1
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Yang F, Wang J, Wang Y, Yu B, Cao Y, Li J, Wu L, Huang J, Liu YN. Perfluoroalkyl-Decorated Noble-Metal-Free MOFs for the Highly Efficient One-Pot Four-Component Coupling between Aldehydes, Amines, Alkynes, and Flue Gas CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318115. [PMID: 38116913 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The non-noble-metal catalysed-multicomponent reactions between flue gas CO2 and cheap industrial raw stocks into high value-added fine chemicals is a promising manner for the ideal CO2 utilization route. To achieve this, the key fundamental challenge is the rational development of highly efficient and facile reaction pathway while establishing compatible catalytic system. Herein, through the stepwise solvent-assisted linker installation, post-synthetic fluorination and metalation, we report the construction of a series of perfluoroalkyl-decorated noble-metal-free metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) PCN-(BPY-CuI)-(TPDC-Fx ) [BPY=2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate, TPDC-NH2 =2'-amino-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-dicarboxylic acid] that can catalyze the one-pot four-component reaction between alkyne, aldehyde, amine and flue gas CO2 for the preparation of 2-oxazolidinones. Such assembly endows the MOFs with superhydrophobic microenvironment, superior water resistance and highly stable catalytic site, leading to 21 times higher turnover numbers than that of homogeneous counterparts. Mechanism investigation implied that the substrates can be efficiently enriched by the MOF wall and then the adsorbed amine species act as an extrinsic binding site towards dilute CO2 through their strong preferential formation to carbamate acid. Moreover, density functional theory calculations suggest the tetrahedral geometry of Cu in MOF offers special resistance towards amine poisoning, thus maintaining its high efficiency during the catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - You Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Benling Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jianhan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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2
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Kim K, Kim JH, Choi H, Lee B, Lee J, Ok KM, Lee TH, Kim H. Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of N(2)-Arylindazol-3(2 H)-One Derivatives: Copper-Promoted Direct N-Arylation via Chan-Evans-Lam Coupling. Molecules 2023; 28:6706. [PMID: 37764482 PMCID: PMC10538006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent, leading to a growing focus on the development of anti-inflammatory agents, with a particular emphasis on creating novel structural compounds. In this study, we present a highly efficient synthetic method for direct N-arylation to produce a variety of N(2)-arylindazol-3(2H)-ones 3, which exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The Chan-Evans-Lam (CEL) coupling of N(1)-benzyl-indazol-3-(2H)-ones 1 with arylboronic acids 2 in the presence of a copper complex provided the corresponding N(2)-arylindazol-3(2H)-ones 3 in good-to-excellent yields, as identified with NMR, MS, and X-ray crystallography techniques. The cell viability and anti-inflammatory effects of the synthesized compounds (3 and 5) were briefly assessed using the MTT method and Griess assay. Among them, compounds 5 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects with negligible cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongno Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Min Ok
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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3
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Panjacharam P, Ulabala V, Jayakumar J, Rajasekhara Reddy S. Emerging trends in the sustainable synthesis of N-N bond bearing organic scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2632-2652. [PMID: 36883312 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
N-N bond bearing organic frameworks such as azos, hydrazines, indazoles, triazoles and their structural moieties have piqued the interest of organic chemists due to the intrinsic nitrogen electronegativity. Recent methodologies with atom efficacy and a greener approach have overcome the synthetic obstacles of N-N bond construction from N-H. As a result, a wide range of amine oxidation methods have been reported early on. This review's vision emphasizes the emerging methods of N-N bond formation, particularly photo, electro, organo and transition metal free chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijayasree Ulabala
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technology (RGUKT), Nuzvid 521202, India.
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4
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Bieniek JC, Grünewald M, Winter J, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of
N
,
N
’‑ Disubstituted Indazolin-3-ones via Intramolecular Anodic DehydrogenativeN-NCoupling Reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8180-8186. [PMID: 35919432 PMCID: PMC9278119 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01827f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electricity as a traceless oxidant enables a sustainable and novel approach to N,N′-disubstituted indazolin-3-ones by an intramolecular anodic dehydrogenative N–N coupling reaction. This method is characterized by mild reaction conditions, an easy experimental setup, excellent scalability, and a high atom economy. It was used to synthesize various indazolin-3-one derivatives in yields up to 78%, applying inexpensive and sustainable electrode materials and a low supporting electrolyte concentration. Mechanistic studies, based on cyclic voltammetry experiments, revealed a biradical pathway. Furthermore, the access to single 2-aryl substituted indazolin-3-ones by cleavage of the protecting group could be demonstrated. A novel sustainable electrochemical synthetic route to N,N′-disubstituted indazolin-3-ones by direct anodic oxidation with mild reaction conditions, a simple galvanostatic setup, broad scope and excellent scalability is established.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Michele Grünewald
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany https://www.aksw.uni-mainz.de/
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5
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Bhattacharjee S, Laru S, Hajra A. Hypervalent iodine( iii)-mediated oxidative dearomatization of 2 H-indazoles towards indazolyl indazolones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8893-8897. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We accomplished a [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene mediated oxidative dearomatization of 2H-indazoles, obtaining a new family of N-1 indazolyl indazolone derivatives in good to excellent yields through C–N and C–O bond formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvam Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudip Laru
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
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6
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Ly D, Nguyen TT, Tran CTH, Nguyen VPT, Nguyen KX, Pham PH, Le NTH, Nguyen TT, Phan NTS. Metal-Free Annulation of 2-Nitrobenzyl Alcohols and Tetrahydroisoquinolines toward the Divergent Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Quinazolinethiones. J Org Chem 2021; 87:103-113. [PMID: 34918926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple metal-free method for the synthesis of quinazolinones from commercially available 2-nitrobenzyl alcohols and tetrahydroisoquinolines is developed. The reaction conditions were tolerant of an array of functionalities such as halogen, tertiary amine, protected alcohol, and ester groups. Under nearly identical conditions, quinazolinethiones were obtained in the presence of elemental sulfur and suitable mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Ly
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thao T Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Cam T H Tran
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Vy P T Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Khang X Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhan T H Le
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tung T Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nam T S Phan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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7
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Sarmah BK, Konwar M, Das A. Site-Selective Deoxygenative Amination of Azine N-Oxides with Carbodiimides under Catalyst-, Activator-, Base-, and Solvent-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10762-10772. [PMID: 34260234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An operationally simple method for synthesizing 2-amino azines via [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of azine N-oxide with carbodiimide has been demonstrated. The reaction can proceed smoothly under simple heating conditions without any transition metal catalyst, activator, base, and solvent. This transformation demonstrates a broad substrate scope and produces CO2 as the only co-product. The applicability of this method is highlighted by the late-stage modification of bioactive molecules, including quinine, (±)-α-tocopherol, and tryptamine modified quinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Kumar Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Monuranjan Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
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8
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Ou Y, Yang T, Tang N, Yin SF, Kambe N, Qiu R. Photo-Induced N-N Coupling of o-Nitrobenzyl Alcohols and Indolines To Give N-Aryl-1-amino Indoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:6417-6422. [PMID: 34355914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method to synthesize N-aryl-1-amino indoles was established by the photoinduced N-N coupling reaction. This protocol is by treatment of o-nitrobenzyl alcohols and indolines in the presence of TEAI and acetic acid with a 24 W ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED) (385-405 nm) irradiation. The products bearing an aldehyde group can be further transformed to fluorescent probes based on Rhodamine 6G derivative 11, which shows a high specificity and sensitivity for Fe3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Niu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
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9
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Bao Y, Deng Z, Feng J, Zhu W, Li J, Wan J, Liu G. A B 2(OH) 4-Mediated Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indazolone and Its Application in a DNA-Encoded Library. Org Lett 2020; 22:6277-6282. [PMID: 32806212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indazolone cores are among the most common structural components in medicinal chemistry and can be found in many biologically active molecules. In this report, a mild and efficient approach to 2-substituted indazolones via B2(OH)4-mediated reductive N-N bond formation is developed. This strategy features mild conditions, no request for a metal catalyst, and a wide scope for both aliphatic and aromatic amines. Meanwhile, this method was further successfully applied on DNA to construct indazolone cores for a DNA-encoded library. This will enable the production of a very attractive indazolone-cored library from simple amines and scaffolds, which will provide considerable diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Bao
- Discovery Chemistry Unit, HitGen Inc., Building 6, No. 8 Huigu 1st East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zongfa Deng
- Discovery Chemistry Unit, HitGen Inc., Building 6, No. 8 Huigu 1st East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Feng
- Discovery Chemistry Unit, HitGen Inc., Building 6, No. 8 Huigu 1st East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry Unit, HitGen Inc., Building 6, No. 8 Huigu 1st East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Discovery Chemistry Unit, HitGen Inc., Building 6, No. 8 Huigu 1st East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiao Wan
- Discovery Chemistry Unit, HitGen Inc., Building 6, No. 8 Huigu 1st East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Guansai Liu
- Discovery Chemistry Unit, HitGen Inc., Building 6, No. 8 Huigu 1st East Road, Tianfu International Bio-Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, P. R. China
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10
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Kraemer N, Li CJ, Zhu JS, Larach JM, Tsui KY, Tantillo DJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: A Photochemical Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Route to N-Aryl 2 H-Indazoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:6058-6062. [PMID: 31339318 PMCID: PMC6698363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Davis-Beirut reaction provides access to 2H-indazoles from aromatic nitro compounds. However, N-aryl targets have been traditionally challenging to access due to competitive alternate reaction pathways. Previously, the key nitroso imine intermediate was generated under alkaline conditions, but as reported here, the photochemistry of o-nitrobenzyl alcohols empowered Brønsted acid catalyzed conditions for accessing N-aryl targets. Anilines and alkyl amines give different outcomes under optimized conditions; the proposed mechanism was studied using quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Clarabella J. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Julio M. Larach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ka Yi Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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