Desymmetrization‐Oriented Enantioselective Synthesis of Silicon‐Stereogenic Silanes by Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Olefinations

Construction of Si-Stereogenic Silanols by Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Alkenylation

The construction of silicon-stereogenic silanols via Pd-catalyzed intermolecular C-H alkenylation with the assistance of a commercially available L-pyroglutamic acid has been realized for the first time. Employing oxime ether as the directing group, silicon-stereogenic silanol derivatives could be readily prepared with excellent enantioselectivities, featuring a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Moreover, parallel kinetic resolution with unsymmetric substrates further highlighted the generality of this protocol. Mechanistic studies indicate that L-pyroglutamic acid could stabilize the Pd catalyst and provide excellent chiral induction. Preliminary computational studies unveil the origin of the enantioselectivity in the C-H bond activation step.

Highly Enantioselective Construction of Multifunctional Silicon-Stereogenic Silacycles by Asymmetric Enamine Catalysis

We report the first highly enantioselective construction of silicon-stereocenters by asymmetric enamine catalysis. An unprecedented desymmetric intramolecular aldolization of prochiral siladials was thus developed for the facile access of multifunctional silicon-stereogenic silacycles in high to excellent enantioselectivity. With an enal moiety, these adducts could be readily elaborated for the diverse synthesis of silicon-stereogenic compounds, and for late-stage modification.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Hydrosilylation to Access Silicon-Stereogenic Center

Strategies on the construction of enantiomerically pure silicon-stereogenic silanes generally relies on desymmetrization of prochiral and symmetric substrates. However, dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformations of organosilicon compounds have remained underdeveloped and unforeseen owing to a lack of an effective method for deracemization of the static silicon stereocenters. Here we report the first Rh-catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric intramolecular hydrosilylation (DyKAH) with "silicon-centered" racemic hydrosilanes that enables the facile preparation of silicon-stereogenic benzosiloles in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. The special rhodium catalyst controlled by non-diastereopure-type mixed phosphine-phosphoramidite ligand with axial chirality and multiple stereocenters can induce enantioselectivity efficiently in this novel DyKAH reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the amide moiety in chiral ligand plays important role in facilitating the S_N 2 substitution of chloride ion to realize the chiral inversion of silicon center.

Enantioselective C–H Functionalization toward Silicon-Stereogenic Silanes

In recent years, transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C–H bond functionalization has emerged as a powerful and attractive synthetic approach to access silicon-stereogenic centers, which provides impetus for the innovation of chiral organosilicon chemistry. This short review summarizes recent advances in the construction of silicon-stereogenic silanes via transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization. We endeavor to highlight the great potential of this methodology and hope that this review will shed light on new perspectives and inspire further research in this emerging area.

1 Introduction

2 Enantioselective C–H Functionalization Induced by Oxidative Addition­ of an Aryl-OTf Bond

3 Enantioselective C–H Functionalization Induced by Oxidative Addition­ of a Silacyclobutane

4 Directing-Group-Assisted Enantioselective C–H Functionalization

5 Enantioselective Dehydrogenative C–H/Si–H Coupling

5.1 Enantioselective C(sp2)–H Silylation

5.2 Enantioselective C(sp3)–H Silylation

6 Summary and Outlook

Coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetric C–H functionalization

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetric C–H functionalization are summarized.

Enantioselective Synthesis of Silicon-Stereogenic Monohydrosilanes by Rhodium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydrosilylation

Enantiopure monohydrosilanes are versatile chiral reagents for alcohol resolution and mechanistic investigation. Herein, we have demonstrated the asymmetric synthesis of monohydrosilanes via an intramolecular hydrosilylation strategy. This protocol is suitable for the synthesis of five- and six-membered cyclic monohydrosilanes, including a class of chiral oxasilacycles, with excellent diastereo-, regio-, and enantioselectivities. Notably, the catalyst loading could be reduced to 0.1 mol % which makes this one of the most efficient methods to access chiral monohydrosilanes. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations indicate this Rh-catalyzed intramolecular asymmetric hydrosilylation reaction might proceed via a Chalk-Harrod mechanism, and the enantio-determining step was predicted to be oxidative addition of Si-H bond.

The Discovery of Multifunctional Chiral P Ligands for the Catalytic Construction of Quaternary Carbon/Silicon and Multiple Stereogenic Centers

The development of highly effective chiral ligands is a key topic in enhancing the catalytic activity and selectivity in metal-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis. Traditionally, the difficulty of ligand synthesis, insufficient accuracy in controlling the stereoselectivity, and poor universality of the systems often become obstacles in this field. Using the concept of nonequivalent coordination to the metal, our group has designed and synthesized a series of new chiral catalysts to access various carbon/silicon and/or multiple stereogenic centers containing products with excellent chemo-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity.In this Account, we summarize a series of new phosphine ligands with multiple stereogenic centers that have been developed in our laboratory. These ligands exhibited good to excellent performance in the transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective construction of quaternary carbon/silicon and multiple stereogenic centers. In the first section, notable examples of the design and synthesis of new chiral ligands by non-covalent interaction-based multisite activation are described. The integrations of axial chirality, atom-centered chirality, and chiral anions and multifunctional groups into a single scaffold are individually highlighted, as represented by Ar-BINMOLs and their derivative ligands, HZNU-Phos, Fei-Phos, and Xing-Phos. In the second, third, and fourth sections, the enantioselective construction of quaternary carbon stereocenters, multiple stereogenic centers, and silicon stereogenic centers using our newly developed chiral ligands is summarized. These sections refer to detailed reaction information in the chiral-ligand-controlled asymmetric catalysis based on the concept of nonequivalent coordination with multisite activation. Accordingly, a wide array of transition metal and main-group metal catalysts has been applied to the enantioselective synthesis of chiral heterocycles, amino acid derivatives, cyclic ketones, alkenes, and organosilicon compounds bearing one to five stereocenters.This Account shows that this new model of multifunctional ligand-controlled catalysts exhibits excellent stereocontrol and catalytic efficiency, especially in a stereodivergent and atom-economical fashion. Furthermore, a brief mechanistic understanding of the origin of enantioselectivity from our newly developed chiral catalyst systems could inspire further development of new ligands and enhancement of enantioselective synthesis by asymmetric metal catalysis.

Enantioselective Construction of Si-Stereogenic Center via Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydrosilylation of Alkene

Catalytic, enantioselective synthesis of stereogenic silicon compounds remains a challenge. Herein, we report a rhodium-catalyzed regio- and enantio-selective intermolecular hydrosilylation of alkene with prochiral dihydrosilane. This new method features a simple catalytic system, mild reaction conditions and a wide functional group tolerance.

Enantioselective Silylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds for the Synthesis of Silicon-Stereogenic Dihydrobenzosiloles

A rhodium(I)-catalyzed enantioselective silylation of aliphatic C-H bonds for the synthesis of silicon-stereogenic dihydrobenzosiloles is demonstrated. This reaction involves a highly enantioselective intramolecular C(sp³ )-H silylation of dihydrosilanes, followed by a stereospecific intermolecular alkene hydrosilylation leading to the asymmetrically tetrasubstituted silanes. A wide range of dihydrosilanes and alkenes displaying various functional groups are compatible with this process, giving access to a variety of highly functionalized silicon-stereogenic dihydrobenzosiloles in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities.

Stereo- and regio-selective synthesis of silicon-containing diborylalkenes via platinum-catalyzed mono-lateral diboration of dialkynylsilanes

A highly chemoselective platinum-catalyzed mono-lateral diboration of dialkynylsilanes for the construction of silicon-tethered alkynyl diborylalkenes is described, in which tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine was found to be an effective ligand for the cis-addition of diboron agents to the silicon-tethered alkynes, and the chiral ligand (AFSi-Phos)-mediated diboration of dialkynylsilanes resulted in the desymmetric construction of silicon-stereogenic centers with promising enantioselectivity.