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Bhattacharya T, Preetam S, Mukherjee S, Kar S, Roy DS, Singh H, Ghose A, Das T, Mohapatra G. Anticancer activity of quantum size carbon dots: opportunities and challenges. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:122. [PMID: 39103694 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Research into the anticancer activity of quantum-sized carbon dots (CDs) has emerged as a promising avenue in cancer research. This CDs delves into the opportunities and challenges associated with harnessing the potential of these nanostructures for combating cancer. Quantum-sized carbon dots, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, exhibit distinct advantages as potential therapeutic agents. Opportunities lie in their tunable size, surface functionalization capabilities, and biocompatibility, enabling targeted drug delivery and imaging in cancer cells. However, we include challenges, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms, potential toxicity concerns, and the optimization of synthesis methods for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. A succinct summary of the state of the research in this area is given in this review, emphasizing the exciting possibilities and ongoing challenges in utilizing quantum-sized carbon dots as a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Bhattacharya
- Faculty of Applied Science, Lincoln University College, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Subham Preetam
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohini Mukherjee
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Sanjukta Kar
- Dietetics and Applied Nutrition, Amity University Kolkata, Kadampukur, India
| | | | - Harshita Singh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Arak Ghose
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tanmoy Das
- Faculty of Engineering, Lincoln University College, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Gautam Mohapatra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Hu J, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Chen L, Kang W. Advance of Near-Infrared Emissive Carbon Dots in Diagnosis and Therapy: Synthesis, Luminescence, and Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401513. [PMID: 39091058 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) with good optical properties, biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and small size have attracted more and more attention and laid a good foundation for their applications in the biomedicine field. CDs emitted in near-infrared regions (NIR-CDs) can achieve high penetration depth imaging and produce high cytotoxic substance for disease treatment. Therefore, NIR-CDs are promising materials to realize high-quality imaging-guided diagnostic and therapeutic integration. This review first introduces the current mainstream synthesis methods of NIR-CDs by "top-down" and "bottom-up". Second, the luminescence modes of NIR-CDs are introduced, and the luminescence mechanisms based on carbon core state, surface state, molecular state, and crosslinking enhanced emission are summarized. Third, the applications and principles of NIR-CDs in imaging, drug delivery, and non-invasive therapeutics are introduced from a view of diagnosis and therapy. Finally, their prospects and challenges in biomedical and biotechnological applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Ziliang Zheng
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences,Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Yongzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Weiwei Kang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences,Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
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Mousavi SM, Kalashgrani MY, Javanmardi N, Riazi M, Akmal MH, Rahmanian V, Gholami A, Chiang WH. Recent breakthroughs in graphene quantum dot-enhanced sonodynamic and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7041-7062. [PMID: 38946657 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have recently exhibited considerable potential for diverse biomedical applications owing to their exceptional optical and chemical properties. However, the pronounced heterogeneity in the composition, size, and morphology of GQDs poses challenges for a comprehensive understanding of the intricate correlation between their structural attributes and functional properties. This variability also introduces complexities in scaling the production processes and addressing safety considerations. Light and sound have firmly established their role in clinical applications as pivotal energy sources for minimally invasive therapeutic interventions. Given the limited penetration depth of light, photodynamic therapy (PDT) predominantly targets superficial conditions such as dermatological disorders, head and neck malignancies, ocular ailments, and early-stage esophageal cancer. Conversely, ultrasound-based sonodynamic therapy (SDT) capitalizes on its superior ability to propagate and focus ultrasound within biological tissues, enabling a diverse range of therapeutic applications, including the management of gliomas, breast cancer, hematological tumors, and modulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Considering the advancements in theranostic and precision therapies, reevaluating these conventional energy sources and their associated sensitizers is imperative. This review introduces three prevalent treatment modalities that harness light and sound stimuli: PDT, SDT, and a synergistic approach that integrates PDT and SDT. This study delineated the therapeutic dynamics and contemporary designs of sensitizers tailored to these modalities. By exploring the historical context of the field and elucidating the latest design strategies, this review underscores the pivotal role of GQDs in propelling the evolution of PDT and SDT. This aspires to stimulate researchers to develop "multimodal" therapies integrating both light and sound stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | | | - Negar Javanmardi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mohsen Riazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Akmal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Drummondville, Quebec, J2C 0R5, Canada.
- Centre national intégré du manufacturier intelligent (CNIMI), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Drummondville, QC, Canada
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
- Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Development (SEED) Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
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Zhang D, Liu L, Li C. Aggregation-induced-emission red carbon dots for ratiometric sensing of norfloxacin and anti-counterfeiting. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124186. [PMID: 38593536 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The detection of trace antibiotic residues holds significant importance because it's related to food safety and human health. In this study, we developed a new high-yield red-emitting carbon dots (R-CDs) with aggregation-induced emission properties for ratiometric sensing of norfloxacin. R-CDs were prepared in 30 min using an economical and efficient microwave-assisted method with tartaric acid and o-phenylenediamine as precursors, achieving a high yield of 34.4 %. R-CDs showed concentration-dependent fluorescence and aggregation-induced-emission properties. A ratiometric fluorescent probe for detecting the norfloxacin was developed. In the range of 0-40 μM, the intensity ratio of two emission peaks (I445 nm/I395 nm) towards norfloxacin show good linear relationship with its concentrations and a low detection limit was obtained (36.78 nM). In addition, complex patterns were developed for anti-counterfeiting based on different emission phenomenon at different concentrations. In summary, this study designed a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe for detection of norfloxacin, which greatly shortens the detection time and improves efficiency compared with high-performance liquid chromatography and other methods. The study will promote the application of carbon dots in anti-counterfeiting and other related fields, laying the foundation for the preparation of low-cost photosensitive anti-counterfeiting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohan Zhang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Innovation Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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Sun L, Zhao Y, Peng H, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Yan J, Liu Y, Guo S, Wu X, Li B. Carbon dots as a novel photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer and bacterial infectious diseases: recent advances. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:210. [PMID: 38671474 PMCID: PMC11055261 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are novel carbon-based nanomaterials that have been used as photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in recent years due to their good photosensitizing activity. Photosensitizers (PSs) are main components of PDT that can produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when stimulated by light source, which have the advantages of low drug resistance and high therapeutic efficiency. CDs can generate ROS efficiently under irradiation and therefore have been extensively studied in disease local phototherapy. In tumor therapy, CDs can be used as PSs or PS carriers to participate in PDT and play an extremely important role. In bacterial infectious diseases, CDs exhibit high bactericidal activity as CDs are effective in disrupting bacterial cell membranes leading to bacterial death upon photoactivation. We focus on recent advances in the therapy of cancer and bacteria with CDs, and also briefly summarize the mechanisms and requirements for PSs in PDT of cancer, bacteria and other diseases. We also discuss the role CDs play in combination therapy and the potential for future applications against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Sun
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyi Peng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Laboratory for Oral and General Health Integration and Translation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Susu Guo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China.
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Chan MH, Chen BG, Li CH, Huang WT, Su TY, Yin L, Hsiao M, Liu RS. Amplification of oxidative stress by lipid surface-coated single-atom Au nanozymes for oral cancer photodynamic therapy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15558-15572. [PMID: 37721121 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) are the latest trend in biomaterials research and promote the application of single atoms in biological fields and the realization of protein catalysis in vivo with inorganic nanoparticles. Carbon quantum dots (CDs) have excellent biocompatibility and fluorescence properties as a substrate carrying a single atom. It is difficult to break through pure-phase single-atom materials with quantum dots as carriers. In addition, there is currently no related research in the single-atom field in the context of oral cancer, especially head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This research developed a lipid surface-coated nanozyme combined with CDs, single-atomic gold, and modified lipid ligands (DSPE-PEG) with transferrin (Tf) to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma. The study results have demonstrated that surface-modified single-atom carbon quantum dots (m-SACDs) exhibit excellent therapeutic effects and enable in situ image tracking for diagnosing and treating head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 11221, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Gu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hsiu Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Tse Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yi Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Lichang Yin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Shi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Benner D, Yadav P, Bhatia D. Red emitting carbon dots: surface modifications and bioapplications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4337-4353. [PMID: 37638168 PMCID: PMC10448348 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), and carbon quantum dots (CDs) in particular, have received significant attention for their special characteristics. These particles, on the scale of several nanometers, are often produced using simple and green methods, with naturally occurring organic precursors. In addition to facile production methods, CDs present advantageous applications in the field of medicine, primarily for bioimaging, antibacterial and therapeutics. Also, CDs present great potential for surface modification through methods like doping or material mixing during synthesis. However, the bulk of current literature focuses on CDs emitting in the blue wavelengths which are not very suitable for biological applications. Red emitting CDs are therefore of additional interest due to their brightness, photostability, novelty and deeper tissue penetration. In this review article, red CDs, their methods of production, and their biological applications for translational research are explored in depth, with emphasis on the effects of surface modifications and doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson Benner
- Department of Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station 77843 Texas USA
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj 382355 Gujarat India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj 382355 Gujarat India
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Jovanović S, Marković Z, Budimir M, Prekodravac J, Zmejkoski D, Kepić D, Bonasera A, Marković BT. Lights and Dots toward Therapy-Carbon-Based Quantum Dots as New Agents for Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041170. [PMID: 37111655 PMCID: PMC10145889 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The large number of deaths induced by carcinoma and infections indicates that the need for new, better, targeted therapy is higher than ever. Apart from classical treatments and medication, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the possible approaches to cure these clinical conditions. This strategy offers several advantages, such as lower toxicity, selective treatment, faster recovery time, avoidance of systemic toxic effects, and others. Unfortunately, there is a small number of agents that are approved for usage in clinical PDT. Novel, efficient, biocompatible PDT agents are, thus, highly desired. One of the most promising candidates is represented by the broad family of carbon-based quantum dots, such as graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymer dots (CPDs). In this review paper, these new smart nanomaterials are discussed as potential PDT agents, detailing their toxicity in the dark, and when they are exposed to light, as well as their effects on carcinoma and bacterial cells. The photoinduced effects of carbon-based quantum dots on bacteria and viruses are particularly interesting, since dots usually generate several highly toxic reactive oxygen species under blue light. These species are acting as bombs on pathogen cells, causing various devastating and toxic effects on those targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Jovanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Budimir
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Prekodravac
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Zmejkoski
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Kepić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Palermo Research Unit, Department of Physics and Chemistry-Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo and Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Biljana Todorović Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Bhattacharya T, Shin GH, Kim JT. Carbon Dots: Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031019. [PMID: 36986879 PMCID: PMC10059251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have been actively studied and reported for their various properties. In particular, the specific characteristics of carbon dots have been considered as a possible technique for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This is also a cutting-edge technology that offers fresh ideas for treating various disorders. Though carbon dots are still in their infancy and have not yet shown their value to society, their discovery has already resulted in some noteworthy advancements. The application of CDs indicates conversion in natural imaging. Photography using CDs has demonstrated extraordinary appropriateness in bio-imaging, the discovery of novel drugs, the delivery of targeted genes, bio-sensing, photodynamic therapy, and diagnosis. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of CDs, including their benefits, characteristics, applications, and mode of action. In this overview, many CD design strategies will be highlighted. In addition, we will discuss numerous studies on cytotoxic testing to demonstrate the safety of CDs. The current study will address the production method, mechanism, ongoing research, and application of CDs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Bhattacharya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.H.S.); (J.T.K.)
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.H.S.); (J.T.K.)
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Song J, Gao X, Yang M, Hao W, Ji DK. Recent Advances of Photoactive Near-Infrared Carbon Dots in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030760. [PMID: 36986621 PMCID: PMC10051950 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment that employs exogenously produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells. ROS are generated from the interaction of excited-state photosensitizers (PSs) or photosensitizing agents with molecular oxygen. Novel PSs with high ROS generation efficiency is essential and highly required for cancer photodynamic therapy. Carbon dots (CDs), the rising star of carbon-based nanomaterial family, have shown great potential in cancer PDT benefiting from their excellent photoactivity, luminescence properties, low price, and biocompatibility. In recent years, photoactive near-infrared CDs (PNCDs) have attracted increasing interest in this field due to their deep therapeutic tissue penetration, superior imaging performance, excellent photoactivity, and photostability. In this review, we review recent progress in the designs, fabrication, and applications of PNCDs in cancer PDT. We also provide insights of future directions in accelerating the clinical progress of PNCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Song
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiaobo Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weiju Hao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ding-Kun Ji
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Correspondence:
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Domena JB, Celebic E, Ferreira BCLB, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Chen J, Bartoli M, Tagliaferro A, Johnson Q, Chauhan BPS, Paulino V, Olivier JH, Leblanc RM. Investigation into Red Emission and Its Applications: Solvatochromic N-Doped Red Emissive Carbon Dots with Solvent Polarity Sensing and Solid-State Fluorescent Nanocomposite Thin Films. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041755. [PMID: 36838742 PMCID: PMC9960500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a NIR emitting dye, p-toluenesulfonate (IR-813) was explored as a model precursor to develop red emissive carbon dots (813-CD) with solvatochromic behavior with a red-shift observed with increasing solvent polarity. The 813-CDs produced had emission peaks at 610 and 698 nm, respectively, in water with blue shifts of emission as solvent polarity decreased. Subsequently, 813-CD was synthesized with increasing nitrogen content with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to elucidate the change in band gap energy. With increased nitrogen content, the CDs produced emissions as far as 776 nm. Additionally, a CD nanocomposite polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) film was synthesized to assess the phenomenon of solid-state fluorescence. Furthermore, the CDs were found to have electrochemical properties to be used as an additive doping agent for PVP film coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Domena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Ermin Celebic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Jiuyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - M. Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - A. Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Qiaxian Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Bhanu P. S. Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Roger M. Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Correspondence:
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Yang K, Yu B, Liu W, Zhang Z, Huang L, Zhao S, Wang B, Yi J, Yuan J, Zou Y, Lin C, Song X, Lan M. All-in-one phototheranostics based on BTP-4F-DMO nanoparticles for NIR-II fluorescence/photoacoustic dual-mode imaging and combinational therapy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sengar P, Chauhan K, Hirata GA. Progress on carbon dots and hydroxyapatite based biocompatible luminescent nanomaterials for cancer theranostics. Transl Oncol 2022; 24:101482. [PMID: 35841822 PMCID: PMC9293661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible carbon dots (CDs) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) have attracted much attention for the development of optical imaging probes. This review discusses the development of CD and nHA based nanomaterials as multifunctional agents for cancer theranostics. The effect of synthesis strategies and doping on photoluminescent properties along with tuning of emission in biological window has been briefly reviewed. The cancer targeting strategies, biocompatibility and biodistribution of CDs and nHA based luminescent probes is discussed. A summary of current challenges and future perspectives is provided.
Despite the significant advancement in cancer diagnosis and therapy, a huge burden remains. Consequently, much research has been diverted on the development of multifunctional nanomaterials for improvement in conventional diagnosis and therapy. Luminescent nanomaterials offer a versatile platform for the development of such materials as their intrinsic photoluminescence (PL) property offers convergence of diagnosis as well as therapy at the same time. However, the clinical translation of nanomaterials faces various challenges, including biocompatibility and cost-effective scale up production. Thus, luminescent materials with facile synthesis approach along with intrinsic biocompatibility and anticancerous activity hold significant importance. As a result, carbon dots (CDs) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) have attracted much attention for the development of optical imaging probes. CDs are the newest members of the carbonaceous nanomaterials family that possess intrinsic luminescent and therapeutic properties, making them a promising candidate for cancer theranostic. Additionally, nHA is an excellent bioactive material due to its compositional similarity to the human bone matrix. The nHA crystal can efficiently host rare-earth elements to attain luminescent property, which can further be implemented for cancer theranostic applications. Herein, the development of CDs and nHA based nanomaterials as multifunctional agents for cancer has been briefly discussed. The emphasis has been given to different synthesis strategies leading to different morphologies and tunable PL spectra, followed by their diverse applications as biocompatible theranostic agents. Finally, the review has been summarized with the current challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Sengar
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, México
| | - Kanchan Chauhan
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, México
| | - Gustavo A Hirata
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, México.
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14
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Malavika JP, Shobana C, Sundarraj S, Ganeshbabu M, Kumar P, Selvan RK. Green synthesis of multifunctional carbon quantum dots: An approach in cancer theranostics. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212756. [PMID: 35929302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have gained significant growing attention in the recent past due to their peculiar characteristics including smaller size, high surface area, photoluminescence, chemical stability, facile synthesis and functionalization possibilities. They are carbon nanostructures having less than 10 nm size with fluorescent properties. In recent years, the scientific community is curiously adopting biomass precursors for the preparation of CQDs over the chemical compounds. These biomass sources are sustainable, eco-friendly, inexpensive, widely available and convert waste into valuable materials. Hence in our work the fundamental understating of diverse fabrication methodologies of CQDs, and the types of raw materials employed in recent times, are all examined and correlated comprehensively. Their unique combination of remarkable properties, together with the ease with which they can be fabricated, makes CQDs as promising materials for applications in diverse biomedical fields, in particular for bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery and phototherapy for cancer treatment. The mechanism for luminescence is of considerable significance for leading the synthesis of CQDs with tunable fluorescence emission. Therefore, it is aimed to explore and provide an updated review on (i) the recent progress on the different synthesis methods of biomass-derived CQDs, (ii) the contribution of surface states or functional groups on the luminescence origin and (iii) its potential application for cancer theranostics, concentrating on their fluorescence properties. Finally, we explored the challenges in modification for the synthesis of CQDs from biomass derivatives and the future scope of CQDs in phototherapy for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Prasad Malavika
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj
- Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mariappan Ganeshbabu
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Zhu P, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Li W, Wang Y, Yan X, Luo D. Carbon Dots in Biomedicine: A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2031-2045. [PMID: 35442016 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of science and technology, the effective treatment of cancer still threatens human life and health. However, the success of cancer treatment is closely related to early diagnosis, identification, and effective treatment. In recent years, with the strengthening of the development and research of nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment, researchers have found that carbon dots (CDs) have the advantages of wide absorption, excellent biocompatibility, diverse imaging characteristics, and photostability and are widely used in various fields, such as sensing, imaging, and drug/gene transportation. Recently, researchers also discovered that CDs could be used as an effective photosensitizer to generate active oxygen or convert light energy into heat under the stimulation of the external lasers, making them have the effects of photothermal and photodynamic therapy for cancer. In this review, we first outline the single-modal and multimodal imaging analysis of CDs in cancer cells. After introducing diversified imaging functions, we focused on the design and the latest research progress of CDs in phototherapy and introduced in detail the strategies of CDs in phototherapy treatment and the challenges faced by clinical applications. We hope that this overview can provide important insights for researchers and accelerate the pace of research on CDs in imaging-guided phototherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peide Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China.,College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Siyang Wang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dixian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
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16
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Wu X, Abbas K, Yang Y, Li Z, Tedesco AC, Bi H. Photodynamic Anti-Bacteria by Carbon Dots and Their Nano-Composites. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040487. [PMID: 35455484 PMCID: PMC9032997 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The misuse of many types of broad-spectrum antibiotics leads to increased antimicrobial resistance. As a result, the development of a novel antibacterial agent is essential. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is becoming more popular due to its advantages in eliminating drug-resistant strains and providing broad-spectrum antibacterial resistance. Carbon dots (CDs), zero-dimensional nanomaterials with diameters smaller than 10 nm, offer a green and cost-effective alternative to PACT photosensitizers. This article reviewed the synthesis methods of antibacterial CDs as well as the recent progress of CDs and their nanocomposites in photodynamic sterilization, focusing on maximizing the bactericidal impact of CDs photosensitizers. This review establishes the base for future CDs development in the PACT field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (X.W.); (K.A.); (Y.Y.); (A.C.T.)
| | - Khurram Abbas
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (X.W.); (K.A.); (Y.Y.); (A.C.T.)
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (X.W.); (K.A.); (Y.Y.); (A.C.T.)
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (X.W.); (K.A.); (Y.Y.); (A.C.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering-Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (X.W.); (K.A.); (Y.Y.); (A.C.T.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-63861279
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17
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Phan LMT, Cho S. Fluorescent Carbon Dot-Supported Imaging-Based Biomedicine: A Comprehensive Review. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:9303703. [PMID: 35440939 PMCID: PMC9013550 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9303703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) provide distinctive advantages of strong fluorescence, good photostability, high water solubility, and outstanding biocompatibility, and thus are widely exploited as potential imaging agents for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. Imaging is absolutely necessary when discovering the structure and function of cells, detecting biomarkers in diagnosis, tracking the progress of ongoing disease, treating various tumors, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy, making it an important approach in modern biomedicine. Numerous investigations of CDs have been intensively studied for utilization in bioimaging-supported medical sciences. However, there is still no article highlighting the potential importance of CD-based bioimaging to support various biomedical applications. Herein, we summarize the development of CDs as fluorescence (FL) nanoprobes with different FL colors for potential bioimaging-based applications in living cells, tissue, and organisms, including the bioimaging of various cell types and targets, bioimaging-supported sensing of metal ions and biomolecules, and FL imaging-guided tumor therapy. Current CD-based microscopic techniques and their advantages are also highlighted. This review discusses the significance of advanced CD-supported imaging-based in vitro and in vivo investigations, suggests the potential of CD-based imaging for biomedicine, and encourages the effective selection and development of superior probes and platforms for further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Tu Phan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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18
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Jana D, Wang D, Rajendran P, Bindra AK, Guo Y, Liu J, Pramanik M, Zhao Y. Hybrid Carbon Dot Assembly as a Reactive Oxygen Species Nanogenerator for Ultrasound-Assisted Tumor Ablation. JACS AU 2021; 1:2328-2338. [PMID: 34977901 PMCID: PMC8715545 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based therapy is substantially constrained by the limited ROS generation, stern activation conditions, and lack of a straightforward reaction paradigm. Carbon dots (CDs) have been highly sought after for therapeutic applications for their biocompatibility and intrinsic fluorescence imaging capabilities, making them suitable for ROS generation. Herein, we synthesized a CD-based ultrasmall hybrid nanostructure possessing active sites of Mo, Cu, and IR-780 dye. After cooperative self-assembly with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol), the obtained assembly (CMIR-CDa) exhibits near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic tomography. Interestingly, CMIR-CDa can generate singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and superoxide radical anion (O2 • -) upon ultrasound stimulus owing to its sonosensitizing and enzyme-mimicking properties, showing an enhanced efficacy for tumor ablation in vivo. The collective in vitro and in vivo results indicate that CMIR-CDa has a high potency as an ROS nanogenerator under US irradiation, even at a low concentration. The present study offers an approach for engineering hybrid CDs in a bioinspired way for intratumoral ROS augmentation in response to deep tissue penetrable external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblin Jana
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Praveenbalaji Rajendran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Anivind Kaur Bindra
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yi Guo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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19
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Lv A, Chen Q, Zhao C, Li S, Sun S, Dong J, Li Z, Lin H. Long-wavelength (red to near-infrared) emissive carbon dots: Key factors for synthesis, fluorescence mechanism, and applications in biosensing and cancer theranostics. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Fathi P, Moitra P, McDonald MM, Esch MB, Pan D. Near-infrared emitting dual-stimuli-responsive carbon dots from endogenous bile pigments. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13487-13496. [PMID: 34477753 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are biocompatible nanoparticles suitable for a variety of biomedical applications. Careful selection of carbon dot precursors and surface modification techniques has allowed for the development of carbon dots with strong near-infrared fluorescence emission. However, carbon dots that provide strong fluorescence contrast would prove even more useful if they were also responsive to stimuli. In this work, endogenous bile pigments bilirubin (BR) and biliverdin (BV) were used for the first time to synthesize stimuli-responsive carbon dots (BR-CDots and BV-CDots respectively). The precursor choice lends these carbon dots spectroscopic characteristics that are enzyme-responsive and pH-responsive without the need for surface modifications post-synthesis. Both BV- and BR-CDots are water-dispersible and provide fluorescence contrast, while retaining the stimuli-responsive behaviors intrinsic to their precursors. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis revealed that the hydrodynamic size of the BR-CDots and BV-CDots decreased with exposure to bilirubin oxidase and biliverdin reductase, respectively, indicating potential enzyme-responsive degradation of the carbon dots. Fluorescence spectroscopic data demonstrate that both BR-CDots and BV-CDots exhibit changes in their fluorescence spectra in response to changes in pH, indicating that these carbon dots have potential applications in pH sensing. In addition, BR-CDots are biocompatible and provide near-infrared fluorescence emission when excited with light at wavelengths of 600 nm or higher. This work demonstrates the use of rationally selected carbon sources for obtaining near-infrared fluorescence and stimuli-responsive behavior in carbon dots that also provide strong fluorescence contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fathi
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, 61801, USA
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21
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Cheng Z, Li M, Dey R, Chen Y. Nanomaterials for cancer therapy: current progress and perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:85. [PMID: 34059100 PMCID: PMC8165984 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with complex pathological process. Current chemotherapy faces problems such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, induction of multi-drug resistance and stem-like cells growth. Nanomaterials are materials in the nanorange 1–100 nm which possess unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Nanomaterials used in cancer therapy can be classified into several main categories. Targeting cancer cells, tumor microenvironment, and immune system, these nanomaterials have been modified for a wide range of cancer therapies to overcome toxicity and lack of specificity, enhance drug capacity as well as bioavailability. Although the number of studies has been increasing, the number of approved nano-drugs has not increased much over the years. To better improve clinical translation, further research is needed for targeted drug delivery by nano-carriers to reduce toxicity, enhance permeability and retention effects, and minimize the shielding effect of protein corona. This review summarizes novel nanomaterials fabricated in research and clinical use, discusses current limitations and obstacles that hinder the translation from research to clinical use, and provides suggestions for more efficient adoption of nanomaterials in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cheng
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Maoyu Li
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Raja Dey
- Department of Nucleotide Metabolism and Drug Discovery, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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22
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Wei F, Cui X, Wang Z, Dong C, Li J, Han X. Recoverable peroxidase-like Fe 3O 4@MoS 2-Ag nanozyme with enhanced antibacterial ability. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021. [PMID: 33052192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial agents with enzyme-like properties and bacteria-binding ability have provided an alternative method to efficiently disinfect drug-resistance microorganism. Herein, a Fe3O4@MoS2-Ag nanozyme with defect-rich rough surface was constructed by a simple hydrothermal method and in-situ photodeposition of Ag nanoparticles. The nanozyme exhibited good antibacterial performance against E. coli (~69.4%) by the generated ROS and released Ag+, while the nanozyme could further achieve an excellent synergistic disinfection (~100%) by combining with the near-infrared photothermal property of Fe3O4@MoS2-Ag. The antibacterial mechanism study showed that the antibacterial process was determined by the collaborative work of peroxidase-like activity, photothermal effect and leakage of Ag+. The defect-rich rough surface of MoS2 layers facilitated the capture of bacteria, which enhanced the accurate and rapid attack of •OH and Ag+ to the membrane of E. coli with the assistance of local hyperthermia. This method showed broad-spectrum antibacterial performance against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, drug-resistant bacteria and fungal bacteria. Meanwhile, the magnetism of Fe3O4 was used to recycle the nanozyme. This work showed great potential of engineered nanozymes for efficient disinfection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Changchang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiadong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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23
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Wu H, Su W, Xu H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li X, Fan L. Applications of carbon dots on tumour theranostics. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Wen Su
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Yunchao Li
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Louzhen Fan
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry, and Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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24
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Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A, Kohan E, Tehrani Fateh S, Alimirzaei N, Arzaghi H, Hamblin MR. Organic dots (O-dots) for theranostic applications: preparation and surface engineering. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2253-2291. [PMID: 35424170 PMCID: PMC8693874 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic dots is a term used to represent materials including graphene quantum dots and carbon quantum dots because they rely on the presence of other atoms (O, H, and N) for their photoluminescence or fluorescence properties. They generally have a small size (as low as 2.5 nm), and show good photostability under prolonged irradiation. The excitation and emission wavelengths of O-dots can be tailored according to their synthetic procedure, where although their quantum yield is quite low compared with organic dyes, this is partly compensated by their large absorption coefficients. A wide range of strategies have been used to modify the surface of O-dots for passivation, improving their solubility and biocompatibility, and allowing the attachment of targeting moieties and therapeutic cargos. Hybrid nanostructures based on O-dots have been used for theranostic applications, particularly for cancer imaging and therapy. This review covers the synthesis, physics, chemistry, and characterization of O-dots. Their applications cover the prevention of protein fibril formation, and both controlled and targeted drug and gene delivery. Multifunctional therapeutic and imaging platforms have been reported, which combine four or more separate modalities, frequently including photothermal or photodynamic therapy and imaging and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Ronash Technology Pars Company Tehran Iran
| | - Elmira Kohan
- Department of Science, University of Kurdistan Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Sepand Tehrani Fateh
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) Tehran Iran
| | - Neda Alimirzaei
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Hamidreza Arzaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) Tehran Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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25
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Xu Y, Li P, Cheng D, Wu C, Lu Q, Yang W, Zhu X, Yin P, Liu M, Li H, Zhang Y. Group IV nanodots: synthesis, surface engineering and application in bioimaging and biotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10290-10308. [PMID: 33103712 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Group IV nanodots (NDs) mainly including carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) have aroused much attention as one type of important nanomaterials that are widely studied in optoelectronics, semiconductors, sensors and biomedicine-related fields owing to the low cost of synthesis, good stability, excellent biocompatibility, and some attractive newly emerged properties. In this review, the synthesis, surface engineering and application in bioimaging and biotherapy of group IV NDs are summarized and discussed. The recent progress in the rational synthesis and functionalization, specific therapy-related properties, together with in vivo and in vitro bioimaging are highlighted. Their new applications in biotherapy such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are illustrated with respect to C, Si and Ge NDs. The current challenges and future applications of these emerging materials in bioimaging and biotherapy are presented. This review provides readers with a distinct perspective of the group IV NDs nanomaterials for synthesis and surface engineering, and newly emerging properties related to applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Dan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Qiujun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Weipeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Haitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
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Fathi P, Pan D. Current trends in pyrrole and porphyrin-derived nanoscale materials for biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2493-2515. [PMID: 32975469 PMCID: PMC7610151 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is written to provide an up-to-date review of pyrrole-based biomedical materials. Porphyrins and other tetrapyrrolic molecules possess unique magnetic, optical and other photophysical properties that make them useful for bioimaging and therapy. This review touches briefly on some of the synthetic strategies to obtain porphyrin- and tetrapyrrole-based nanoparticles, as well as the variety of applications in which crosslinked, self-assembled, porphyrin-coated and other nanoparticles are utilized. We explore examples of these nanoparticles' applications in photothermal therapy, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, stimuli response, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and positron emission tomography. We anticipate that this review will provide a comprehensive summary of pyrrole-derived nanoparticles and provide a guideline for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fathi
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science & Engineering & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science & Engineering & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine & Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences Facility III, 670 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Wu J, Sha J, Zhang C, Liu W, Zheng X, Wang P. Recent advances in theranostic agents based on natural products for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jie Sha
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Chuangli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
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28
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Fan Y, Yu D, Li D, Wang X. Prevention of Local Tumor Recurrence After Surgery by Thermosensitive Gel-Based Chemophotothermal Therapy in Mice. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 52:682-691. [PMID: 31854013 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Local recurrence of cancer after surgery has long been a tough problem. In the present study, thermosensitive gel-based chemophotothermal therapy was applied to prevent the recurrence of liver cancer after surgery. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were used as first-level carrier to co-load doxorubicin (DOX) and ICG. Then, the drug-loaded MSNs (D-I@MSN) were incorporated into poloxamer gel. A mimic model of liver cancer recurrence after surgery was prepared by subcutaneously injecting H22 cells into the armpit of mice. Then the two-level composite gel (D-I@MSN/gel) was also subcutaneously injected at the same site before the formation of tumor, followed by 808 nm laser irradiation. RESULTS The loading efficiency and entrapment efficiency of DOX were as high as 8.85% and 96.9%, and that of ICG were 9.24% and 99.3%, respectively. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity showed that cell viability in D-I@MSN+Laser group was only 5.8% after being irradiated by 808 nm laser for 5 minutes (0.5 W/cm2 ). In animal studies, tumor formation (tumor recurrence) was greatly inhibited in D-I@MSN+Laser group. CONCLUSIONS The thermosensitive gel-based chemophotothermal therapy showed excellent safety and efficacy when applied in the prevention of mimic local tumor replase after surgery in mice, presenting its great potential clinically. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Dujuan Yu
- Department of Respiratory, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Duan Li
- The First People's Hospital of Tianmen, Tianmen, Hubei, 431700, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Physical Examination Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, P. R. China
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Kang ES, Lee TH, Liu Y, Han KH, Lee WK, Yoon I. Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Having Long Wavelength Absorbing Chlorins for Highly-Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy with Reduced Dark Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4344. [PMID: 31491857 PMCID: PMC6769858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The long wavelength absorbing photosensitizer (PS) is important in allowing deeper penetration of near-infrared light into tumor tissue for photodynamic therapy (PDT). A suitable drug delivery vehicle is important to attain a sufficient concentration of PS at the tumor site. Presently, we developed graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles containing long wavelength absorbing PS in the form of the chlorin derivative purpurin-18-N-ethylamine (maximum absorption wavelength [λmax] 707 nm). The GO-PS complexes comprised a delivery system in which PS was loaded by covalent and noncovalent bonding on the GO nanosheet. The two GO-PS complexes were fully characterized and compared concerning their synthesis, stability, cell viability, and dark toxicity. The GO-PS complexes produced significantly-enhanced PDT activity based on excellent drug delivery effect of GO compared with PS alone. In addition, the noncovalent GO-PS complex displayed higher photoactivity, corresponding with the pH-induced release of noncovalently-bound PS from the GO complex in the acidic environment of the cells. Furthermore, the noncovalently bound GO‒PS complex had no dark toxicity, as their highly organized structure prevented GO toxicity. We describe an excellent GO complex-based delivery system with significantly enhanced PDT with long wavelength absorbing PS, as well as reduced dark toxicity as a promising cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Kang
- Center for Nano Manufacturing and Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Lee
- Center for Nano Manufacturing and Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Nano Manufacturing and Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Han
- Center for Nano Manufacturing and Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Lee
- Center for Nano Manufacturing and Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Il Yoon
- Center for Nano Manufacturing and Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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