1
|
Paul S, Ray Choudhury A, Dey N. Dual-Mode Multiple Ion Sensing via Analyte-Specific Modulation of Keto-Enol Tautomerization of an ESIPT Active Pyrene Derivative: Experimental Findings and Computational Rationalization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6349-6360. [PMID: 36844601 PMCID: PMC9947992 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A pyrene-based e xcited - state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) active probe PMHMP was synthesized, characterized, and employed for the ppb-level, dual-mode, and high-fidelity detection of Cu2+ (LOD: 7.8 ppb) and Zn2+ ions (LOD: 4.2 ppb) in acetonitrile medium. The colorless solution of PMHMP turned yellow upon the addition of Cu2+, suggesting its ratiometric, naked-eye sensing. On the contrary, Zn2+ ions displayed concentration-dependent fluorescence rise till a 0.5 mole fraction and subsequent quenching. Mechanistic investigations indicated the formation of a 1:2 exciplex (Zn2+:PMHMP) at a lower concentration of Zn2+, which eventually turned into a more stable 1:1 (Zn2+:PMHMP) complex with an additional amount of Zn2+ ions. However, in both cases, it was observed that the hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of the azomethine unit were involved in the metal ion coordination, which eventually altered the ESIPT emission. Furthermore, a green-fluorescent 2:1 PMHMP-Zn2+ complex was developed and additionally employed for the fluorimetric analysis of both Cu2+ and H2PO4 - ions. The Cu2+ ion, owing to its higher binding affinity for PMHMP, could replace the Zn2+ ion from the preformed complex. On the other hand, H2PO4 - formed a tertiary adduct with the Zn2+-complex, leading to a distinguishable optical signal. Furthermore, extensive and organized density functional theory calculations were performed to explore the ESIPT behavior of PMHMP and the geometrical and electronic properties of the metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | | | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rashid A, Mondal S, Mondal S, Ghosh P. A bis‐heteroleptic imidazolium‐bipyridine functionalized iridium(III) complex for fluorescence lifetime‐based recognition and sensing of phosphates. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200393. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Rashid
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science School of Chemical Sciences INDIA
| | - Sahidul Mondal
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science School of Chemical Sciences INDIA
| | - Subal Mondal
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science School of Chemical Sciences INDIA
| | - Pradyut - Ghosh
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science School of Chemical Sciences 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick RoadJadavpur 700032 Kolkata INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiong JB, Ban DD, Zhou YJ, Li JZ, Chen SR, Liu GQ, Tian JJ, Mi LW, Li DM. A novel AIE-active imidazolium macrocyclic ratiometric fluorescence sensor for pyrophosphate anion. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6876-6880. [PMID: 35424634 PMCID: PMC8981699 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00293k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An imidazolium bridged macrocyclophane was synthesized as a ratiometric fluorescence sensor with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic to detect pyrophosphate anion with high selectivity among various anions. In the presence of zinc ion, macrocyclophane can form aggregates through complexation with pyrophosphate anion and emit ratiometric fluorescence, resulting from an enhancement in its aggregate-state emission and a reduction in its monomer emission. This AIE-active macrocycle showed great potential as a ratiometric fluorescence receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bin Xiong
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China .,College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Ding Ban
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China
| | - Yong-Juan Zhou
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China
| | - Jin-Zhan Li
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China
| | - Si-Ru Chen
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China
| | - Guo-Qun Liu
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China
| | - Jing-Jing Tian
- AIE Research Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences Baoji 721013 China
| | - Li-Wei Mi
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China
| | - Dong-Mi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang Henan 471000 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soni H, Prasad J, Pandya A, Soni SS, Sutariya PG. Disposable paper-based PET fluorescence probe linked with calix[4]arene for lithium and phosphate ion detection. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04536b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our ongoing research, we have synthesized a new fluorescence probe, p-C4A, based on a calix[4]arene substituted with 4-aminoquinoline moieties with amide linkages for lithium and phosphate ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heni Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Pandya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382246, Gujarat, India
| | - Saurabh S. Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinkesh G. Sutariya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Docker A, Shang X, Yuan D, Kuhn H, Zhang Z, Davis JJ, Beer PD, Langton MJ. Halogen Bonding Tetraphenylethene Anion Receptors: Anion-Induced Emissive Aggregates and Photoswitchable Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19442-19450. [PMID: 34185375 PMCID: PMC8456845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivatives functionalized with highly potent electron-deficient perfluoroaryl iodo-triazole halogen bond (XB) donors for anion recognition are reported. 1 H NMR titration experiments, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering measurements, TEM imaging and X-ray crystal structure analysis reveal that the tetra-substituted halogen bonding receptor forms luminescent nanoscale aggregates, the formation of which is driven by XB-mediated anion coordination. This anion-coordination-induced aggregation effect serves as a powerful sensory mechanism, capable of luminescence chloride sensing at parts per billion concentration. Furthermore, the doubly substituted geometric isomers act as unprecedented photoswitchable XB donor anion receptors, where the composition of the photostationary state can be modulated by the presence of a coordinating halide anion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Xiaobo Shang
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Daohe Yuan
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Heike Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Matthew J. Langton
- Department of Chemistry University of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Docker A, Shang X, Yuan D, Kuhn H, Zhang Z, Davis JJ, Beer PD, Langton MJ. Halogen Bonding Tetraphenylethene Anion Receptors: Anion‐Induced Emissive Aggregates and Photoswitchable Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Xiaobo Shang
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Daohe Yuan
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Heike Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Matthew J. Langton
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Synthesis of novel lower rim dimethylcarbamodithioate substituted calix[4]arene as selective and sensitive turn-on fluorescent sensor for detection of phosphate in aqueous solution. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
8
|
Wan H, Xu Q, Gu P, Li H, Chen D, Li N, He J, Lu J. AIE-based fluorescent sensors for low concentration toxic ion detection in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123656. [PMID: 33264865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ions, including anions and heavy metals, are extremely toxic and easily accumulate in the human body, threatening the health of humans and even causing human death at low concentrations. It is therefore necessary to detect these toxic ions in low concentrations in water. Fluorescent sensing is a good method for detecting these ions, but some conventional dyes often exhibit an aggregation caused quench (ACQ) effect in their solid state, limiting their large-scale application. Fluorescent probes based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties have received significant attention due to their high fluorescence quantum yields in their nano aggragated states, easy fabrication, use of moderate conditions, and selevtive recognization of organic/inorganic compounds in water with obvious changes in fluorescence. We surmarize the recent advances of AIE-based sensors for low concentration toxic ion detection in water. The detection probes can be divided into three categories: chemical reaction types, chemical interaction types and physical interaction types. Chemical reaction types utilize nucleophilic addition and coordination reaction, while chemical interaction types rely on hydrogen bonding and anion-π interactions. The physical interaction types are composed of electrostatic attractions. We finally comment on the challenges and outlook of AIE-active sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qingfeng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Peiyang Gu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dongyun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Najun Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jinghui He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo C, Sedgwick AC, Hirao T, Sessler JL. Supramolecular Fluorescent Sensors: An Historical Overview and Update. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 427:213560. [PMID: 34108734 PMCID: PMC8184024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since as early as 1867, molecular sensors have been recognized as being intelligent "devices" capable of addressing a variety of issues related to our environment and health (e.g., the detection of toxic pollutants or disease-related biomarkers). In this review, we focus on fluorescence-based sensors that incorporate supramolecular chemistry to achieve a desired sensing outcome. The goal is to provide an illustrative overview, rather than a comprehensive listing of all that has been done in the field. We will thus summarize early work devoted to the development of supramolecular fluorescent sensors and provide an update on recent advances in the area (mostly from 2018 onward). A particular emphasis will be placed on design strategies that may be exploited for analyte sensing and corresponding molecular platforms. Supramolecular approaches considered include, inter alia, binding-based sensing (BBS) and indicator displacement assays (IDAs). Because it has traditionally received less treatment, many of the illustrative examples chosen will involve anion sensing. Finally, this review will also include our perspectives on the future directions of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Adam C. Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Takehiro Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar P, Pachisia S, Gupta R. Turn-on detection of assorted phosphates by luminescent chemosensors. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review illustrates a variety of luminescent chemosensors for the selective detection of assorted phosphates via the “Turn-On” emission mechanism with focus on their design aspects, chemical structures and sensing mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Sanya Pachisia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan G, Xia T, He Y. A tetraphenylethylene-based aggregation-induced emission sensor: Ultrasensitive “turn-on” fluorescent sensing for phosphate anion in pure water. Talanta 2021; 221:121434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
Chakraborty S, Lohar S, Dhara K, Ghosh R, Dam S, Zangrando E, Chattopadhyay P. A new half-condensed Schiff base platform: structures and sensing of Zn 2+ and H 2PO 4- ions in an aqueous medium. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8991-9001. [PMID: 32558845 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A newly designed and synthesized half-condensed organic moiety 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-[(2-phenylamino-phenylimino)-methyl]-benzaldehyde (HL') and a Zn2L4 complex sequentially detect Zn2+ and H2PO4- ions as low as 1.13 nM and1.23 μM, respectively. HL' and a dinuclear Zn(ii) complex of in situ generated L- in a solution formulated as Zn2L4 under investigation were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic studies along with detailed structural analyses by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The selectivity and sensitivity of HL' towards Zn2+ ions and of the Zn2L4 complex towards H2PO4- ions are based on CHEF and via displacement pathways, respectively. Dual sensing of Zn2+ ions and H2PO4-ions in an aqueous medium via "Green-Blue-Green" emission with the reversible transformation of in situ formed HL' to HL was established by detailed electronic absorption and emission spectroscopic studies. This non-cytotoxic probe (HL', i.e. produced HL in solution) and Zn2L4 complexes are able to monitor the subcellular distribution changes of Zn2+ and H2PO4- ions, respectively, by fluorescence microscopy using the human semen sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujaya Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pal S, Ghosh TK, Ghosh R, Mondal S, Ghosh P. Recent advances in recognition, sensing and extraction of phosphates: 2015 onwards. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
14
|
Chua MH, Shah KW, Zhou H, Xu J. Recent Advances in Aggregation-Induced Emission Chemosensors for Anion Sensing. Molecules 2019; 24:E2711. [PMID: 31349689 PMCID: PMC6696242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon in the early 2000s not only has overcome persistent challenges caused by traditional aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), but also has brought about new opportunities for the development of useful functional molecules. Through the years, AIE luminogens (AIEgens) have been widely studied for applications in the areas of biomedical and biological sensing, chemosensing, optoelectronics, and stimuli responsive materials. Particularly in the application of chemosensing, a myriad of novel AIE-based sensors has been developed to detect different neutral molecular, cationic and anionic species, with a rapid detection time, high sensitivity and high selectivity by monitoring fluorescence changes. This review thus summarises the recent development of AIE-based chemosensors for the detection of anionic species, including halides and halide-containing anions, cyanides, and sulphur-, phosphorus- and nitrogen- containing anions, as well as a few other anionic species, such as citrate, lactate and anionic surfactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Kwok Wei Shah
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Singapore.
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|