perpetual chemical curiosity, planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) that violates the traditional tetrahedral carbon (thC) has made enormous achievements. In particular, the 18-valence-electron (18ve) counting rule has been found to be very effective in predicting ptC structures, as in CX42- (X = Al/Ga/In/Tl). By contrast, the corresponding neutral CX4 with 16ve each takes the thC form like methane. Herein, we report a mono-substituted neutral 16ve-CAl3X (X = Al/Ga/In/Tl). Our theoretical results showed that the competition between thC and ptC can be well tuned upon variation of X, and for X = In and Tl, the ptC structure becomes isoenergetic to and even more stable than thC, respectively. Thus, a low-lying ptC can be achieved in the 16ve-CAl3X set without acquiring additional electrons. This unintuitive result can be ascribed to the increased energetic preference of the ionic sub-structure [CAl3-]X+ from X = Al to Tl. We thus predict the first penta-atomic ptC species with 16ve, and the ionic strategy presented in this work is expected to promote novel designs of ptC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang Yu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
| | - Tian-Ding Hu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
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24
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Thirumoorthy K, Karton A, Thimmakondu VS. From High-Energy C7H2 Isomers with A Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Atom to An Experimentally Known Carbene. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9054-9064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Venkatesan S. Thimmakondu
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403 726, India
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25
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Pan S, Cabellos JL, Orozco-Ic M, Chattaraj PK, Zhao L, Merino G. Planar pentacoordinate carbon in CGa5+ derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12350-12355. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A single isoelectronic substitution by a smaller sized element, Be, is enough to stabilize a CGa5+ cluster with a planar pentacoordinate carbon at the centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
| | - José Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Unidad Mérida
- Mérida
- Mexico
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Unidad Mérida
- Mérida
- Mexico
| | - Pratim K. Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- Unidad Mérida
- Mérida
- Mexico
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