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Wang YJ, Feng LY, Yan M, Zhai HJ. Be 3B 11- cluster: a dynamically fluxional beryllo-borospherene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2846-2852. [PMID: 36621801 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The beryllium-doped Be3B11- cluster has two nearly isoenergetic isomers, adopting the smallest trihedral spherical geometries with a boron single-chain skeleton. The B11 skeleton in the global minimum (C2v, 1A1) comprises three conjoined boron rings (one B8/two B7) on the waist, sharing two B3 equilateral triangles at the top and bottom, respectively. However, the local minimum (Cs, 1A') has one deformed B4 pyramid at the top. The drastic structural transformation of B11 skeletons from perfectly planar B11 clusters mainly profited from robust electrostatic interaction between Be atoms and B11 skeletons. The dynamic simulations suggest that two species can interconvert via a novel mechanism, that is "triangle-pyramid-triangle", which facilitates the free migration of boron atoms in the B11 skeleton, thereby showing the fascinating dynamic fluxionality. The chemical bonding analyses reveal that the B11 skeleton is covered by two types of delocalized π bonds in an orthogonal direction, which leads to its spherical aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China.
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China.
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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2
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Han PF, Wang YJ, Sun Q, Zhai HJ. A plier-shaped binary molecular wheel B 7Mg 4+ cluster: hybrid in-plane heptacoordination, double π/σ aromaticity, and electronic transmutation. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj05352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A plier-shaped charge-transfer [Mg2]2+[Mg2B7]− complex cluster exhibits double 6π/6σ aromaticity, whose hybrid molecular wheel structure is rationalized using the concept of electronic transmutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Han
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, 034000, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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3
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Radenković S, Đorđević S. Spatial and electronic structures of BeB8 and MgB8. How far the analogy goes? Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200070. [PMID: 35188320 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Doping of boron clusters with Be and its heavier alkaline-earth congener, Mg usually leads to complexes of different geometry and electronic structure. In this work we showed that both neutral BeB 8 and MgB 8 exhibit a singlet ground state umbrella-like form. In addition, the stability, electronic structure, and aromaticity of the target molecules were compared. The magnetically induced current densities showed that BeB 8 and MgB 8 are double aromatic systems: π and σ electrons induce strong diatropic currents. The current densities induced in the studied complexes are of very similar intensity, but with a different spatial distribution. The found differences between the current density patterns in BeB 8 and MgB 8 arise from the very nature of the bonding interactions between the M atom and B 8 fragment, as demonstrated through the energy decomposition analysis (EDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac: Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Department of Chemistry, 12 Radoja Domanovića, P.O. Box 60, 34000, Kragujevac, SERBIA
| | - Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac: Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Department of Chemistry, SERBIA
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Li H, Zhang C, Li S. Study on the Regulation of Alkali-earth Metal Be n ( n=1~3) on the Structure of B 12 Clusters. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yu R, Xu S, Wang MH, Yang T, Cui ZH. Metallocene: multi-layered molecular rotors. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14156-14162. [PMID: 34549756 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and structural prerequisites for a multi-layered molecular rotor have been demonstrated herein in terms of nine 18-valence-electron metallocene sandwich complexes. First, the lack of strong covalent bonds between layers is a key issue to obtain a barrier-free rotation of one layer relative to other layers, where the considerable energetic but unidirectional (such as electrostatic interactions) interactions are needed between layers to keep the structural integrity against fragment separation and structural distortion in a rotation process. Second, one or more layers should possess continuous and delocalized π electron clouds to provide a driving force for the barrier-free rotation. More importantly, besides a negligible rotation barrier, the reasonable rotational period associated with the ultra-soft rotation mode is a critical point for the observability of dynamical behavior in multi-layered molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Song Xu
- Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
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Buelna-García CE, Robles-Chaparro E, Parra-Arellano T, Quiroz-Castillo JM, del-Castillo-Castro T, Martínez-Guajardo G, Castillo-Quevedo C, de-León-Flores A, Anzueto-Sánchez G, Martin-del-Campo-Solis MF, Mendoza-Wilson AM, Vásquez-Espinal A, Cabellos JL. Theoretical Prediction of Structures, Vibrational Circular Dichroism, and Infrared Spectra of Chiral Be 4B 8 Cluster at Different Temperatures. Molecules 2021; 26:3953. [PMID: 34203563 PMCID: PMC8271876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowest-energy structures, the distribution of isomers, and their molecular properties depend significantly on geometry and temperature. Total energy computations using DFT methodology are typically carried out at a temperature of zero K; thereby, entropic contributions to the total energy are neglected, even though functional materials work at finite temperatures. In the present study, the probability of the occurrence of one particular Be4B8 isomer at temperature T is estimated by employing Gibbs free energy computed within the framework of quantum statistical mechanics and nanothermodynamics. To identify a list of all possible low-energy chiral and achiral structures, an exhaustive and efficient exploration of the potential/free energy surfaces is carried out using a multi-level multistep global genetic algorithm search coupled with DFT. In addition, we discuss the energetic ordering of structures computed at the DFT level against single-point energy calculations at the CCSD(T) level of theory. The total VCD/IR spectra as a function of temperature are computed using each isomer's probability of occurrence in a Boltzmann-weighted superposition of each isomer's spectrum. Additionally, we present chemical bonding analysis using the adaptive natural density partitioning method in the chiral putative global minimum. The transition state structures and the enantiomer-enantiomer and enantiomer-achiral activation energies as a function of temperature evidence that a change from an endergonic to an exergonic type of reaction occurs at a temperature of 739 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Emiliano Buelna-García
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
- Organización Científica y Tecnológica del Desierto, Hermosillo 83150, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Robles-Chaparro
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | - Tristan Parra-Arellano
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | - Jesus Manuel Quiroz-Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
| | - Teresa del-Castillo-Castro
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Martínez-Guajardo
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónomade Zacatecas, Km. 6 Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara s/n, Ejido La Escondida C.P., Zacatecas 98160, Zac, Mexico;
| | - Cesar Castillo-Quevedo
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Federal No. 23, Km. 191, C.P., Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.C.-Q.); (M.F.M.-d.-C.-S.)
| | - Aned de-León-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | | | - Martha Fabiola Martin-del-Campo-Solis
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Federal No. 23, Km. 191, C.P., Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.C.-Q.); (M.F.M.-d.-C.-S.)
| | - Ana Maria Mendoza-Wilson
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, CIAD, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 498, Santiago 8370035, Chile;
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Edificio 3M, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
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Li R, You XR, Guo JC, Zhai HJ. Concentric Inner 2π/6σ and Outer 10π/14σ Aromaticity Underlies the Dynamic Structural Fluxionality of Planar B 19- Wankel Motor Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5022-5030. [PMID: 34096293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Planar C2v B19- global-minimum (GM) cluster is known as a molecular Wankel motor, featuring unique chemical bonding and structural fluxionality. While the geometry, bonding, and molecular dynamics of the cluster are documented in the literature, it remains warranted to fully understand its bonding nature and unravel the mechanism behind the structural dynamics. We shall offer herein an updated bonding model on the bases of canonical molecular orbital (CMO) analysis and adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), further aided by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and orbital composition calculations. The computational data indicate that the B19- cluster has inner 2π/6σ and outer 10π/14σ concentric 4-fold π/σ aromaticity. Being spatially isolated from each other, the inner B6 disk supports 2π and 6σ subsystems, whereas the outer B18 double-ring ribbon has 10π and 14σ subsystems. All 4-fold π/σ subsystems are intrinsically delocalized and conform to the (4n + 2) Hückel rule for aromaticity. The change of Wiberg bond index (WBI) from GM to transition-state (TS) for radial B-B links is minimal and uniform, which offers a semiquantitative measure of structural dynamics and underlies the low energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xue-Rui You
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Exploration of Free Energy Surface and Thermal Effects on Relative Population and Infrared Spectrum of the Be 6B 11- Flux-Ional Cluster. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010112. [PMID: 33383889 PMCID: PMC7796227 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The starting point to understanding cluster properties is the putative global minimum and all the nearby local energy minima; however, locating them is computationally expensive and difficult. The relative populations and spectroscopic properties that are a function of temperature can be approximately computed by employing statistical thermodynamics. Here, we investigate entropy-driven isomers distribution on Be6B11− clusters and the effect of temperature on their infrared spectroscopy and relative populations. We identify the vibration modes possessed by the cluster that significantly contribute to the zero-point energy. A couple of steps are considered for computing the temperature-dependent relative population: First, using a genetic algorithm coupled to density functional theory, we performed an extensive and systematic exploration of the potential/free energy surface of Be6B11− clusters to locate the putative global minimum and elucidate the low-energy structures. Second, the relative populations’ temperature effects are determined by considering the thermodynamic properties and Boltzmann factors. The temperature-dependent relative populations show that the entropies and temperature are essential for determining the global minimum. We compute the temperature-dependent total infrared spectra employing the Boltzmann factor weighted sums of each isomer’s infrared spectrum and find that at finite temperature, the total infrared spectrum is composed of an admixture of infrared spectra that corresponds to the spectra of the lowest-energy structure and its isomers located at higher energies. The methodology and results describe the thermal effects in the relative population and the infrared spectra.
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Feng LY, Wang K, Zhai HJ. Anchoring a bow-shaped boron single chain in binary Be 6B 7- cluster: hybrid octagonal ring, multifold π/σ aromaticity, and dual electronic transmutation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25574-25583. [PMID: 33165466 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Elemental boron clusters do not form linear chain or monocyclic ring structures, which is in contrast to carbon. Based on computer global searches and quantum chemical calculations, we report on the viability of a curved boron single chain in binary Be6B7- cluster. The boron motif assumes a bow shape, being anchored on a Be6 prism. Such a motif, which appears to be highly strained in its free-standing form, is exotic in boron-based clusters and nanostructures. Chemically, the cluster is analogous to a "clam-and-pearl-chain" system at the nanoscale (about 1 nm in size), in which a Be6 clam moderately opens its mouth, except that a B7 pearl chain is too large to be encapsulated inside. The picture differs from a three-layered sandwich. This cluster features a hybrid Be2B7 monocyclic ring, which is octagonal in nature and supports double 10π/6σ aromaticity. The number of π bonds substantially surpasses that in bare boron clusters of similar sizes. Two Be3 rings in the prism are also σ aromatic, albeit with effective 1σ/1σ electron-counting only. The unique multifold 1σ/10π/6σ/1σ aromaticity governs the geometry of the Be6B7- cluster, which can also be rationalized using the concept of dual electronic transmutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Li R, You XR, Zhai HJ. Are all planar and quasi-planar boron clusters aromatic? Counter examples of island or global π antiaromaticity from chemical bonding analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25084-25094. [PMID: 33118576 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron is an electron-deficient element. The flatland of planar or quasi-planar (2D) boron clusters is believed to possess aromaticity for all members, which remains a fundamental issue in debate in boron chemistry. Using a selected set of D2h B62-, C2h B282-, and C2v B29- clusters as counter examples, we shall present computational evidence for global or island π antiaromaticity in 2D boron clusters. The latter two are flattened for the purpose of clarity, which model their quasi-planar C2 or Cs monoanion clusters observed in prior gas-phase experiments. Chemical bonding in the clusters is elucidated collectively on the basis of canonical molecular orbital (CMO) analysis, adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), electron localization functions (ELFs), and localized molecular orbital (LMO) analysis. These results are complementary to each other and yet highly coherent. As a quantitative indicator, nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICSs) are calculated at selected specific points in the clusters, which help differentiate between π aromaticity and antiaromaticity. Intriguingly, triangular sites in the same boron cluster can be aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic, despite the fact that they are physically indistinguishable. The phenomenon is understood in analogy to hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Even perfect sheet-like boron clusters are convertible to the PAH analogous systems. This work provides compelling examples for global and island π antiaromaticity in the 2D boron clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Interplay Between Planar and Spherical Aromaticity: Shielding Cone Behavior in Dual Planar‐Planar, Planar‐Spherical and Spherical‐Spherical Aromatics. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1384-1387. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Đorđević S, Radenković S. Singlet and triplet states of the sandwich-type Be 2B 6 and Be 2B 7+ clusters. A test for the electron counting rules of aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04643d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The studied complexes exhibit double aromaticity in their triplet states in line with the predictions of Hückel and Baird's rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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